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Requirements for an Effective Tsunami Early Warning System and Tsunami Risk Mitigation in Turkey

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 216 - 228, 20.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1011371

Abstract

In addition to historical studies, the tsunamis due to the 21 July 2017 Mw 6.6 Bodrum-Kos and 30 October 2020 Mw 6.9 East Aegean earthquakes have unavoidably demonstrated that Turkey is open to tsunami threat. The increase in both urban and touristic settlements together with industrial facilities in coastal regions requires careful investigation of the effects of any tsunami that may occur in seas surrounding and inland Turkey. In such an event, it is of critical importance to be able disseminate tsunami early warning message to disaster emergency management authorities and public, as soon as possible. The 2015-2030 Sendai Disaster Risk Reduction Framework provides guidance for strengthening national and international cooperation mechanisms in disaster risk management, especially for understanding disaster risk, and aims to prevent new risks, reduce existing risks, and increase resilience against disasters. In this context, one of the 7 global targets identified is significantly increasing the use of multiple hazard early warning systems, disaster risk information and assessments and their accessibility by the society by 2030. This study focuses on the problems and suggestions regarding earthquake-induced tsunami early warning and tsunami risk reduction in Turkey within this context.

References

  • Altinok Y., Ersoy Ş. (2000) Tsunamis Observed on and Near the Turkish Coast. In: Papadopoulos G.A., Murty T., Venkatesh S., Blong R. (eds) Natural Hazards. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2386-2_5
  • Altinok, Y., Alpar, B., Özer, N., ve Aykurt, H. (2011) Revision of the tsunami catalogue affecting Turkish coasts and surrounding regions, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 273–291, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-273-2011
  • Amato, A., Avallone, A., Basili, R., Bernardi, F., Brizuela, B., Graziani, L., Herrero, A., Lorenzino, M.C., Lorito, S., Mele, F.M., Michelini, A., Piatanesi, A., Pintore, S., Romano, F., Selva, J., Stramondo, S., Tonini, R., Volpe, M. (2021) From Seismic Monitoring to Tsunami Warning in the Mediterranean Sea. Seismol. Res. Lett. 2021, 92, 1796–1816, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220200437
  • Ambraseys, N. (Ed.) (2009) Earthquakes in the Mediterranean and Middle East, ISBN 978-0-521-8792-8, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
  • Comerci, V., Blumetti, A.M., Brustia, E., Di Manna, P., Esposito, E., Fiorenza, D., Guerrieri, L., Porfido, S., Serva, L. ve Vittori, E. (2008). One century after the 1908 Southern Calabria – Messina earthquake (southern Italy): a review of the geological effects. Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 10, EGU2008-A-09190
  • CYCOFOS/TWERC, Tsunami Warning and Early Response system of Cyprus (TWERC) Georgios Georgiou, Andrew M. Clark, Georgios Zodiatis, Tom Eleftheriou, Dimitris Glekas, Workshop on Reducing Earthquake Losses in the Extended Mediterranean Region, 28 February – 3 March, 2011, Nicosia, GKRY
  • Dogan, G.G., Yalciner, A.C., Yuksel, Y., Ulutaş, E., Polat, O., Güler, I., Şahin, C., Tarih, A. ve Kanoğlu, U. (2021) The 30 October 2020 Aegean Sea Tsunami: Post-Event Field Survey Along Turkish Coast. Pure Appl. Geophys. 178, 785–812, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-021-02693-3
  • Hebert, H., Schindele, F., Altınok, Y., Alpar, B., Gazioglu, C., (2005). Tsunami hazard in the Marmara Sea (Turkey): a numerical approach to discuss active faulting and impact on the Istanbul coastal areas. Mar Geol 215:23–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2004.11.006
  • Howe B. M., Arbic B. K., Aucan J., Barnes C. R., Bayliff N., Becker N., Butler R., Doyle L., Elipot S., Johnson G. C., Landerer F., Lentz S., Luther D. S., Müller M., Mariano J., Panayotou K., Rowe C., Ota H., Song Y. T., Thomas M., Thomas P. N., Thompson P., Tilmann F., Weber T., Weinstein S. (2009) SMART Cables for Observing the Global Ocean: Science and Implementation, Frontiers in Marine Science, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00424
  • Latcharote, P., Suppasri, A., Imamura, F., Aytore, B., Yalciner, A.C. (2016). Possible worst-case tsunami scenarios around the Marmara Sea from combined earthquake and landslide sources. In: Geist, E.L., Fritz, H.M., Rabinovich, A.B., Tanioka, Y. (eds) Global Tsunami Science: Past and Future, Volume I. Pageoph Topical Volumes. Birkhäuser, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55480-8_9
