Orman Yangınlarının Önlenmesinde Sürdürülebilir Uygulama: Kontrollü Hayvan Otlatma

Yıl 2017, , 87 - 93, 04.07.2017

Adnan Bilgili , Okan Demir Mahmut Daşçı

https://doi.org/10.25308/aduziraat.297678

Cited By: 4

Öz

Günümüzde orman yangınları, dünyada ve ülkemizde giderek artan oranlarda sorun oluşturmaktadır. Çoğu Avrupa ülkesi gelirlerinin büyük bir kısmını orman yangınlarıyla mücadele için kullanmaktadırlar. Orman yangınlarıyla mücadelede kara ve hava destekli araç, ekipman ve personel kaynakları için yüksek yatırımlar yapılmasına rağmen, orman yangınları hala artan bir eğilimle devam etmektedir. Orman yangınlarıyla mücadelede mevcut önlem ve müdahale teknikleri yanında, farklı yaklaşımların da dikkate alınması, ilave stratejilerin geliştirilerek denenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu farklı yaklaşımlardan biri de, örtü yangınlarına ve sonrasında taç yangınlarına sebep olabilen, orman altı otsu ve çalımsı bitkilerin uzaklaştırılması amacıyla yapılabilecek hayvan otlatması olabilir. Otlatma riski bulunmayan otlatmaya elverişli alanlarda uygun zamanda ve miktarda yapılacak kontrollü otlatma uygulamaları, orman altı yanıcı madde niteliğinde bulunan yüzeysel yanıcıların (düşük bitki örtüsü, odunsu yakıt, çalı tabakası) temizliğinde etkin rol oynayabileceği düşünülebilir. Özellikle mevsimsel yangınlardan önce orman altı biyokütle yoğunluğunun azaltılması, hem ortaya çıkabilecek orman yangını riskini azaltacak, hem de orman yangın rejiminde de değişikliklere sebep olacaktır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, orman yangınlarıyla mücadelede mevcut yangın önleme tekniklerinin yanında, kontrollü hayvan otlatmasının önemini vurgulamaktır.

. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

orman yangını, kontrollü otlatma, otsu bitkiler, yanıcı materyal

Sustainable Practice in the Prevention of Forest Fires: Controlled Animal Grazing

Öz

Nowadays, forest fires became a serious problem in our country and around the world. Most European countries spend a large part of their budget to campaign forest fires. Forest fires continue with an increasing trend, despite the high investments made to land and air assisted firefighting vehicles, equipment, and personnel resources. Taking into account the different approaches and additional strategies must be developed and tested, next to the existing measures and intervention techniques in the fight against forest fires. One of these different approaches may be animal grazing, in order to remove of herbaceous and shrub species on the forest understory,  which can cause the crown and surface fires. Controlled grazing practices can be thought to play an effective role cleaning of surface fuels (herbaceous plants, woody fuels, shrubs) if this practices will be practiced appropriate time, stocking level and in the appropriate fields grazing has no risk on trees. Especially, before from seasonal fires, by reduction of the biomass density of understory,  both forest fire risk will be minimized and at a forest fire regime will cause to changes. The purpose of this study, to emphasize the importance of controlled animal grazing, in the preventing of forest fires.

