Research Article
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Analysis of Deaths Related to Synthetic Cannabinoid (“Bonsai”) in Eskişehir, Turkey

Year 2019, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 1459 - 1469, 15.08.2019
https://doi.org/10.30569/adiyamansaglik.568757

Abstract

 Introduction, Objective; In literature, there are
studies reporting that SC affects many systems such as cardiac, respiratory,
urogenital, digestive system and cause death even in the first use. In this
study, it is aimed to determine frequency of death resulting from use of SC and
also the rate of forensic deaths in Eskisehir province.



Method: In this study, cases in which cause
of death is related to the use of SC and which are included in forensic deaths
that occurred between 1 January 2011 and 31 December 2016, are going to be
included in this study. The rate of cases in which deaths result from SC to the
rate of all forensic deaths is going to be detected. Also, demographic data of
the cases such as age, gender, educational status, marital status, working
status and residence are going to be examined.



Findings: Within 6 years-period the study includes, it was determined that 33
people died because of SC. In 2011, the first year that the study includes, the
rate of deaths resulting from SC to forensic deaths was 0,3%, and this rate
reached up to 3,1% in 2016. It was noted that SC named AM-2201 and JWH-018
(totally n=22, 66,7%) were mostly related to the death.



Discussion: In our study, it was observed that the deaths associated with SC
increased until 2016. It is known that the use of other synthetic drugs or
stimulants has increased in the last 2 years instead of SC. Hence, need for
examination, equipment and experience required for identifying and reporting
these synthetic substances will increase day by day. 

