Research Article
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Reliability and Validity of İnternalized Stigmatization Scale in Patients with Halitosis

Year 2024, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 54 - 59, 30.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.62268/add.1515231

Abstract

Objectives:
Internalised stigma, also known as internalised stigma, is the withdrawal of the individual from society with feelings of shame, worthlessness and withdrawal from society. According to our current literature review, internalised stigma has not been studied in the field of halitosis. The aim of this study was to validate the internalised stigma scale in halitosis patients.
Material and Methods:
The study included 177 patients (102 females, 75 males; mean age ± SD; 40.2 +/- 13.7 years) who presented to the Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University with the complaint of halitosis. Individuals with halitosis answered the Internalised Stigma Scale (ISS).
Results:
Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the subscales of the ISI was 0.75 for alienation, 0.70 for confirmation of stereotypes, 0.81 for perceived discrimination, 0.52 for social withdrawal, 0.68 for resistance to stigmatisation, and 0.89 for the whole scale.
Conclusion:
Our study shows that the ISS for halitosis is a valid and reliable scale for determining internalised stigma. The results indicate that individuals with halitosis have a high level of internalised stigma. The salience of internalised stigma and negative quality of life show a parallel trend. Perceived health also worsens in those whose quality of life is significantly affected.

References

  • 1. Schemel-Suárez M, Chimenos-Küstner E, Estrugo-Devesa A, Jané-Salas E, López-López J. Halitosis assessment and changes in volatile sulfur compounds after chewing gum: a study performed on dentistry students. J Évid Based Dent Pr. 2017;17:381-8.
  • 2. Briceag R, Caraiane A, Raftu G, Horhat RM, Bogdan I, Fericean RM, Shaaban L, Popa M, Bumbu BA, Bratu ML, Pricop M, Talpos S. Emotional and social impact of halitosis on adolescents and young adults: a systematic review. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023;14;59:564.
  • 3. Silva CR, Silva CC, Rodrigues R. Etiology of halitosis in pediatric dentistry. Arch Pédiatrie. 2022;29:467-74.
  • 4. Rana S, Shakoor A, Fahim A. Awareness of halitosis and oral hygiene among undergraduate dental students. J Pak Dent Assoc. 2017;26):141-5.
  • 5. Kim Y, Ma DS. Descriptive statistical analysis report on the results of questionnaire and observations on patients with physiological halitosis who visited the KUMC halitosis clinic-a retrospective study. Res Square. 2021;12:1-17.
  • 6. Patel J, Kulkarni S, Doshi D, Reddy P, Reddy S, Srilatha A. Association between social anxiety with oral hygiene status and tongue coating among patients with subjective halitosis. Am Dent Hyg Assoc. 2017;91:55-63.
  • 7. Li Du M, Jiang LH, Y Zheng, J Zhang. Prevalence and relevant factors of halitosis in Chinese subjects: a clinical research. BMC Oral Health. 2019;19:45.
  • 8. Schertel Cassiano L, Abdullahi F, Leite FR, López R, Peres MA. Nascimento, GG. The association between halitosis and oral-health-related quality of life: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2021;48:1458-69.
  • 9. Azodo C, Umoh A. Relational impact of halitosis: a study of young adult Nigerians. Savannah J Med Res Pr. 2018;6:11.
  • 10. S Settineri, Mento C, Gugliotta SC, Saitta A, Terranova A, Trimarchi G, Mallamace D. Self-reported halitosis and emotional state: Impact on oral conditions and treatments. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2010;8:34.
  • 11. Mento C, Lombardo C, Milazzo M, Whithorn NI, Boronat-Catalá M, Almiñana-Pastor PJ. Adolescence, adulthood and self-perceived halitosis: a role of psychological factors. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;57:614.
  • 12. Azodo CC, Ogbebor OG. Differences in evoked emotions, feelings and reactions to body and mouth odour. Ibom Med J. 2018;11:12-8.
  • 13. Azodo CC, Ogbebor OG. Social distance towards halitosis sufferers. Swiss Dent J. 2019;129:1026-30.
  • 14. Schertel Cassiano L, Abdullahi F, Leite FRM, López R, Peres MA, Nascimento GG. The association between halitosis and oral-health-related quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2021;48:1458-69.
  • 15. Ritsher JB, Otilingam PG, Grajales M. Internalized stigma of mental illness: psychometric properties of a new measure. Psychiatry Res. 2003;121:31-49.
  • 16. Ersoy MA, Varan A: Ruhsal ruhsal hastalıklarda içselleştirilmiş damgalanma ölçeği Türkçe formu’nun güvenilirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2007;18:163-71.
  • 17. Baysal GÖ, Şenol Y, Çoşkun HŞ. Cancer stigma scale: validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the Cataldo Lung Cancer Stigma Scale for all cancer subtypes, J Oncol Sci. 2019;5:1-4.
  • 18. Alpsoy Er, Şenol Y, Temel AB, Baysal ÖG, Karakaş AA. Psoriasisde içselleştirilmiş stigmatizasyon (damgalanma) ölçeğinin güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Turkderm-Turk Arch Dermatol Venereol. 2015;49:45-9.
  • 19. Alpsoy E, Senol Y, Bilgic A, Baysal O, Akman-Karakas A. Reliabilityand validity of internalized stigmatization scale in psoriasis. Turkderm-Turk Arch Dermatol Venereol. 2015;49:45-9.
  • 20. Baysal GÖ, Şenol Y, Coşkun HŞ. Cancer stigma scale: validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the Cataldo Lung Cancer Stigma Scale for all cancer subtypes. J Oncol. 2019;5:105-8.
  • 21. Ersoy MA, Varan A. Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the internalized stigma of mental illness scale. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2007;18:163-71.
  • 22. Yavuz G, Doğan N. Boyut sayısı belirlemede Velicer’in map testi ve Horn’un paralel analizinin kullanılması. HÜEF 2015;30:176-88.
  • 23. Umeizudike KA, Oyetola OE, Ayanbadejo PO, Alade GO, Ameh PO. Prevalence of self-reported halitosis and associatedfactors among dental patients at-tending a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Sahel Med J. 2016;19:150.
  • 24. Scully C, Greenman J. Halitosis (breath odor). Periodontol 2000. 2008;48:66-75.
  • 25. Haas AN, Silveira EM, Ro¨sing CK. Effect of tongue cleansingon morning oral malodour in periodontally healthy individuals. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2007;5:89-94.