  • Necmioğlu, Ö., Tsunami Hazard in Turkey and Surroundings, PhD. Thesis, Boğaziçi University, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute Istanbul, Turkey, 2014
  • Necmioğlu, Ö. and Özel, N.M. (2015). Earthquake Scenario-Based Tsunami Wave Heights in the Eastern Mediterranean and Connected Seas, Pure and Applied Geophysics, Volume 172, Issue 12, Page 3617-3638, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-015-1069-y
  • Necmioğlu, Ö. (2016). Design and challenges for a tsunami early warning system in the Marmara Sea; Earth, Planets and Space, 68, 13, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-016-0388-2
  • Necmioğlu Ö., Yalçıner A.C., Kalafat D., Süzen L., Tanırcan G., Annunziato A., Santini M., Güney Doğan G., Tüfekçi Enginar D., Güneş Y.,Yelkenci Necmioğlu S., Bali S., Özener H. (2019). Addressing Challenges and Requirements for Local Tsunami Awareness, Warning And Mitigation: A “Last Mile” Case Study For Bodrum-Turkey, at 5. International Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (5thICEES Full Paper, 8-11 October 2019, METU Ankara-Turkey)
  • Necmioğlu, Ö., Turhan, F., Sözdinler, C. Ö., Yılmazer, M., Güneş, Y., Cambaz, M.D., Poyraz, S.A., Ergün, T., Kalafat, D., Özener, H. (2021). KOERI’s Tsunami Warning System in the Eastern Mediterranean and Its Connected Seas: A Decade of Achievements and Challenges, Appl. Sci. 11, 11247 https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311247
  • Özer-Sözdinler, C., Necmioğlu, Ö., Fırat, B., Turhan, F. (2017). Tsunamı̇ Tahmı̇n Noktaları Baskın Harı̇taları Bı̇lgı̇ Notu-AFAD İçin Hazırlanmış KRDAE Raporu
  • Schindelé, F., Gailler, A., Hébert, H., Loevenbruck, A., Gutierrez, E., Monnier, A., Roudil, P., Reymond, D., Rivera, L. (2015). Implementation and Challenges of the Tsunami Warning System in the Western Mediterranean. Pure Appl. Geophys. 2015, 172, 821–833., https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-014-0950-4
  • Soloviev, S. L., O. N. Solovieva, C. N. Go, K. S. Kim ve N. A. Shchetnikov (2000). Tsunamis in the Mediterranean Sea – 2000 B.C.–2000 A.D., Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers
  • Srinivasa K. T., Manneela, S. (2021). A Review of the Progress, Challenges and Future Trends in Tsunami Early Warning Systems. J Geol Soc India 97, 1533–1544, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-021-1910-0
  • Şahoğlu, V., Sterba, J.H., Katz, T., Çayır, Ü., Gündoğan, Ü., Tyuleneva, N., Tuğcu, İ., Bichler, M., Erkanal, H., Goodman-Tchernov, B.N. (2022). Volcanic ash, victims, and tsunami debris from the Late Bronze Age Thera eruption discovered at Çeşme-Bağlararası (Turkey), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2114213118
  • Tinti, S., Armigliato, A., Manucci, A., Pagnoni, G., Zaniboni, F., Yalciner, A.C., Altınok, Y., (2006). The generating mechanisms of the August 17, 1999 Izmit bay (Turkey) tsunami: regional (tectonic) and local (mass instabilities) causes. Mar Geol 225:311–330, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2005.09.010
  • Tsunami Bilgilendirme El Kitabı (2014). Boğaziçi Üniversitesi- Kandilli Rasathanesi ve Deprem Araştırma Enstitüsü, Afete Hazırlık Eğitim Birimi (AHEB) Yayını.
  • URL 1, https://www.jamstec.go.jp/donet/e/ (Son Erişim: 5.03.2022)
  • URL 2, https://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/Dart/index.html (Son Erişim: 5.03.2022)
  • URL 3, https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-largest-ever-drill-israeli-navy-prepares-for-massive-devastating-quake/ (Son Erişim: 5.03.2022)
  • Yalciner, A.C., Imamura, F., Kuran, U., Cakiroglu, Y., Ozbay, I., Erdinc, E., Durmusoglu, O., Altınok, Y., Alpar, B., (2001a). An integrated model on the generation and propagation of tsunamis in the surrounding seas around Anatolia-Turkiye cevresi denizlerde tsunami dalgasi hareketi icin bilesik model olusturulmasi. Final Report of Basic Research Project No: TUBITAK-YDABCAG-60
  • Yalciner, A.C., Kuran, U., Altınok, Y., Alpar, B., Ersoy, S., (2001b). Historical earthquakes and associated tsunamis in the Aegean Sea-Turkiye kiyilarinda tarihsel depremler ve onlara iliskin tsunamlerin izlerinin arastirilmasi. Final Report of Basic Research Project No: TUBITAK-INTAG-827
  • Yalciner, A.C., Synolakis, C.E., Alpar, B., Borrero, J., Altınok, Y., Imamura, F., Tinti, S., Ersoy, S., Kuran, U., Pamukcu, S., Kanoglu, U., (2001c). Field surveys and modeling of the 1999 Izmit tsunami. Proceedings of the International Tsunami Symposium, August 7–10, 2001, Seattle, Washington, USA

