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BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER UYUŞTURUCU KONTROL KURULU’NUN HÜKÜMETLERE TIBBİ KANNABİS VE KANNABİNOİD PROGRAMLARI HAKKINDAKİ TAVSİYELERİ

Year 2022, Issue: 68, 15 - 31, 21.06.2022

Abstract

Bazı ülke hükümetleri, ölümcül kanser, epilepsi ve nörolojik bozukluklar gibi belirli sağlık sorunları olan hastaların semptomlarını hafifletmek amacıyla kannabis (esrar) ve kannabinoid kullanılmasına izin veren yasaları onayladı. Tıbbi kannabis programlarının bir bölümü, uluslararası uyuşturucu kontrol anlaşmalarının şart koştuğu düzenleme ve denetimleri içermediğinden halk sağlığını olumsuz etkilemiş ve kannabisin tıbbi olmayan kullanıma yönlendirilmesine neden olmuştur. Kötü yönetilen tıbbi kannabis programlarının azalttığı risk algısı, uluslararası uyuşturucu kontrol anlaşmalarını ihlal edecek şekilde, bazı ülkelerde tedavi dışı esrar kullanımının yasallaşmasını kolaylaştırmış olabilir. Bu yazıda uluslararası anlaşmaların kanna- bisin tıbbi kullanımına imkan verdiği koşullar özetlenmiş, kannabinoid tüketiminin güvenliği ve etkinliği, kullanım şekilleri gözönüne alınarak kısaca değerlendirilmiştir. Kannabinoidlerin tıbbi kullanımına izin veren çeşitli yasal yaklaşımların yararları ve sakıncaları ile kannabisin tedavi dışı kullanıma yönlendirilme riskleri de tartışılmıştır. Birleşmiş Milletler Uluslararası Narkotik Kontrol Kurulu (INCB), Uyuşturucu Maddelere Dair 1961 Tek Sözleşmesi ile kurulmuş olup, uluslararası uyuşturucu kontrol sözleşmelerinin uygulanışını izleyen bağımsız ve yarı yargısal bir organdır. Bu yazı INCB’nin, Devletlerin uluslararası uyuşturucu kontrol anlaşmaları ile uyumlu tıbbi kannabinoid programlarını nasıl uygulaması gerektiğine ilişkin tavsiyelerine yer vermekte, ayrıca gereği gibi düzenlenmeyen tıbbi kannabinoid programlarının, esrarın keyif amaçlı kullanımını yasallaştırma çabalarını nasıl kolaylaştırdığını tartışmaktadır.

