Çocuklarda Dış Kaynaklı Siyah Diş Renklenmeleri ve Tedavileri
Yıl 2024,
, 184 - 190, 26.01.2024
Sedanur Gürdere
,
Didem Atabek
Öz
Dişlerde meydana gelen renklenmeler çocuk hastaların psikolojilerini etkileyerek özgüven kaybına yol açar. Renklenmeler dışsal ve içsel olarak sınıflandırılır. Ebeveyenlerin klinisyenlere en çok başvurduğu renklenmeler genelde siyah dışsal renklenmelerdir. Siyah dışsal renklenmeler diş yüzeyine sıkıca tutunan ve dişeti kenarı boyunca bukkal veya lingual yüzeylerde görülen özel bir renklenme türüdür. Siyah dışsal renklenmelerin etiyolojisi tam olarak anlaşılamasa da kromojenik bakteriler ve demir preparatlarının kullanımının neden olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu makalenin amacı diş renklenmeleri ile ilgili temel bilgileri, siyah dışsal renklenmelerin prevelansı, etiyolojisi, tedavisini özetlemektir.
Kaynakça
- Referans1. Garan A. 6-12 yaş grubu çocuklarda kromojen bakterilere bağlı
siyah dışsal renklenmelerin biyokimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik olarak
incelenmesi [tez]. İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi; 2009.
- Referans2. de Rezende VS, Fonseca-Silva T, Drumond CL, Ramos-Jorge
ML, Paiva SM, Vieira-Andrade RG. Do patients with extrinsic
black tooth stains have a lower dental caries experience? A
systematic review and meta-analysis. Caries Res. 2019;53:617–27.
- Referans3. Kırzıoğlu Z, Güçyetmez Topal B. Çocuklardaki dış kaynaklı diş
renklenmelerinde kromojenik bakterilerin rolü. Acta Odontol Turc.
2016;33:161-5
- Referans4. Mesonjesi I. Are extrinsic black stains of teeth iron-saturated
bovine lactoferrin and a sign of iron deficient anemia or iron
overload? Med Hypotheses 2012;79:219–21.
- Referans5. Alazmah A. Primary teeth stains and discoloration: a review. J
Child Sci 2021;11: 20–7.
- Referans6. Nathoo SA. The chemistry and mechanisms of extrinsic and
intrinsic discoloration. J Am Dent Assoc 1997;128: 6–10.
- Referans7. Brook, AH, Smith RN, Lath DJ. The clinical measurement of
tooth colour and stain. Int Dent J 2007;57:324–30.
- Referans8. Hattab FN, Qudeimat MA, al-Rimawi HS. Dental discoloration:
an overview. J Esthet Dent 1999;11:291–310.
- Referans9. Akyuz S, Garan A, Kaya M. Prevalence of black stain and
dental caries in children attending a university pediatric dentistry
clinic in ıstanbul. J Marmara Univ Inst Heal Sci 2015;5:109-11.
- Referans10. Nordbø H, Skjørland KK, Eriksen HM. Auger electron
spectroscopy of iron in dental pellicle from stainers and nonstainers.
Acta Odontol Scand 1984;42:37-40.
- Referans11. Prathap S, Rajesh H, Boloor VA, Rao AS. Extrinsic stains and
management : A new insight. J Acad Indus Res. 2013;1:435-38.
- Referans12. Frisken KW, Higgins T, Palmer JM. The incidence of
periodontopathic microorganisms in young children. Oral
Microbiol Immunol 1990;5:43–5.
- Referans13. Saba C, Solidani M, Berlutti F, Vestri A, Ottolenghi L, Polimeni
A. Black stains in the mixed dentition: A PCR microbiological study
of the etiopathogenic bacteria. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2006;30:219–24.
- Referans14. Sarkonen N, Könönen E, Summanen P, Könönen M,
Jousimies-Somer H. Phenotypic identification of Actinomyces
and related species isolated from human sources. J Clin Microbiol
2001;39:3955–61.