Ağız Kokusu Olan Hastalarda İçsel Stigmatizasyon (Damgalanma) Ölçeğinin Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Year 2024, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 54 - 59, 30.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.62268/add.1515231

Abstract

Amaç: İçselleştirilmiş damgalama olarak da bilinen içselleştirilmiş stigma, bireyin utanç, değersizlik ve toplumdan geri çekilme duygularıyla birlikte bireyin kendisini toplumdan geri çekmesidir. Mevcut literatür taramamıza göre, içselleştirilmiş damgalama ağız kokusu alanında çalışılmamıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı ağız kokusu hastalarında içselleştirilmiş stigma ölçeğini doğrulamaktır.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmaya Akdeniz Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Periodontoloji bölümüne ağız kokusu şikayeti ile başvuran 177 hasta (102 kadın, 75 erkek; ortalama yaş±SS; 40,2 +/- 13,7 yıl) alındı. Ağız kokusu olan bireyler İçselleştirilmiş Damgalanma Ölçeği (İDÖ), yanıtladı.
Bulgular: İDÖ alt ölçeklerine ait Cronbach alfa katsayısı yabancılaşma için 0,75, kalıp yargıların onaylanması için 0,70, algılanan ayrımcılık için 0,81, sosyal geri çekilme için 0,52, damgalanmaya karşı direnç için 0,68, tüm ölçek için 0,89 olarak hesaplandı.
Sonuç: Çalışmamız ağız kokusu için İDÖ’nün içselleştirilmiş damgalanmayı belirlemede geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek olduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuçlar ağız kokusu olan bireyler içselleştirilmiş damgalanmanın yüksek düzeyde olduğuna işaret etmektedir. İçselleştirilmiş damgalanmanın belirginliği ile olumsuz yaşam kalitesi birbirine paralel eğilim göstermektedir. Yaşam kalitesi belirgin derecede etkilenenlerde algılanan sağlık da kötüleşmektedir.