References

  • Ablin J v.d., Medical use of cannabis products: lessons to be leamed from Israel and Canada, vol. 30, No. 1, January 2016, Der Schmerz.
  • Bogdanoski T, Accommodating the medical use of marijuana: surveying the differing legal approaches in Australia, the United States and Canada, vol. 17, No. 4, February 2010, Journal of Law and Medicine, ss. 508531.
  • Degenhardt L/Hall W, Is cannabis use a contributory cause of psychosis?, vol. 51, No. 9. August 2006, Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, ss. 555-565.
  • Di Marzo V/De Petrocellis L, Plant, synthetic, and endogenous cannabinoids in medicine, vol. 57, 2006, Annual Review of Medicine, ss. 553-574
  • EMCDDA (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addic- tion), Cannabis Legislation in Europe: An Overview, Luxembourg, Publicati- ons Office of the European Union, 2018.
  • Fischer B/Kuganesan S/Room R, Medical marijuana programs: implications for cannabis control policy - observations from Canada, vol. 26, No. 1, January 2015, International Journal of Drug Policy, ss. 15-19.
  • Grotenhermen F, Cannabinoids for therapeutic use: designing systems to increase efficacy and reliability, vol. 2, No. 4, 2004, American Journal of Drug Delivery, ss. 229-240
  • Hall W/Degenhardt L/Lynskey M, The Health and Psychological Effects of Cannabis Use, Monograph Series, No. 44, 2. Baskı, Canberra, Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing, 2001.
  • Hall W/Pacula R L, Cannabis Use and Dependence: Public Health and Public Policy, reissued (ed.), Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  • IOM (Institute of Medicine), Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base, Washington, D.C., National Academies Press, 1999.
  • Iversen L. L, The Science of Marijuana, 2. Baskı, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • Kilmer B/MacCoun J R, How medical marijuana smoothed the transition to marijuana legalization in the United States, vol. 13, 2017, Annual Review of Law and Social Science, ss. 181-202.
  • Lucas G P, Regulating compassion: an overview of Canada’s federal medical cannabis policy and practice, Harm Reduction Journal, vol. 5, No. 5 (2008).
  • Lucas G P, It can’t hurt to ask; a patient-centered qualityof service assessment of Health Canada’s medical cannabis policy and program, vol. 9, No. 2, 2012, Harm Reduction Journal.
  • Martin H. J/Bonomo Y/Reynolds D.B. A, Compassion and evidence in prescribing cannabinoids: a perspective from the Royal Australasian College of Physicians, vol. 208, No. 3, February 2018, Medical Journal of Australia, ss.107-109
  • Martinalbo J/Bowen T D/Camarero J v.d., Early market access of cancer drugs in the EU, Volume 27, Issue 1, 2016, Annals of Oncology, ss. 96105
  • McGuire P/Robson P/Cubala W J v.d., Cannabidiol (CBD) as an adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia: a multicenter randomized controlled trial, vol. 175, No. 3, 2018, American Journal of Psychiatry, ss. 225-231.
  • Moffat C A, The legalisation of cannabis for medical use, vol. 42, No. 1, January, 2002, Science and Justice, ss. 55-57.
  • Mücke M/Phillips T/Radbruch L vd., Cannabis-based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults, No. 3, 2018, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. NASEM (United States of America, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine), The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabino- ids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research, Washington, D.C., National Academies Press, 2017.
  • Navari M R, Pharmacological management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: focus on recent developments, vol. 69, No. 5, March 2009, Drugs, ss. 515-533. Osakwe O, Pharmaceutical regulation: the role of Government in the business of drug discovery, in Social Aspects of Drug Discovery, Development and Commercialization, Odilia Osakwe ve Syed A. A. Rizvi, (eds.), London, Elsevier, 2016.
  • Pacula R L/Smart R, Medical marijuana and marijuana legalization, vol. 13, 2017, Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, ss. 397-419.
  • Rago L/Santoso B, Drug regulation: history, present and future, in Drug Benefits and Risks: An International Textbook of Clinical Pharmacology, gözden geçirilmiş 2. baskı, Chris J. van Boxtel/Budiono Santoso/ I. Ralph Edwards (eds.), Uppsala, Sweden, Uppsala Monitoring Centre, 2008.
  • Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2017 E/INCB/2017/1
  • Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2021 E/INCB/2021/1
  • Stocking E/Zagic D/Campbell G v.d., Evidence for cannabis and cannabinoids for epilepsy: a systematic review of controlled and observational evidence, vol. 89, No. 7, July 2018, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, ss. 1-13
  • Tan C W/Lo C/Jong A/Li Xing v.d., Marijuana and chronic obstructive lung disease: a population-based study, vol. 180, No. 8, April 2009, Canadian Medical Association Journal, ss. 814-820.
  • Tetrault M J/Crothers K/Moore A B v.d., Effects of marijuana smoking on pulmonary function and respiratory complications: a systematic review, vol. 167, No. 3, February 2007, Archives of Internal Medicine, ss. 221-228
  • Thomsen K R/Thylstrup B/Kenyon, A E v.d., Cannabinoids for the treatment of cannabis use disorder: New avenues for reaching and helping youth?, Volume 132, 2022, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, ss. 169180
  • Throckmorton D C, Deputy Director for Regulatory Programs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, Researching the potential medical benefits and risks of marijuana, statement to the Subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism, Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, 13 July 2016
  • United Nations Conference for the Adoption of a Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. (1962). Single convention on narcotic drugs, 1961. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1019, No. 14956
  • United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 976, No. 14152
  • Wang T/Collet J-P/Shapiro S v.d., Adverse effects of medical cannabi- noids: a systematic review, vol. 178, No. 13, June 2008, Canadian Medical As- sociation Journal, ss. 1669-1678.
  • Whiting F P/Wolff F R/Deshpande S v.d., Cannabinoids for medical use: a systematic review and meta-analysis, vol. 313, No. 24, June 2015, Journal of the American Medical Association, ss. 2456-2473.
  • WHO (World Health Organization), The Health and Social Effects of Nonmedical Cannabis Use, Geneva, 2016.
  • Zajicek J/Fox P/Sanders H v.d., Cannabinoids for treatment of spasticity and other symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (CAMS study): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial, vol. 362, No. 9395, November 2003, Lancet, ss. 1517-1526.