Anahtar Kelimeler

forest fire, controlled grazing, herbaceous plants, flammable materials

Kaynakça

• Allen BH (1988) Vegetation Science Applications For Rangeland Analysis And Management. In P.T.Tueller (Ed.), Kluwer Academic Publichers, London, 339-362.
• Allen BH, Bartolome JW (1989) Cattle Grazing Effects on Understory Cover and Tree Growth in Mixed Conifer Clearcuts. Northwest Science 63 (5): 214-220.
• Altın M, Gökkuş A, Koç A (2005) Çayır Mera Islahı. T.C. Tarım ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara.
• Anonim (2003) Fire line, Fire Terminology.http://www.fs.fed.us/nwacfire/home/ (Erişim Tarihi:05/10/2016)
• Anonim (2010) What is a wildfire? http://eschooltoday.com/natural-disasters/wildfires/what-is-a-wildfire.html. (Erişim Tarihi:05/10/2016)
• Anonim (2016) Orman Genel Müdürlüğü 2015 Yılı İdare Faaliyet Raporu, Ankara.
• Anonim (2017) Orman Genel Müdürlüğü İstatistikleri. https://www.ogm.gov.tr/ekutuphane/Sayfalar/Istatistikler.aspx. Erişim Tarihi: 01/03/2017,
• Archer S (1994) Woody Plant Encroachment into Southwestern Grassland and Savannas: Rates, Patterns, and Proximate Causes. In M. Vavra, W. A. Laycock, and R. D. Pieper (Eds.), “Ecological Implications of Livestock Herbivory in the West.” Soc. Range Mgt., Denver, CO, 19-68.
• Bakır O (1987) Çayır Mera Amenajmanı, Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, Ankara.
• Baisan CH, Swetnam TW (1990) Fire History on a Desert Mountain Range: Rincon Mountain Wilderness, Arizona, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 20:1559-1569.
• Bilgili A (2016) Kuzeydoğu Anadolu Bölgesinde (Oltu, Erzurum) Sarıçam (Pinus sylvestris L.) Ağaçlandırma Alanlarında Sığır Otlatmanın Etkileri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Çayır Mera ve Yembitkileri Bilim Dalı Doktora Tezi, 2016.
• Burgy RH, Papazafiriou ZG (1971) Vegetative Management and Water Yield Relationships. In Biological Effects in the Hydrologic Cycle. Proc. 3rd Int. Sem. for Hydrol. Prof. Purdue Univ. July, 315-331.
• Charles A, Taylor Jr (2015) Targeted Grazing: Chapter 12: Targeted Grazing to Manage Fire Risk. Gary Wilson, USDA, NRCS
• Cleaves DA, Martinez J, Haines TK (2000) Influences on prescribed burning activity and costs in the National Forest System (General Technical Report No. 37). Asheville, NC, USA: US Department of Agriculture, US Forest Service, Southern Research Station.
• Davies KW, Bates JD, Svejcar TJ, Boyd CS (2010) Effects of Long-Term Livestock Grazing on Fuel Characteristics in Rangelands: An Example from the Sagebrush Steppe. Rangeland Ecology and Management 63(6): 662–669.
• Davis GG, Bartel LE, Cook CW (1975) Control of Gambel Oak Sprouts by Goats. J. Range Management 28: 210-213.
• Diamond JM, Call CA, Devoe N (2009) Effects of Targeted Cattle Grazing on Fire Behavior of Cheatgrass-Dominated Rangeland in the Northern Great Basin, USA. International Journal of Wildland Fire 18(8): 944–950.
• Ditsch DC, Schwab G, Green JD, Johns JT, Coleman R, Hutchens T, Piercy L (2006) Managing Steep Terrain for Livestock Forage Production. Cooperative Extension Service, University of Kentucky, College of Agriculture, USA.
• Green LR, Hughes CL, Graves WL (1979) Goat Control of Brush Regrowth on Southern California Fuel Breaks. Rangelands, 1:117-119.
• Gold MA, Hanover JW (1987) Agroforestry Systems for the Temperate Zone. Agroforestry Systems 5: 109-121.
• Hadar L, Noy-Meir I, Perevolostsky A (1999) The Effect of Shrub Clearing and İntensive Grazing on the Composition of a Mediterranean Plant Community at the Functional Group and Species Level. Journal of Vegetation Science 10: 673-682.
• Halls LK, Hughes RH, Peevy FA (1960) Grazed Firebreaks in Southern Forests. U.S. Dep. Agr. Inform. Bull. No. 226.
• Halter R (2013) Three different types of forest fires. https://drreese.wordpress.com/2013/ 05/08/three-different-types-of-forest-fires/ (Erişim Tarihi: 05/10/2016)
• Harper JM (2011) Benefits of Grazing and Wildfire Risk. Educational Information for Range Livestock Producers and Managers. http://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail. cfm. (Erişim Tarihi: 05/10/2016)
• Hedrick, DW, Keniston RF (1966) Grazing and Douglas-fir Growth in the Oregon White Oak Type. J. For. 64: 735-738.
• Hesseln H (2000) The Economics of Prescribed Burning: A Research Review. Forest Science 46(3): 322-334.
