Research Article
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Evaluation of the Nutritional Quality of Farmed Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) Based on Fatty and Amino Acids Profile

Year 2022, Volume: 18 Issue: 2, 159 - 167, 01.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.971039

Abstract

The common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is the main species of carp being cultured in mid and southern Iraq. The consumer believes that the farmed fish is less nutritious than the wild fish, which affects its market value. The current study was designed to investigate the nutritional value of the common carp cultivated in the Basrah province based on the fatty and amino acid profile. Fatty acids were determined by Gas chromatography (GC), while an Amino Acid Analyzer was used for the determination of amino acids. The results revealed that the tested fish is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (especially essential omega-3 fatty acids), including α-linolenic acid (14.08±3.92%), docosahexaenoic acids (7.98 ±2.82 %), and eicosapentaenoic acid (2.81 ±0.34 %). Seven essential amino acids which are significant for the human body and the other ten non-essential amino acids were identified in the samples tested. Thus, it was established that the nutritional value of the farmed Cyprinus carpio is not less than the wild fish of the same species or family.

Supporting Institution

The University of Basrah

Thanks

The author would like to thank Mr. Tariq Hameed, from the Ministry of Agriculture, for helping with sample preparation. This work is funded by the Marine Science Center, the University of Basrah, Iraq.

References

  • Ahmed, A.R., Al-Zewar, M.J., Al-Mudaffar, F. & Abulhasan, A.A. (2020). Culture of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in Basrah governorate, southern Iraq; Current status and suggestions for development. Ecology, Environment and Conservation. 26(2), 824-831.
  • Al-Humairi, K.O.M., Al-Agidi, H. G. and Al-Haider, S. M. (2019). Evaluation of Amino Acid Profile for Freshwater Fishes Yellow Barbell (Carasobarbus luteus) and Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio) of Euphrates River, Iraq. Indian Journal of Ecology. 46 (8): 229-232.Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344366119_Evaluation_of_Amino_Acid_Profile_for_Freshwater_Fishes_Yellow_Barbell_Carasobarbus_luteus_and_Common_Carp_Cyprinus_Carpio_of_Euphrates_River_Iraq#fullTextFileContent https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735920
  • AOAC (1990). Official methods of analyses of association of analytical chemist (15th ed.). Washington, DC: AOAC.
  • Alasalvar, C., Taylor, K.D.A, Zubcov, E., Shahidi, F., & Alexis, M. (2002). Differentiation of cultured and wild sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): total lipid content, fatty acid and trace mineral composition. Food Chemistry. 79: 145–150. doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00122X http://www.envirobiotechjournals.com/article_abstract.php?aid=10541&iid=303&jid=3
  • Bennett, A., Patil, P., Kleisner, K., Rader, D., Virdin, J. & Basurto, X. (2018). Contribution of fisheries to food and nutrition security: Current knowledge, policy, and research. NI Report.18–02. Durham, NC: Duke University. https://nicholasinstitute.duke.edu/sites/default/files/publications/contribution_of_fisheries_to_food_and_nutrition_security_0.pdf
  • Dale, H.F., Madsen, L., & Lied, G.A. (2019). Fish–derived proteins and their potential to improve human health. Nutrition Review. (77): 572–583. DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz016
  • FAO/WHO (1990). Report of the joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Protein Quality Evaluation. Bethesda, MD
  • Hosomi, R., Fukunaga, K., Arai, H., Kanda, S., Nishiyama, T., & Yoshida M. (2011). Fish protein decreases serum cholesterol in rats by inhibition of cholesterol and bile acid absorption. Journal of Food Science. 76 (4): H116–H121. DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02130.x
  • Hossain, M.A. (2011) Fish as Source of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs), Which One is Better-Farmed or Wild? Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology. 3(6): 455-466.
  • ISO (2000). ISO 5509: Animal and vegetable fats and oils-preparation of methyl esters of fatty acids. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization. Kasozi, N., Iwea, G., Sadik, K., Asizua, D., & Namulawab, V. (2019). Dietary amino acid requirements of pebbly fish, Alestes baremoze (Joannis, 1835) based on whole body amino acid composition. Aquaculture Report. (14)1-6. doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2019.100197