Recommendations of the United Nations International Narcotics Control Board to Member States on Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoid Programmes

Year 2022, Issue: 68, 15 - 31, 21.06.2022

Abstract

Several states' governments have app- roved legislations allowing patients with certain health problems, such as terminal cancer, epilepsy, and neurological disorders, to use cannabis and cannabinoids to relieve their symptoms. Some medical cannabis programmes have had a negative impact on public health due to a lack of adequate regulation in accordance with international drug control treaties, resulting in cannabis being diver- ted to non-medical usage. Poorly managed medi- cinal cannabis programmes, as well as a decreased sense of risk, may have influenced the legalization of non-medical cannabis use in some nations, in violation of international drug control treaties. The criteria under which international treaties permit the medical use of cannabis are outlined in this paper. A brief assessment of the information on the safety and effectiveness of cannabinoids for various forms of medical use is also included. The benefits and drawbacks of various legislative approaches to allowing the medical use of cannabinoids, as well as the risks of cannabis being diverted to non-medical use, are also discussed. This paper concludes with recommendations of the United Nations Internati- onal Narcotics Control Board (INCB) the indepen- dent and quasi-judicial monitoring body for the implementation of the United Nations internatio- nal drug control conventions, on how States should implement medical cannabinoid programmes that comply with the requirements of international drug control treaties, as well as a discussion of how weak regulated medicinal cannabinoid program- mes may facilitate effords to legalize the non- medical use of cannabis.