Türkiye’de Etkin Bir Tsunami Erken Uyarı Sistemi ve Tsunami Risk Azaltımı İçin Gereksinimler

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 216 - 228, 20.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1011371

Abstract

Tarihsel çalışmaların yanısıra 21 Temmuz 2017 Mw 6.6 Bodrum-Kos ve 30 Ekim 2020 Mw 6.9 Doğu Ege depremlerinin neden olduğu tsunamiler ve etkileri, ülkemizin tsunami tehlikesine açık olduğunu karşı konulamaz bir şekilde ortaya koymuş bulunmaktadır. Özellikle kıyı şeritlerindeki kentsel ve turistik yerleşimler ile endüstriyel yapılaşmaların artması, çevre ve iç denizlerimizde yaşanabilecek herhangi bir tsunaminin ülkemize olan etkileri üzerinde dikkatle durulmasını gerektirmektedir. Olası bir tsunaminin oluşması durumunda mümkün olan en kısa sürede afet acil durum yönetimi bileşenlerine ve halka erken uyarı mesajını gönderebilmek kritik önem taşımaktadır. 2015-2030 Sendai Afet Risk Azaltma Çerçevesi, afet risk yönetiminde özellikle afet riskinin anlaşılması için ulusal ve uluslararası iş birliği mekanizmalarının güçlendirilmesi adına yol gösterici bir özellik taşımakta ve yeni risklerin önlenmesini, mevcut risklerin azaltılmasını ve afetlere karşı dirençliliğin artırılmasını hedeflemektedir. Bu kapsamda belirlenen 7 küresel hedeften birisi çoklu tehlike erken uyarı sistemlerinin, afet risk bilgisinin ve değerlendirmelerinin kullanımını ve bunların toplum tarafından ulaşılabilirliğinin 2030 yılına kadar önemli ölçüde arttırılması olarak tanımlanmıştır. Bu çalışma, bir deprem ülkesi olan ülkemizde bu yaklaşım doğrultusunda Türkiye'de deprem kaynaklı tsunami erken uyarısı ve tsunami riskinin azaltılmasına ilişkin sorunlara ve önerilere odaklanmaktadır.