- Referans15. Frandsen EVG, Poulsen K, Kilian M. Confirmation of the
species Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens. Int J
Syst Bacteriol 1995;45: 429–35.
- Referans16. Okamoto K, Nakayama K, Kadowaki T, Abe N, Ratnayake
DB, Yamamoto K. Involvement of a lysine-specific cysteine
proteinase in hemoglobin adsorption and heme accumulation by
Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Biol Chem 1998;273:21225–31.
- Referans17. Smalley JW, Silver J, Birss AJ, Withnall R, Titler PJ. The
haem pigment of the oral anaerobes Prevotella nigrescens and
Prevotella intermedia is composed of iron(III) protoporphyrin IX in
the monomeric form. Microbiol 2003;149:1711–8.
- Referans18. Reid JS, Beeley JA, Macdonald DG. Investigations into black
extrinsic tooth stain. J Dent Res 1977;56:895–9.
- Referans19. Zhang F, Li Y, Xun Z, Zhang Q, Liu H, Chen F. A preliminary
study on the relationship between iron and black extrinsic tooth
stain in children. Lett Appl Microbiol 2017;64:424–9
- Referans20. Asgari I, Soltani S, Sadeghi SM. Effects of ıron products
on decay, tooth Microhardness, and dental discoloration: a
systematic review. Arch Pharm Pract 2020;11:60–72.
- Referans21. Pasdar N, Alaghehmand H, Mottaghi F, Tavassoli M.
Experimental study of iron and Multivitamin drops on enamel
microhardness of primary tooth. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent
2015;5:518-21.
- Referans22. Pushpanjali K, Khanal SS, Niraula SR. The relationship of
dental extrinsic stains with the concentration of trace elements
in water sources in a district of Nepal. Oral Health Prev Dent
2004;2:33–7.
- Referans23. Griffin IJ, Cooke RJ, Reid MM, McCormick KPB, Smith JS,
Griffin IJ. Iron nutritional status in preterm infants fed formulas
fortified with iron. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1999;81:45–9.
- Referans24. Christofides A, Asante KP, Schauer C, Sharieff W, Owusu-
Agyei S, et al Multi micronutrient sprinkles including a low dose
of iron provided as microencapsulated ferrousfumarate improves
haematologic indices in anaemic children: A randomized clinical
trial. Matern Child Nutr 2006;2:169–80.
- Referans25. Pani SC, Alenazi FM, Alotain AM, Alanazi HD, Alasmari AS.
Extrinsic tooth staining potential of high dose and sustained
release iron syrups on primary teeth. BMC Oral Health
2015;15:1–6.
- Referans26. Yıldırım S, Kaya E. Can the use of surface sealant on
restorative materials prevent Discoloration related to iron syrup
supplements? Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2021;22:739–50.
- Referans27. Martin JMG, Garcia MG, Leston JS, Pendas SL, Martin JJD,
Garcia-Pola MJ. Prevalence of black stain and associated risk
factors in preschool Spanish children. Pediatr Int 2013;55:355–9.
- Referans28. Li Y, Zhang Q, Zhang F, Liu R, Liu H, Chen F. Analysis of
the microbiota of black stain in the primary dentition. PloS one
2015;10:1-12.
- Referans29. Chen X, Zhan JY, Lu HX, Ye W, Zhang W, Yang WJ, Feng XP.
Factors associated with black tooth stain in Chinese preschool
children. Clin Oral Invest 2014;18: 2059–66.
- Referans30. Heinrich-Weltzien R, Bartsch B, Eick S. Dental caries and
microbiota in children with black stain and non-discoloured dental
plaque. Caries Res 2014;48:118–25.
- Referans31. Garan A, Akyüz S, Öztürk LK, Yarat A. Salivary parameters
and caries indices in children with black tooth stains. J Clin
Pediatr Dent 2012;36:285–8.