References

  • Ablin J v.d., Medical use of cannabis products: lessons to be leamed from Israel and Canada, vol. 30, No. 1, January 2016, Der Schmerz.
  • Bogdanoski T, Accommodating the medical use of marijuana: surveying the differing legal approaches in Australia, the United States and Canada, vol. 17, No. 4, February 2010, Journal of Law and Medicine, ss. 508531.
  • Degenhardt L/Hall W, Is cannabis use a contributory cause of psychosis?, vol. 51, No. 9. August 2006, Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, ss. 555-565.
  • Di Marzo V/De Petrocellis L, Plant, synthetic, and endogenous cannabinoids in medicine, vol. 57, 2006, Annual Review of Medicine, ss. 553-574
  • EMCDDA (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addic- tion), Cannabis Legislation in Europe: An Overview, Luxembourg, Publicati- ons Office of the European Union, 2018.
  • Fischer B/Kuganesan S/Room R, Medical marijuana programs: implications for cannabis control policy - observations from Canada, vol. 26, No. 1, January 2015, International Journal of Drug Policy, ss. 15-19.
  • Grotenhermen F, Cannabinoids for therapeutic use: designing systems to increase efficacy and reliability, vol. 2, No. 4, 2004, American Journal of Drug Delivery, ss. 229-240
  • Hall W/Degenhardt L/Lynskey M, The Health and Psychological Effects of Cannabis Use, Monograph Series, No. 44, 2. Baskı, Canberra, Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing, 2001.
  • Hall W/Pacula R L, Cannabis Use and Dependence: Public Health and Public Policy, reissued (ed.), Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  • IOM (Institute of Medicine), Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base, Washington, D.C., National Academies Press, 1999.
  • Iversen L. L, The Science of Marijuana, 2. Baskı, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • Kilmer B/MacCoun J R, How medical marijuana smoothed the transition to marijuana legalization in the United States, vol. 13, 2017, Annual Review of Law and Social Science, ss. 181-202.
  • Lucas G P, Regulating compassion: an overview of Canada’s federal medical cannabis policy and practice, Harm Reduction Journal, vol. 5, No. 5 (2008).
  • Lucas G P, It can’t hurt to ask; a patient-centered qualityof service assessment of Health Canada’s medical cannabis policy and program, vol. 9, No. 2, 2012, Harm Reduction Journal.
  • Martin H. J/Bonomo Y/Reynolds D.B. A, Compassion and evidence in prescribing cannabinoids: a perspective from the Royal Australasian College of Physicians, vol. 208, No. 3, February 2018, Medical Journal of Australia, ss.107-109
  • Martinalbo J/Bowen T D/Camarero J v.d., Early market access of cancer drugs in the EU, Volume 27, Issue 1, 2016, Annals of Oncology, ss. 96105
  • McGuire P/Robson P/Cubala W J v.d., Cannabidiol (CBD) as an adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia: a multicenter randomized controlled trial, vol. 175, No. 3, 2018, American Journal of Psychiatry, ss. 225-231.
  • Moffat C A, The legalisation of cannabis for medical use, vol. 42, No. 1, January, 2002, Science and Justice, ss. 55-57.
  • Mücke M/Phillips T/Radbruch L vd., Cannabis-based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults, No. 3, 2018, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. NASEM (United States of America, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine), The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabino- ids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research, Washington, D.C., National Academies Press, 2017.
  • Navari M R, Pharmacological management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: focus on recent developments, vol. 69, No. 5, March 2009, Drugs, ss. 515-533. Osakwe O, Pharmaceutical regulation: the role of Government in the business of drug discovery, in Social Aspects of Drug Discovery, Development and Commercialization, Odilia Osakwe ve Syed A. A. Rizvi, (eds.), London, Elsevier, 2016.
  • Pacula R L/Smart R, Medical marijuana and marijuana legalization, vol. 13, 2017, Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, ss. 397-419.
  • Rago L/Santoso B, Drug regulation: history, present and future, in Drug Benefits and Risks: An International Textbook of Clinical Pharmacology, gözden geçirilmiş 2. baskı, Chris J. van Boxtel/Budiono Santoso/ I. Ralph Edwards (eds.), Uppsala, Sweden, Uppsala Monitoring Centre, 2008.
  • Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2017 E/INCB/2017/1
  • Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2021 E/INCB/2021/1
  • Stocking E/Zagic D/Campbell G v.d., Evidence for cannabis and cannabinoids for epilepsy: a systematic review of controlled and observational evidence, vol. 89, No. 7, July 2018, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, ss. 1-13
  • Tan C W/Lo C/Jong A/Li Xing v.d., Marijuana and chronic obstructive lung disease: a population-based study, vol. 180, No. 8, April 2009, Canadian Medical Association Journal, ss. 814-820.
  • Tetrault M J/Crothers K/Moore A B v.d., Effects of marijuana smoking on pulmonary function and respiratory complications: a systematic review, vol. 167, No. 3, February 2007, Archives of Internal Medicine, ss. 221-228
  • Thomsen K R/Thylstrup B/Kenyon, A E v.d., Cannabinoids for the treatment of cannabis use disorder: New avenues for reaching and helping youth?, Volume 132, 2022, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, ss. 169180
  • Throckmorton D C, Deputy Director for Regulatory Programs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, Researching the potential medical benefits and risks of marijuana, statement to the Subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism, Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, 13 July 2016
  • United Nations Conference for the Adoption of a Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. (1962). Single convention on narcotic drugs, 1961. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1019, No. 14956
  • United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 976, No. 14152
  • Wang T/Collet J-P/Shapiro S v.d., Adverse effects of medical cannabi- noids: a systematic review, vol. 178, No. 13, June 2008, Canadian Medical As- sociation Journal, ss. 1669-1678.
  • Whiting F P/Wolff F R/Deshpande S v.d., Cannabinoids for medical use: a systematic review and meta-analysis, vol. 313, No. 24, June 2015, Journal of the American Medical Association, ss. 2456-2473.
  • WHO (World Health Organization), The Health and Social Effects of Nonmedical Cannabis Use, Geneva, 2016.
  • Zajicek J/Fox P/Sanders H v.d., Cannabinoids for treatment of spasticity and other symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (CAMS study): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial, vol. 362, No. 9395, November 2003, Lancet, ss. 1517-1526.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Law in Context
Journal Section KAMU HUKUKU
Authors