  • López-Mas, L., Claret, A., Reinders, M. J., Banovic, M., Krystallis, A. & Guerrero, L. (2021). Farmed or wild fish? Segmenting European consumers based on their beliefs. Aquaculture, 532, [735992]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735992
  • Ljubojević, D., Trbović, D., Lujić, J., Bjelić-Čabrilo, O., Kostić, D., Novakov, N. & Ćirković M. (2013). Fatty Acid Composition of Fishes from Inland Waters. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, Supplements. 2;19(1): 62–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280023015_Fatty_acid_composition_of_fishes_from_Inland_Waters
  • Ljubojević, D., Đorđević, V. & Ćirković, M. (2017). Evaluation of nutritive quality of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science (85): 012013. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/85/1/012013.
  • Memon, N.N., Talpur, F.N., Bhanger, M.I. & Balouch, A. (2011). Changes in fatty acid composition in muscle of three farmed carp fish species (Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, Catla catla) raised under the same conditions. Food Chemstry. (126):405–410. doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.10.107
  • Mohanty, B., Mahanty, A., & Ganguly, S. (2014). "Amino Acid Compositions of 27 Food Fishes and Their Importance in Clinical Nutrition," Journal of Amino Acids. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/269797
  • Osibona, A.O., Kusemiju, K. & Akande, G.R. (2009) Fatty acid composition and amino acid profile of two freshwater species, African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and tilapia (Tilapia zillii). African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development. 9(1): 609-621.
  • Pyz-Lukasik, R. & Kowalczyk-Pecka, D. (2017). Fatty acid profile of fat of Grass Carp, Bighead Carp, Siberian Sturgeon, and Wels Catfish. Journal of Food Quality. D 5718125, 6. doi.org/10.1155/2017/5718125.
  • Runge, K.K., Shaw, B. R., Witzling, L., Hartleb, Ch., Yang, Sh. & Peroff, D. M. (2021). Social license and consumer perceptions of farm-raised fish, Aquaculture, 530, 735920
  • Sarma, D., Akhtar M.S., Das P., Das, P., Shahi, N., Yengkokpam S., Debnath, D., Ciji, A. & Mahanta P.C. (2013). "Nutritional quality in terms of amino acid and fatty acid of five coldwater fish species: implications to human health", National Academy Science Letters, 36(4): 385-391. doi.org/10.1007/s40009-013-0151-1
  • Sokoła-Wysocza'nska, E., Wysocza'nski, T., Wagner, J., Czy˙z, K., Bodkowski, R., Lochy'nski, S. & Patkowska-Sokoła, B. (2018). Polyunsaturated fatty acids and their potential therapeutic role in cardiovascular system disorders—A review. Nutrients. 10(10): E1561. doi: 10.3390/nu10101561.
  • Stancheva, M., & Merdzhanova, A. (2011). Fatty acid composition of common carp, rainbow trout and grey mullet fish species. Agricultural Science and Technology. 3(3): 285– 289. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271909961_Fatty_acid_composition_of_common_carp_rainbow_trout_and_grey_mullet_fish_species
  • Sargent, J.R., Tocher, D.R., & Bell, J.G. The lipids. In: Halver, J. E., Hardy, R. E. (Eds.), Fish Nutrition. Academic Press, Elsevier Science, San Diego, California, USA, 2002, 3rd ed.
  • Swapna, H.C., Amit, K.R., Bhaskar, N., & Sachindra, N.M. (2010). Lipid classes and fatty acid profile of selected Indian fresh water fishes. Journal of Food Science and Technology. (47): 394–400. DOI: 10.1007/s13197-010-0065-6
  • Vannice, G., & Rasmussen, H. (2014). Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: dietary fatty acids for healthy adults. Journal of Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.114: 136–53. DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2013.11.001
  • Yeganeh, S., Shabanpour, B., Hosseini, H., Imanpour, M.R. & Shabani A. Comparison of farmed and wild common carp (Cyprinus carpio): Seasonal variations in chemical composition and fatty acid profile. Czech Journal of Food Sciences. 2012; (30): 503–511. doi.org/10.17221/455/2011-CJFS

Çiftlikte Yetiştirilen Sazan Balığının (Cyprinus Carpio L.) Besinsel Kalitesinin Yağ ve Amino Asit Profiline Göre Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2022, Volume: 18 Issue: 2, 159 - 167, 01.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.971039