- Referans32. Żyła T, Kawala B, Antoszewska-Smith J, Kawala M. Black
stain and dental caries: a review of the literature. BioMed Res Int
2015;2015:1-6
- Referans33. Shmuly T, Zini A, Yitschaky M, Yitschaky O. Can black
extrinsic tooth discoloration predict a lower caries score rate in
young adults? Quintessence Int 2014;45:439–44.
- Referans34. Surdacka A. Chemical composition of the saliva in children
and adolescents with black tartar. Czas Stomatol 1989;42:525–33.
- Referans35. Surdacka A. Amount and pH of the saliva in children and
adolescents with black tartar. Czas Stomatol 1989;42:381–6.
- Referans36. Manuel ST, Abhishek P, Kundabala M. Etiology of tooth
discoloration-AReview. Nig Dent J 2010;18: 56-63.
- Referans37. Kargı S, Sancak Eİ. Renkleşmelerin Kombine Tedavi
Teknikleri. Türkiye Klin Diş Beyazl 2020;1:56–65.
- Referans38. Suvak Ö. 0-1 Yaş Arası Bebeklerde Demir Profilaksisi
Kullanımı ve Uyumu. Van Tıp Derg 2015;22:100–3.
- Referans39. Özmeriç N, Ünlü Ö. Siyah pigmente periodontal patojenlerin
aile bireyleri arasındaki bulaşıcılığı. Atatürk Üniv. Diş Hek. Fak
Derg 2001;11:47–51.
- Referans40. Haywood FG, Robinson VB. Vital tooth bleaching with night
guard vital bleaching. Curr Opin Cosmet Dent 1997;4: 45–52.
- Referans41. Pati D, Nanavati K, Yadav M, Deshpande S, Kamble A, Katge
F. Comparative Assessment of three toothpastes and prophylactic
polishing paste as a method of ıron Stain removal in primary
teeth : an in vitro study. London J Med Heal Res 2020;20:9-18.
- Referans42. Koch G, Petersson LG. Abrasive effect and fluorine uptake
from polishing and prophylactic pastes. Swed Dent J 1975;68:1–7.
Extrinsic Black Teeth Coloration and Treatments in Children
Yıl 2024,
, 184 - 190, 26.01.2024
Sedanur Gürdere
,
Didem Atabek
Öz
The discoloration of the teeth affects the psychology of pediatric patients and leads to loss of self-confidence. Colorations are classified as extrinsic and intrinsic. The most common colorations that parents refer to clinicians are usually black extrinsic colorations. Black external coloration is a special type of coloration that is firmly attached to the tooth surface and is seen on the buccal or lingual surfaces along the gingival margin. Although the etiology of black external coloration is not fully understood, it is thought to be caused by the use of chromogenic bacteria and iron preparations. The aim of this article is to summarize the basic information about tooth discoloration, the prevalence, etiology, and treatment of black extrinsic discolorations.
Kaynakça
- Referans1. Garan A. 6-12 yaş grubu çocuklarda kromojen bakterilere bağlı
siyah dışsal renklenmelerin biyokimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik olarak
incelenmesi [tez]. İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi; 2009.
- Referans2. de Rezende VS, Fonseca-Silva T, Drumond CL, Ramos-Jorge
ML, Paiva SM, Vieira-Andrade RG. Do patients with extrinsic
black tooth stains have a lower dental caries experience? A
systematic review and meta-analysis. Caries Res. 2019;53:617–27.
- Referans3. Kırzıoğlu Z, Güçyetmez Topal B. Çocuklardaki dış kaynaklı diş
renklenmelerinde kromojenik bakterilerin rolü. Acta Odontol Turc.
2016;33:161-5
- Referans4. Mesonjesi I. Are extrinsic black stains of teeth iron-saturated
bovine lactoferrin and a sign of iron deficient anemia or iron
overload? Med Hypotheses 2012;79:219–21.