Supporting Institution

ESKİŞEHİR OSMANGAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ BİLİMSEL ARAŞTIRMA PROJELERİ KOMİSYONU BAŞKANLIĞI

Project Number

2017-1746

References

  • 1. Gunderson EW, Haughey HM, Ait-Daoud N, Joshi AS, Hart CL."SpiceA" and "K2" herbal highs: a case series and systematic review of the clinical effects and biopsychosocial implications of SC use in humans. Am J Addict. 2012:21:320-6.
  • 2. Pakiş, I, Polat O. SC. ACU Magazine of Health Sciences 2016(1):6-13.
  • 3. Urazel B, Şimşek Ü, Gündüz T, Teyin, A, Kaya Ş. Emergency Department Physicians’ Knowledge of Synthetic Cannabinoids. Journal of Turgut Ozal Medical Center, 2015;22(4):249-53
  • 4. Szily E, Bitter I. Designer drugs in psychiatric practice - a review of the literature and the recent situation in Hungary. Neuropsychopharmacol Hung 2013;15:223-31.
  • 5. Bretteville-Jensen AL, Tuv SS, Bilgrei OR, Fijeld B. SC and Cathinones:Prevalence and Markets. Forensic Sci Rev 2013;25:8-26.
  • 6. Aoun EG, Christopher PP, Ingraham JW. Emerging drugs of abuse: clinical and legal considerations. R I Med J 2014;97:41-5.
  • 7. Hudson S, Ramsey J, King L, et al. Use of high resolution accurate mass spectrometry todetect reported and previously unreported cannabinomimetics in "herbal high" products. J Anal Toxicol 2010;34:252-60.
  • 8. Cohen J, Morrison S, Greenberg J, Saidinejad M. Clinical Presentation of Intoxication Due to SC. Pediatrics 2012;129;1064-7.
  • 9. Gregori A, Damiano F, Bonavia M, et al. Identification of two cannabimimetic compounds WIN48098 and AM679 in illegal products. Sci Justice 2013;53:286-92.
  • 10. Brents LK, Prather PL. The K2/Spice Phenomenon: emergence, identification, legislation and metabolic characterization of SC in herbal incense products. Drug Metab Rev 2014;46:72-85.
  • 11. Kalyoncu, A., Ünlü B, Taştan U. Dangerous Game of Young People: Review of SC (Bonsai). Addiction Magazine. 2014; 15.3: 150-155.
  • 12. Hermanns-Clausen, M., Kneisel, S., Hutter, M., Szabo, B., Auwärter, V. (2013) Acute intoxication by SCfour case reports. Drug Testing and Analysis. 2013;5(9-10).:790-794.
  • 13. Hermanns-Clausen, M., Kneisel, S., Szabo, B., Auwärter, V. Acute toxicity due to the confirmed consumption of SC: clinical and laboratory findings. Addiction, 2012;108, 534-544.
  • 14. Fantegrossi, W.E., Moran, J.H., RadominSCa-Pandya, A., Prather, P.L. Distinct pharmacology and metabolism of K2 SC compared to THC: mechanism underlying greater toxicity? Life Sciences, 2014; 97, 45-54.
  • 15. Hruba, L., Ginsburg, B.C., McMahon, L.R. Apparent inverse relationship between cannabinoid agonist efficacy and tolerance/cross-tolerance produced by delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol treatment in rhesus monkeys. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 2012;342, 843-849.
  • 16. Alhadi S, Tiwari A, Vohra R, Gerona R, Acharya J, Bilello K. High times, low sats: diffuse pulmonary infiltrates associated with chronic SC use. J. Med. Toxicol. 2013; 9:199-206.
  • 17. Benford DM, Caplan JP. Psychiatric sequelae of Spice, K2, and SC receptor agonists. Psychosomatics. 2011; 52:295.
  • 18. Berry-Caban CS, Ee J, Ingram V, Berry CE, Kim E. SC overdose in a 20-year-old male US soldier. Subst. Abuse. 2013; 34:70-72.
  • 19. Derungs A, Schwaninger A, Mansella G, Bingisser R, Kraemer T, Liechti M. Symptoms, toxicities, and analytical results for a patient after smoking herbs containing the novel SC MAM-2201. Forensic Toxicol. 2013; 31:164-171.
  • 20. Freeman MJ, Rose DZ, Myers MA, Gooch CL, Bozeman AC, Burgin WS. Ischemic stroke after use of the synthetic marijuana "spice". Neurology. 2013; 81:209
  • 21. Gunderson EW, Haughey HM, Ait-Daoud N, Joshi AS, Hart CL. "Spice" and "K2" herbal highs: a case series and systematic review of the clinical effects and biopsychosocial implications of SC use in humans. Am. J. Addict. 2012; 21:320-326.
  • 22. Heath TS, Burroughs Z, Thompson AJ, Tecklenburg FW. Acute intoxication caused by a SC in two adolescents. J. Pediatr. Pharmacol. Ther. 2012; 17:177-181.
  • 23. King LA. Legal controls on cannabimimetics: an international dilemma? Drug Test Anal. 2014;6(1-2):80-7.
  • 24. Ergül DF, Ekemen S, Yelken BB. SC 'Bonsai' Intoxication: Six Case Series. Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim. 2015;43(5):347-51
  • 25. Besli GE, Ikiz M A, Yildirim S, Saltik S. SC abuse in adolescents: a case series. Journal of emergency medicine, 2015;49(5), 644-650.
  • 26. Ezaki J, Ro A, Hasegawa M, Kibayashi K. Fatal overdose from SC and cathinones in Japan: demographics and autopsy findings. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 2016;42(5), 520-529.
  • 27. Zazoğlu S, Savaş H, Ketenci HÇ, Beyhun NE. (2017). Identifying of profiles of drugs and new generation psychoactive substances that were sent to Forensic Medicine Institute, Trabzon Group Department from 2010 to 2014 years by Forensic Authorities. Journal of Forensic Medicine, 2017;31(1):1-5.
  • 28. Patton AL, Chimalakonda KC, Moran CL, McCain KR, RadominSCa-Pandya A, James LP, Kokes C, Moran JH. K2 toxicity: fatal case of psychiatric complications following AM2201 exposure. J Forensic Sci. 2013;58(6):1676-80.
  • 29., Hutter M, Broecker S, Kneisel S, Franz F, Brandt SD, Auwarter V. Metabolism of SC encountered in clinical casework: major in vivo metabolites of JWH-007, JWH-019, JWH-203, JWH-307, UR-144, XLR-11, AM-2201, MAM-2201 and AM-694 in human urine using LC-MS/MS. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2018;19(2):144-162
  • 30. Maciów-Głąb M, Kula K, Kłys M, Rojek SD. New psychoactive substances in substantive evidence in expert practice of the Department of Forensic Medicine, UJCM in the years 2010-2015. Arch Med Sadowej Kryminol. 2017;67(3):178-20.
  • 31. Behonick G, Shanks KG, Firchau DJ, Mathur G, Lynch CF, NashelSCy M, JaSCierny DJ, Meroueh C. Four postmortem case reports with quantitative detection of the SC, 5F-PB-22. J Anal Toxicol. 2014;38(8):559-62.
Year 2019, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 1459 - 1469, 15.08.2019
https://doi.org/10.30569/adiyamansaglik.568757