Abstract

Sazan (Cyprinus carpio), orta ve güney Irak'ta yetiştirilen başlıca sazan türüdür. Tüketici, pazar değerini etkileyen çiftlik balıklarının, yabani balıklardan daha az besleyici olduğunu düşünmektedir. Çalışma, Basra ilinde yetiştirilen sazan balığının besin değerini yağ ve amino asit profiline dayalı olarak araştırmak için tasarlanmıştır. Yağ asitleri, gaz kromatografisi (GC) ile belirlenirken, amino asitlerin belirlenmesi için bir Amino Asit Analizörü kullanıldı. Sonuçlar, test edilen balığın α-linolenik asit (%14.08±3.92), dokosaheksaenoik asitler (%7,98 ±2.82) ve eikosapentaenoik asit (2.81 ±) dahil olmak üzere çoklu doymamış yağ asitleri (özellikle esansiyel omega-3 yağ asitleri) açısından zengin olduğunu ortaya koydu. %0.34). Test edilen örneklerde insan vücudu için önemli olan yedi esansiyel amino asit ve diğer on esansiyel olmayan amino asit tespit edildi. Böylece çiftlikte yetiştirilen Cyprinus carpio'nun besin değerinin aynı tür veya familyaya ait yabani balıklardan daha az olmadığı tespit edilmiştir.