- Referans5. Alazmah A. Primary teeth stains and discoloration: a review. J
Child Sci 2021;11: 20–7.
- Referans6. Nathoo SA. The chemistry and mechanisms of extrinsic and
intrinsic discoloration. J Am Dent Assoc 1997;128: 6–10.
- Referans7. Brook, AH, Smith RN, Lath DJ. The clinical measurement of
tooth colour and stain. Int Dent J 2007;57:324–30.
- Referans8. Hattab FN, Qudeimat MA, al-Rimawi HS. Dental discoloration:
an overview. J Esthet Dent 1999;11:291–310.
- Referans9. Akyuz S, Garan A, Kaya M. Prevalence of black stain and
dental caries in children attending a university pediatric dentistry
clinic in ıstanbul. J Marmara Univ Inst Heal Sci 2015;5:109-11.
- Referans10. Nordbø H, Skjørland KK, Eriksen HM. Auger electron
spectroscopy of iron in dental pellicle from stainers and nonstainers.
Acta Odontol Scand 1984;42:37-40.
- Referans11. Prathap S, Rajesh H, Boloor VA, Rao AS. Extrinsic stains and
management : A new insight. J Acad Indus Res. 2013;1:435-38.
- Referans12. Frisken KW, Higgins T, Palmer JM. The incidence of
periodontopathic microorganisms in young children. Oral
Microbiol Immunol 1990;5:43–5.
- Referans13. Saba C, Solidani M, Berlutti F, Vestri A, Ottolenghi L, Polimeni
A. Black stains in the mixed dentition: A PCR microbiological study
of the etiopathogenic bacteria. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2006;30:219–24.
- Referans14. Sarkonen N, Könönen E, Summanen P, Könönen M,
Jousimies-Somer H. Phenotypic identification of Actinomyces
and related species isolated from human sources. J Clin Microbiol
2001;39:3955–61.
- Referans15. Frandsen EVG, Poulsen K, Kilian M. Confirmation of the
species Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens. Int J
Syst Bacteriol 1995;45: 429–35.
- Referans16. Okamoto K, Nakayama K, Kadowaki T, Abe N, Ratnayake
DB, Yamamoto K. Involvement of a lysine-specific cysteine
proteinase in hemoglobin adsorption and heme accumulation by
Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Biol Chem 1998;273:21225–31.
- Referans17. Smalley JW, Silver J, Birss AJ, Withnall R, Titler PJ. The
haem pigment of the oral anaerobes Prevotella nigrescens and
Prevotella intermedia is composed of iron(III) protoporphyrin IX in
the monomeric form. Microbiol 2003;149:1711–8.
- Referans18. Reid JS, Beeley JA, Macdonald DG. Investigations into black
extrinsic tooth stain. J Dent Res 1977;56:895–9.
- Referans19. Zhang F, Li Y, Xun Z, Zhang Q, Liu H, Chen F. A preliminary
study on the relationship between iron and black extrinsic tooth
stain in children. Lett Appl Microbiol 2017;64:424–9
- Referans20. Asgari I, Soltani S, Sadeghi SM. Effects of ıron products
on decay, tooth Microhardness, and dental discoloration: a
systematic review. Arch Pharm Pract 2020;11:60–72.
- Referans21. Pasdar N, Alaghehmand H, Mottaghi F, Tavassoli M.
Experimental study of iron and Multivitamin drops on enamel
microhardness of primary tooth. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent
2015;5:518-21.
- Referans22. Pushpanjali K, Khanal SS, Niraula SR. The relationship of
dental extrinsic stains with the concentration of trace elements
in water sources in a district of Nepal. Oral Health Prev Dent
2004;2:33–7.
- Referans23. Griffin IJ, Cooke RJ, Reid MM, McCormick KPB, Smith JS,
Griffin IJ. Iron nutritional status in preterm infants fed formulas
fortified with iron. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1999;81:45–9.