Abstract

Project Number

2017-1746

References

  • 1. Gunderson EW, Haughey HM, Ait-Daoud N, Joshi AS, Hart CL."SpiceA" and "K2" herbal highs: a case series and systematic review of the clinical effects and biopsychosocial implications of SC use in humans. Am J Addict. 2012:21:320-6.
  • 2. Pakiş, I, Polat O. SC. ACU Magazine of Health Sciences 2016(1):6-13.
  • 3. Urazel B, Şimşek Ü, Gündüz T, Teyin, A, Kaya Ş. Emergency Department Physicians’ Knowledge of Synthetic Cannabinoids. Journal of Turgut Ozal Medical Center, 2015;22(4):249-53
  • 4. Szily E, Bitter I. Designer drugs in psychiatric practice - a review of the literature and the recent situation in Hungary. Neuropsychopharmacol Hung 2013;15:223-31.
  • 5. Bretteville-Jensen AL, Tuv SS, Bilgrei OR, Fijeld B. SC and Cathinones:Prevalence and Markets. Forensic Sci Rev 2013;25:8-26.
  • 6. Aoun EG, Christopher PP, Ingraham JW. Emerging drugs of abuse: clinical and legal considerations. R I Med J 2014;97:41-5.
  • 7. Hudson S, Ramsey J, King L, et al. Use of high resolution accurate mass spectrometry todetect reported and previously unreported cannabinomimetics in "herbal high" products. J Anal Toxicol 2010;34:252-60.
  • 8. Cohen J, Morrison S, Greenberg J, Saidinejad M. Clinical Presentation of Intoxication Due to SC. Pediatrics 2012;129;1064-7.
  • 9. Gregori A, Damiano F, Bonavia M, et al. Identification of two cannabimimetic compounds WIN48098 and AM679 in illegal products. Sci Justice 2013;53:286-92.
  • 10. Brents LK, Prather PL. The K2/Spice Phenomenon: emergence, identification, legislation and metabolic characterization of SC in herbal incense products. Drug Metab Rev 2014;46:72-85.
  • 11. Kalyoncu, A., Ünlü B, Taştan U. Dangerous Game of Young People: Review of SC (Bonsai). Addiction Magazine. 2014; 15.3: 150-155.
  • 12. Hermanns-Clausen, M., Kneisel, S., Hutter, M., Szabo, B., Auwärter, V. (2013) Acute intoxication by SCfour case reports. Drug Testing and Analysis. 2013;5(9-10).:790-794.
  • 13. Hermanns-Clausen, M., Kneisel, S., Szabo, B., Auwärter, V. Acute toxicity due to the confirmed consumption of SC: clinical and laboratory findings. Addiction, 2012;108, 534-544.
  • 14. Fantegrossi, W.E., Moran, J.H., RadominSCa-Pandya, A., Prather, P.L. Distinct pharmacology and metabolism of K2 SC compared to THC: mechanism underlying greater toxicity? Life Sciences, 2014; 97, 45-54.
  • 15. Hruba, L., Ginsburg, B.C., McMahon, L.R. Apparent inverse relationship between cannabinoid agonist efficacy and tolerance/cross-tolerance produced by delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol treatment in rhesus monkeys. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 2012;342, 843-849.
  • 16. Alhadi S, Tiwari A, Vohra R, Gerona R, Acharya J, Bilello K. High times, low sats: diffuse pulmonary infiltrates associated with chronic SC use. J. Med. Toxicol. 2013; 9:199-206.
  • 17. Benford DM, Caplan JP. Psychiatric sequelae of Spice, K2, and SC receptor agonists. Psychosomatics. 2011; 52:295.
  • 18. Berry-Caban CS, Ee J, Ingram V, Berry CE, Kim E. SC overdose in a 20-year-old male US soldier. Subst. Abuse. 2013; 34:70-72.
  • 19. Derungs A, Schwaninger A, Mansella G, Bingisser R, Kraemer T, Liechti M. Symptoms, toxicities, and analytical results for a patient after smoking herbs containing the novel SC MAM-2201. Forensic Toxicol. 2013; 31:164-171.