• Holechek J (1980) Livestock Grazing Impacts on Rangeland Ecosystems. J. Soil and Water Cons. 35: 162-164.
• Horn BE (2005) Livestock Grazing Distribution. University of Wyoming Cooperative Extension Service, Range Facts. http://www.wyomingextension.org/agpubs/pubs/MP111 _05. pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 05/10/2016)
• Jensen CH, Smith AD, Scotter GW (1972) Guidelines for Grazing Sheep on Rangelands Used by Big Game in Winter. J. Range Management 25: 333-338.
• Kline JD (2004) Issues in evaluating the costs and benefits of fuel treatments to reduce wildfire in the Nation’s forests (Research Note No. 542). Portland, OR, USA: US Department of Agriculture, US Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
• Krueger WC, Sanderson MA, Cropper JB, Miller-Goodman M, Kelley CE, Pieper RD, Shaver PL, Trlica MJ, Allen VG, Fisher D, Havstad KM, Sims PL (2002) Environmental Impacts of Livestock on U.S. Grazing Lands. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology. No: 22
• Küçükosmanoğlu A (1985) Orman Yangınları. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University (JFFIU), 116-124.
• Kurt B (2014). Türkiye’de Orman Yangınlarının Coğrafi Dağılışı. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Coğrafya (Türkiye Coğrafyası) Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, ANKARA.
• Mercer DE, Prestemon JP, Butry DT, Pye JM (2007) Evaluating Alternative Prescribed Burning Policies to Reduce Net Economic Damages from Wildfire. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 89(1): 63-77.
• Nader G, Henkin Z, Smith E, Ingram R, Narvaez N (2007) Planned Herbivory in the Management of Wildfire Fuels: Grazing is Most Effective at Treating Smaller Diameter Live Fuels that can Greatly İmpact the Rate of Spread of a Fire along with the Flame Height. Rangelands 29(5):18-24.
• Noy-Meir I (1995) Interactive Effects of Fire and Grazing on Structure and Diversity of Mediterranean grasslands. Journal of Vegetation Science 6: 701–710.
• Pieper RD (1994) Ecological Implications of Livestock Grazing. In M. Vavra, W. Laycock, and R. D. Pieper (Eds.), “Ecological Implications of Livestock Herblvory in the West.” Soc. Range Mgt., Denver, CO, 177-211.
• Reinhardt ED, Keane RE, Calkin DE, Cohen JD (2008) Objectives and Considerations for Wildland Fuel Treatment in Forested Ecosystems of the İnterior Western United States. Forest Ecology and Management 256(12): 1997-2006.
• Sharrow SH, Leininger WC (1982) Forage Preferences of Herded Sheep as Related to Brush Control and Seasonal Browsing Damage to Douglasfir regeneration, Oregon State Üniversity Agriculture Expt.Stat., 56, Corvallis, OR.
• Smith E, Davidson J, Glimp H (2000) Controlled Sheep Grazing to Create Fuelbreaks along the Urban-Wildland İnterface. In: Proceedings of the Society of Range Management 53rd Annual meeting,13-18 February 2000, Boise, Idaho.
• Spurlock GM, Plaister RE, Graves WL, Adams Jr TE, Bushnell RB (1978) Goats for California Brushland. Goats for California Brushland. Univ. Calif. Div. Agric. Sct. Leaflet 21044.
• Strand EK, Launchbaugh KL, Limb RF, Torell LA (2014) Livestock Grazing Effects on Fuel Loads for Wildland Fire in Sagebrush Dominated Ecosystems. Journal of Rangeland Applications 1: 35-57.
• Taylor CA Jr (1994) Sheep Grazing as a Brush and Fine Fire Fuel Management Tool. Sheep Res. J. 10: 92-96.
• Taylor CA (2006) Targeted Grazing to Manage Fire Risk. In K. Launchbaugh & J. Walker (Eds.), Targeted Grazing: A Natural Approach to Vegetation Management and Landscape Enhancement (pp. 107–112). Englewood, CO, USA: American Sheep Industry Association.
• Vallentine JF (2001) Grazing Management. Second Edition, Academic Pres, USA.
• Varelas LA (2012) Effectiveness and Costs of Using Targeted Grazing to Alter Fire Behavior. Master’s Thesis. New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA.
• Weber KT, McMahan JB, Russell GP (2004) Effect of Livestock Grazing and Fire History on Fuel Load In Sagebrush-Steppe Rangelands. Intermountain Journal of Sciences 10(1-4):1-7.
• Wolcott L, O’Brien JJ, Mordecai K (2007) A Survey of Land Managers on Wildland Hazardous Fuels İssues in Florida: A Technical Note. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 31(3): 148-150.