- Referans24. Christofides A, Asante KP, Schauer C, Sharieff W, Owusu-
Agyei S, et al Multi micronutrient sprinkles including a low dose
of iron provided as microencapsulated ferrousfumarate improves
haematologic indices in anaemic children: A randomized clinical
trial. Matern Child Nutr 2006;2:169–80.
- Referans25. Pani SC, Alenazi FM, Alotain AM, Alanazi HD, Alasmari AS.
Extrinsic tooth staining potential of high dose and sustained
release iron syrups on primary teeth. BMC Oral Health
2015;15:1–6.
- Referans26. Yıldırım S, Kaya E. Can the use of surface sealant on
restorative materials prevent Discoloration related to iron syrup
supplements? Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2021;22:739–50.
- Referans27. Martin JMG, Garcia MG, Leston JS, Pendas SL, Martin JJD,
Garcia-Pola MJ. Prevalence of black stain and associated risk
factors in preschool Spanish children. Pediatr Int 2013;55:355–9.
- Referans28. Li Y, Zhang Q, Zhang F, Liu R, Liu H, Chen F. Analysis of
the microbiota of black stain in the primary dentition. PloS one
2015;10:1-12.
- Referans29. Chen X, Zhan JY, Lu HX, Ye W, Zhang W, Yang WJ, Feng XP.
Factors associated with black tooth stain in Chinese preschool
children. Clin Oral Invest 2014;18: 2059–66.
- Referans30. Heinrich-Weltzien R, Bartsch B, Eick S. Dental caries and
microbiota in children with black stain and non-discoloured dental
plaque. Caries Res 2014;48:118–25.
- Referans31. Garan A, Akyüz S, Öztürk LK, Yarat A. Salivary parameters
and caries indices in children with black tooth stains. J Clin
Pediatr Dent 2012;36:285–8.
- Referans32. Żyła T, Kawala B, Antoszewska-Smith J, Kawala M. Black
stain and dental caries: a review of the literature. BioMed Res Int
2015;2015:1-6
- Referans33. Shmuly T, Zini A, Yitschaky M, Yitschaky O. Can black
extrinsic tooth discoloration predict a lower caries score rate in
young adults? Quintessence Int 2014;45:439–44.
- Referans34. Surdacka A. Chemical composition of the saliva in children
and adolescents with black tartar. Czas Stomatol 1989;42:525–33.
- Referans35. Surdacka A. Amount and pH of the saliva in children and
adolescents with black tartar. Czas Stomatol 1989;42:381–6.
- Referans36. Manuel ST, Abhishek P, Kundabala M. Etiology of tooth
discoloration-AReview. Nig Dent J 2010;18: 56-63.
- Referans37. Kargı S, Sancak Eİ. Renkleşmelerin Kombine Tedavi
Teknikleri. Türkiye Klin Diş Beyazl 2020;1:56–65.
- Referans38. Suvak Ö. 0-1 Yaş Arası Bebeklerde Demir Profilaksisi
Kullanımı ve Uyumu. Van Tıp Derg 2015;22:100–3.
- Referans39. Özmeriç N, Ünlü Ö. Siyah pigmente periodontal patojenlerin
aile bireyleri arasındaki bulaşıcılığı. Atatürk Üniv. Diş Hek. Fak
Derg 2001;11:47–51.
- Referans40. Haywood FG, Robinson VB. Vital tooth bleaching with night
guard vital bleaching. Curr Opin Cosmet Dent 1997;4: 45–52.
- Referans41. Pati D, Nanavati K, Yadav M, Deshpande S, Kamble A, Katge
F. Comparative Assessment of three toothpastes and prophylactic
polishing paste as a method of ıron Stain removal in primary
teeth : an in vitro study. London J Med Heal Res 2020;20:9-18.
- Referans42. Koch G, Petersson LG. Abrasive effect and fluorine uptake
from polishing and prophylactic pastes. Swed Dent J 1975;68:1–7.