  • 20. Freeman MJ, Rose DZ, Myers MA, Gooch CL, Bozeman AC, Burgin WS. Ischemic stroke after use of the synthetic marijuana "spice". Neurology. 2013; 81:209
  • 21. Gunderson EW, Haughey HM, Ait-Daoud N, Joshi AS, Hart CL. "Spice" and "K2" herbal highs: a case series and systematic review of the clinical effects and biopsychosocial implications of SC use in humans. Am. J. Addict. 2012; 21:320-326.
  • 22. Heath TS, Burroughs Z, Thompson AJ, Tecklenburg FW. Acute intoxication caused by a SC in two adolescents. J. Pediatr. Pharmacol. Ther. 2012; 17:177-181.
  • 23. King LA. Legal controls on cannabimimetics: an international dilemma? Drug Test Anal. 2014;6(1-2):80-7.
  • 24. Ergül DF, Ekemen S, Yelken BB. SC 'Bonsai' Intoxication: Six Case Series. Turk J Anaesthesiol Reanim. 2015;43(5):347-51
  • 25. Besli GE, Ikiz M A, Yildirim S, Saltik S. SC abuse in adolescents: a case series. Journal of emergency medicine, 2015;49(5), 644-650.
  • 26. Ezaki J, Ro A, Hasegawa M, Kibayashi K. Fatal overdose from SC and cathinones in Japan: demographics and autopsy findings. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 2016;42(5), 520-529.
  • 27. Zazoğlu S, Savaş H, Ketenci HÇ, Beyhun NE. (2017). Identifying of profiles of drugs and new generation psychoactive substances that were sent to Forensic Medicine Institute, Trabzon Group Department from 2010 to 2014 years by Forensic Authorities. Journal of Forensic Medicine, 2017;31(1):1-5.
  • 28. Patton AL, Chimalakonda KC, Moran CL, McCain KR, RadominSCa-Pandya A, James LP, Kokes C, Moran JH. K2 toxicity: fatal case of psychiatric complications following AM2201 exposure. J Forensic Sci. 2013;58(6):1676-80.
  • 29., Hutter M, Broecker S, Kneisel S, Franz F, Brandt SD, Auwarter V. Metabolism of SC encountered in clinical casework: major in vivo metabolites of JWH-007, JWH-019, JWH-203, JWH-307, UR-144, XLR-11, AM-2201, MAM-2201 and AM-694 in human urine using LC-MS/MS. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2018;19(2):144-162
  • 30. Maciów-Głąb M, Kula K, Kłys M, Rojek SD. New psychoactive substances in substantive evidence in expert practice of the Department of Forensic Medicine, UJCM in the years 2010-2015. Arch Med Sadowej Kryminol. 2017;67(3):178-20.
  • 31. Behonick G, Shanks KG, Firchau DJ, Mathur G, Lynch CF, NashelSCy M, JaSCierny DJ, Meroueh C. Four postmortem case reports with quantitative detection of the SC, 5F-PB-22. J Anal Toxicol. 2014;38(8):559-62.
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

İşılay Balcı This is me 0000-0002-0092-2721

Ali Yılmaz This is me 0000-0002-5980-6645

Yeşim Yetiş This is me 0000-0002-9148-093X

Emrah Emiral This is me 0000-0003-2464-7039

Kenan Karbeyaz 0000-0001-6009-0739

Project Number 2017-1746
Publication Date August 15, 2019
Submission Date May 22, 2019
Acceptance Date June 25, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

AMA Balcı İ, Yılmaz A, Yetiş Y, Emiral E, Karbeyaz K. Analysis of Deaths Related to Synthetic Cannabinoid (“Bonsai”) in Eskişehir, Turkey. ADYÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Derg. August 2019;5(2):1459-1469. doi:10.30569/adiyamansaglik.568757