References

  • Ahmed, A.R., Al-Zewar, M.J., Al-Mudaffar, F. & Abulhasan, A.A. (2020). Culture of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in Basrah governorate, southern Iraq; Current status and suggestions for development. Ecology, Environment and Conservation. 26(2), 824-831.
  • Al-Humairi, K.O.M., Al-Agidi, H. G. and Al-Haider, S. M. (2019). Evaluation of Amino Acid Profile for Freshwater Fishes Yellow Barbell (Carasobarbus luteus) and Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio) of Euphrates River, Iraq. Indian Journal of Ecology. 46 (8): 229-232.Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344366119_Evaluation_of_Amino_Acid_Profile_for_Freshwater_Fishes_Yellow_Barbell_Carasobarbus_luteus_and_Common_Carp_Cyprinus_Carpio_of_Euphrates_River_Iraq#fullTextFileContent https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735920
  • AOAC (1990). Official methods of analyses of association of analytical chemist (15th ed.). Washington, DC: AOAC.
  • Alasalvar, C., Taylor, K.D.A, Zubcov, E., Shahidi, F., & Alexis, M. (2002). Differentiation of cultured and wild sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): total lipid content, fatty acid and trace mineral composition. Food Chemistry. 79: 145–150. doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00122X http://www.envirobiotechjournals.com/article_abstract.php?aid=10541&iid=303&jid=3
  • Bennett, A., Patil, P., Kleisner, K., Rader, D., Virdin, J. & Basurto, X. (2018). Contribution of fisheries to food and nutrition security: Current knowledge, policy, and research. NI Report.18–02. Durham, NC: Duke University. https://nicholasinstitute.duke.edu/sites/default/files/publications/contribution_of_fisheries_to_food_and_nutrition_security_0.pdf
  • Dale, H.F., Madsen, L., & Lied, G.A. (2019). Fish–derived proteins and their potential to improve human health. Nutrition Review. (77): 572–583. DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz016
  • FAO/WHO (1990). Report of the joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Protein Quality Evaluation. Bethesda, MD
  • Hosomi, R., Fukunaga, K., Arai, H., Kanda, S., Nishiyama, T., & Yoshida M. (2011). Fish protein decreases serum cholesterol in rats by inhibition of cholesterol and bile acid absorption. Journal of Food Science. 76 (4): H116–H121. DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02130.x
  • Hossain, M.A. (2011) Fish as Source of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs), Which One is Better-Farmed or Wild? Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology. 3(6): 455-466.
  • ISO (2000). ISO 5509: Animal and vegetable fats and oils-preparation of methyl esters of fatty acids. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization. Kasozi, N., Iwea, G., Sadik, K., Asizua, D., & Namulawab, V. (2019). Dietary amino acid requirements of pebbly fish, Alestes baremoze (Joannis, 1835) based on whole body amino acid composition. Aquaculture Report. (14)1-6. doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2019.100197
  • López-Mas, L., Claret, A., Reinders, M. J., Banovic, M., Krystallis, A. & Guerrero, L. (2021). Farmed or wild fish? Segmenting European consumers based on their beliefs. Aquaculture, 532, [735992]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735992
  • Ljubojević, D., Trbović, D., Lujić, J., Bjelić-Čabrilo, O., Kostić, D., Novakov, N. & Ćirković M. (2013). Fatty Acid Composition of Fishes from Inland Waters. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, Supplements. 2;19(1): 62–71. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280023015_Fatty_acid_composition_of_fishes_from_Inland_Waters
  • Ljubojević, D., Đorđević, V. & Ćirković, M. (2017). Evaluation of nutritive quality of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science (85): 012013. doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/85/1/012013.
  • Memon, N.N., Talpur, F.N., Bhanger, M.I. & Balouch, A. (2011). Changes in fatty acid composition in muscle of three farmed carp fish species (Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, Catla catla) raised under the same conditions. Food Chemstry. (126):405–410. doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.10.107
  • Mohanty, B., Mahanty, A., & Ganguly, S. (2014). "Amino Acid Compositions of 27 Food Fishes and Their Importance in Clinical Nutrition," Journal of Amino Acids. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/269797
  • Osibona, A.O., Kusemiju, K. & Akande, G.R. (2009) Fatty acid composition and amino acid profile of two freshwater species, African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and tilapia (Tilapia zillii). African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development. 9(1): 609-621.
  • Pyz-Lukasik, R. & Kowalczyk-Pecka, D. (2017). Fatty acid profile of fat of Grass Carp, Bighead Carp, Siberian Sturgeon, and Wels Catfish. Journal of Food Quality. D 5718125, 6. doi.org/10.1155/2017/5718125.
  • Runge, K.K., Shaw, B. R., Witzling, L., Hartleb, Ch., Yang, Sh. & Peroff, D. M. (2021). Social license and consumer perceptions of farm-raised fish, Aquaculture, 530, 735920
  • Sarma, D., Akhtar M.S., Das P., Das, P., Shahi, N., Yengkokpam S., Debnath, D., Ciji, A. & Mahanta P.C. (2013). "Nutritional quality in terms of amino acid and fatty acid of five coldwater fish species: implications to human health", National Academy Science Letters, 36(4): 385-391. doi.org/10.1007/s40009-013-0151-1
  • Sokoła-Wysocza'nska, E., Wysocza'nski, T., Wagner, J., Czy˙z, K., Bodkowski, R., Lochy'nski, S. & Patkowska-Sokoła, B. (2018). Polyunsaturated fatty acids and their potential therapeutic role in cardiovascular system disorders—A review. Nutrients. 10(10): E1561. doi: 10.3390/nu10101561.
  • Stancheva, M., & Merdzhanova, A. (2011). Fatty acid composition of common carp, rainbow trout and grey mullet fish species. Agricultural Science and Technology. 3(3): 285– 289. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271909961_Fatty_acid_composition_of_common_carp_rainbow_trout_and_grey_mullet_fish_species
  • Sargent, J.R., Tocher, D.R., & Bell, J.G. The lipids. In: Halver, J. E., Hardy, R. E. (Eds.), Fish Nutrition. Academic Press, Elsevier Science, San Diego, California, USA, 2002, 3rd ed.
  • Swapna, H.C., Amit, K.R., Bhaskar, N., & Sachindra, N.M. (2010). Lipid classes and fatty acid profile of selected Indian fresh water fishes. Journal of Food Science and Technology. (47): 394–400. DOI: 10.1007/s13197-010-0065-6
  • Vannice, G., & Rasmussen, H. (2014). Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: dietary fatty acids for healthy adults. Journal of Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.114: 136–53. DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2013.11.001
  • Yeganeh, S., Shabanpour, B., Hosseini, H., Imanpour, M.R. & Shabani A. Comparison of farmed and wild common carp (Cyprinus carpio): Seasonal variations in chemical composition and fatty acid profile. Czech Journal of Food Sciences. 2012; (30): 503–511. doi.org/10.17221/455/2011-CJFS
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Food Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Arafat Ahmed 0000-0002-3586-3733

Early Pub Date May 31, 2022
Publication Date June 1, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 18 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Ahmed, A. (2022). Evaluation of the Nutritional Quality of Farmed Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) Based on Fatty and Amino Acids Profile. Acta Aquatica Turcica, 18(2), 159-167. https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.971039