Sevil Atasoy This is me 0000-0002-0236-0267

Publication Date June 21, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: 68

Cite

APA Atasoy, S. (2022). BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER UYUŞTURUCU KONTROL KURULU’NUN HÜKÜMETLERE TIBBİ KANNABİS VE KANNABİNOİD PROGRAMLARI HAKKINDAKİ TAVSİYELERİ. Adalet Dergisi(68), 15-31.
AMA Atasoy S. BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER UYUŞTURUCU KONTROL KURULU’NUN HÜKÜMETLERE TIBBİ KANNABİS VE KANNABİNOİD PROGRAMLARI HAKKINDAKİ TAVSİYELERİ. AD. June 2022;(68):15-31.
Chicago Atasoy, Sevil. “BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER UYUŞTURUCU KONTROL KURULU’NUN HÜKÜMETLERE TIBBİ KANNABİS VE KANNABİNOİD PROGRAMLARI HAKKINDAKİ TAVSİYELERİ”. Adalet Dergisi, no. 68 (June 2022): 15-31.
EndNote Atasoy S (June 1, 2022) BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER UYUŞTURUCU KONTROL KURULU’NUN HÜKÜMETLERE TIBBİ KANNABİS VE KANNABİNOİD PROGRAMLARI HAKKINDAKİ TAVSİYELERİ. Adalet Dergisi 68 15–31.
IEEE S. Atasoy, “BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER UYUŞTURUCU KONTROL KURULU’NUN HÜKÜMETLERE TIBBİ KANNABİS VE KANNABİNOİD PROGRAMLARI HAKKINDAKİ TAVSİYELERİ”, AD, no. 68, pp. 15–31, June 2022.
ISNAD Atasoy, Sevil. “BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER UYUŞTURUCU KONTROL KURULU’NUN HÜKÜMETLERE TIBBİ KANNABİS VE KANNABİNOİD PROGRAMLARI HAKKINDAKİ TAVSİYELERİ”. Adalet Dergisi 68 (June 2022), 15-31.
JAMA Atasoy S. BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER UYUŞTURUCU KONTROL KURULU’NUN HÜKÜMETLERE TIBBİ KANNABİS VE KANNABİNOİD PROGRAMLARI HAKKINDAKİ TAVSİYELERİ. AD. 2022;:15–31.
MLA Atasoy, Sevil. “BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER UYUŞTURUCU KONTROL KURULU’NUN HÜKÜMETLERE TIBBİ KANNABİS VE KANNABİNOİD PROGRAMLARI HAKKINDAKİ TAVSİYELERİ”. Adalet Dergisi, no. 68, 2022, pp. 15-31.
Vancouver Atasoy S. BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER UYUŞTURUCU KONTROL KURULU’NUN HÜKÜMETLERE TIBBİ KANNABİS VE KANNABİNOİD PROGRAMLARI HAKKINDAKİ TAVSİYELERİ. AD. 2022(68):15-31.

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