References

  • 1. Schemel-Suárez M, Chimenos-Küstner E, Estrugo-Devesa A, Jané-Salas E, López-López J. Halitosis assessment and changes in volatile sulfur compounds after chewing gum: a study performed on dentistry students. J Évid Based Dent Pr. 2017;17:381-8.
  • 2. Briceag R, Caraiane A, Raftu G, Horhat RM, Bogdan I, Fericean RM, Shaaban L, Popa M, Bumbu BA, Bratu ML, Pricop M, Talpos S. Emotional and social impact of halitosis on adolescents and young adults: a systematic review. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023;14;59:564.
  • 3. Silva CR, Silva CC, Rodrigues R. Etiology of halitosis in pediatric dentistry. Arch Pédiatrie. 2022;29:467-74.
  • 4. Rana S, Shakoor A, Fahim A. Awareness of halitosis and oral hygiene among undergraduate dental students. J Pak Dent Assoc. 2017;26):141-5.
  • 5. Kim Y, Ma DS. Descriptive statistical analysis report on the results of questionnaire and observations on patients with physiological halitosis who visited the KUMC halitosis clinic-a retrospective study. Res Square. 2021;12:1-17.
  • 6. Patel J, Kulkarni S, Doshi D, Reddy P, Reddy S, Srilatha A. Association between social anxiety with oral hygiene status and tongue coating among patients with subjective halitosis. Am Dent Hyg Assoc. 2017;91:55-63.
  • 7. Li Du M, Jiang LH, Y Zheng, J Zhang. Prevalence and relevant factors of halitosis in Chinese subjects: a clinical research. BMC Oral Health. 2019;19:45.
  • 8. Schertel Cassiano L, Abdullahi F, Leite FR, López R, Peres MA. Nascimento, GG. The association between halitosis and oral-health-related quality of life: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2021;48:1458-69.
  • 9. Azodo C, Umoh A. Relational impact of halitosis: a study of young adult Nigerians. Savannah J Med Res Pr. 2018;6:11.
  • 10. S Settineri, Mento C, Gugliotta SC, Saitta A, Terranova A, Trimarchi G, Mallamace D. Self-reported halitosis and emotional state: Impact on oral conditions and treatments. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2010;8:34.
  • 11. Mento C, Lombardo C, Milazzo M, Whithorn NI, Boronat-Catalá M, Almiñana-Pastor PJ. Adolescence, adulthood and self-perceived halitosis: a role of psychological factors. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;57:614.
  • 12. Azodo CC, Ogbebor OG. Differences in evoked emotions, feelings and reactions to body and mouth odour. Ibom Med J. 2018;11:12-8.
  • 13. Azodo CC, Ogbebor OG. Social distance towards halitosis sufferers. Swiss Dent J. 2019;129:1026-30.
  • 14. Schertel Cassiano L, Abdullahi F, Leite FRM, López R, Peres MA, Nascimento GG. The association between halitosis and oral-health-related quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2021;48:1458-69.
  • 15. Ritsher JB, Otilingam PG, Grajales M. Internalized stigma of mental illness: psychometric properties of a new measure. Psychiatry Res. 2003;121:31-49.
  • 16. Ersoy MA, Varan A: Ruhsal ruhsal hastalıklarda içselleştirilmiş damgalanma ölçeği Türkçe formu’nun güvenilirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2007;18:163-71.
  • 17. Baysal GÖ, Şenol Y, Çoşkun HŞ. Cancer stigma scale: validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the Cataldo Lung Cancer Stigma Scale for all cancer subtypes, J Oncol Sci. 2019;5:1-4.
  • 18. Alpsoy Er, Şenol Y, Temel AB, Baysal ÖG, Karakaş AA. Psoriasisde içselleştirilmiş stigmatizasyon (damgalanma) ölçeğinin güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Turkderm-Turk Arch Dermatol Venereol. 2015;49:45-9.
  • 19. Alpsoy E, Senol Y, Bilgic A, Baysal O, Akman-Karakas A. Reliabilityand validity of internalized stigmatization scale in psoriasis. Turkderm-Turk Arch Dermatol Venereol. 2015;49:45-9.
  • 20. Baysal GÖ, Şenol Y, Coşkun HŞ. Cancer stigma scale: validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the Cataldo Lung Cancer Stigma Scale for all cancer subtypes. J Oncol. 2019;5:105-8.
  • 21. Ersoy MA, Varan A. Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the internalized stigma of mental illness scale. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2007;18:163-71.
  • 22. Yavuz G, Doğan N. Boyut sayısı belirlemede Velicer’in map testi ve Horn’un paralel analizinin kullanılması. HÜEF 2015;30:176-88.
  • 23. Umeizudike KA, Oyetola OE, Ayanbadejo PO, Alade GO, Ameh PO. Prevalence of self-reported halitosis and associatedfactors among dental patients at-tending a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Sahel Med J. 2016;19:150.
  • 24. Scully C, Greenman J. Halitosis (breath odor). Periodontol 2000. 2008;48:66-75.
  • 25. Haas AN, Silveira EM, Ro¨sing CK. Effect of tongue cleansingon morning oral malodour in periodontally healthy individuals. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2007;5:89-94.
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Periodontics
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Nezahat Arzu Kayar 0000-0002-2325-2900

Emre Karaci 0009-0004-8400-4179

Yeşim Şenol 0000-0002-7842-3041

Publication Date August 30, 2024
Submission Date July 12, 2024
Acceptance Date July 31, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 3 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver Kayar NA, Karaci E, Şenol Y. Ağız Kokusu Olan Hastalarda İçsel Stigmatizasyon (Damgalanma) Ölçeğinin Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Akd Dent J. 2024;3(2):54-9.

Founded: 2022

Period: 3 Issues Per Year

Publisher: Akdeniz University