References

  • Altinok Y., Ersoy Ş. (2000) Tsunamis Observed on and Near the Turkish Coast. In: Papadopoulos G.A., Murty T., Venkatesh S., Blong R. (eds) Natural Hazards. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2386-2_5
  • Altinok, Y., Alpar, B., Özer, N., ve Aykurt, H. (2011) Revision of the tsunami catalogue affecting Turkish coasts and surrounding regions, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 273–291, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-273-2011
  • Amato, A., Avallone, A., Basili, R., Bernardi, F., Brizuela, B., Graziani, L., Herrero, A., Lorenzino, M.C., Lorito, S., Mele, F.M., Michelini, A., Piatanesi, A., Pintore, S., Romano, F., Selva, J., Stramondo, S., Tonini, R., Volpe, M. (2021) From Seismic Monitoring to Tsunami Warning in the Mediterranean Sea. Seismol. Res. Lett. 2021, 92, 1796–1816, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220200437
  • Ambraseys, N. (Ed.) (2009) Earthquakes in the Mediterranean and Middle East, ISBN 978-0-521-8792-8, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
  • Comerci, V., Blumetti, A.M., Brustia, E., Di Manna, P., Esposito, E., Fiorenza, D., Guerrieri, L., Porfido, S., Serva, L. ve Vittori, E. (2008). One century after the 1908 Southern Calabria – Messina earthquake (southern Italy): a review of the geological effects. Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 10, EGU2008-A-09190
  • CYCOFOS/TWERC, Tsunami Warning and Early Response system of Cyprus (TWERC) Georgios Georgiou, Andrew M. Clark, Georgios Zodiatis, Tom Eleftheriou, Dimitris Glekas, Workshop on Reducing Earthquake Losses in the Extended Mediterranean Region, 28 February – 3 March, 2011, Nicosia, GKRY
  • Dogan, G.G., Yalciner, A.C., Yuksel, Y., Ulutaş, E., Polat, O., Güler, I., Şahin, C., Tarih, A. ve Kanoğlu, U. (2021) The 30 October 2020 Aegean Sea Tsunami: Post-Event Field Survey Along Turkish Coast. Pure Appl. Geophys. 178, 785–812, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-021-02693-3
  • Hebert, H., Schindele, F., Altınok, Y., Alpar, B., Gazioglu, C., (2005). Tsunami hazard in the Marmara Sea (Turkey): a numerical approach to discuss active faulting and impact on the Istanbul coastal areas. Mar Geol 215:23–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2004.11.006
  • Howe B. M., Arbic B. K., Aucan J., Barnes C. R., Bayliff N., Becker N., Butler R., Doyle L., Elipot S., Johnson G. C., Landerer F., Lentz S., Luther D. S., Müller M., Mariano J., Panayotou K., Rowe C., Ota H., Song Y. T., Thomas M., Thomas P. N., Thompson P., Tilmann F., Weber T., Weinstein S. (2009) SMART Cables for Observing the Global Ocean: Science and Implementation, Frontiers in Marine Science, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00424
  • Latcharote, P., Suppasri, A., Imamura, F., Aytore, B., Yalciner, A.C. (2016). Possible worst-case tsunami scenarios around the Marmara Sea from combined earthquake and landslide sources. In: Geist, E.L., Fritz, H.M., Rabinovich, A.B., Tanioka, Y. (eds) Global Tsunami Science: Past and Future, Volume I. Pageoph Topical Volumes. Birkhäuser, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55480-8_9
  • Necmioğlu, Ö., Tsunami Hazard in Turkey and Surroundings, PhD. Thesis, Boğaziçi University, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute Istanbul, Turkey, 2014
  • Necmioğlu, Ö. and Özel, N.M. (2015). Earthquake Scenario-Based Tsunami Wave Heights in the Eastern Mediterranean and Connected Seas, Pure and Applied Geophysics, Volume 172, Issue 12, Page 3617-3638, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-015-1069-y
  • Necmioğlu, Ö. (2016). Design and challenges for a tsunami early warning system in the Marmara Sea; Earth, Planets and Space, 68, 13, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-016-0388-2
  • Necmioğlu Ö., Yalçıner A.C., Kalafat D., Süzen L., Tanırcan G., Annunziato A., Santini M., Güney Doğan G., Tüfekçi Enginar D., Güneş Y.,Yelkenci Necmioğlu S., Bali S., Özener H. (2019). Addressing Challenges and Requirements for Local Tsunami Awareness, Warning And Mitigation: A “Last Mile” Case Study For Bodrum-Turkey, at 5. International Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (5thICEES Full Paper, 8-11 October 2019, METU Ankara-Turkey)
  • Necmioğlu, Ö., Turhan, F., Sözdinler, C. Ö., Yılmazer, M., Güneş, Y., Cambaz, M.D., Poyraz, S.A., Ergün, T., Kalafat, D., Özener, H. (2021). KOERI’s Tsunami Warning System in the Eastern Mediterranean and Its Connected Seas: A Decade of Achievements and Challenges, Appl. Sci. 11, 11247 https://doi.org/10.3390/app112311247
  • Özer-Sözdinler, C., Necmioğlu, Ö., Fırat, B., Turhan, F. (2017). Tsunamı̇ Tahmı̇n Noktaları Baskın Harı̇taları Bı̇lgı̇ Notu-AFAD İçin Hazırlanmış KRDAE Raporu
  • Schindelé, F., Gailler, A., Hébert, H., Loevenbruck, A., Gutierrez, E., Monnier, A., Roudil, P., Reymond, D., Rivera, L. (2015). Implementation and Challenges of the Tsunami Warning System in the Western Mediterranean. Pure Appl. Geophys. 2015, 172, 821–833., https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-014-0950-4
  • Soloviev, S. L., O. N. Solovieva, C. N. Go, K. S. Kim ve N. A. Shchetnikov (2000). Tsunamis in the Mediterranean Sea – 2000 B.C.–2000 A.D., Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers
  • Srinivasa K. T., Manneela, S. (2021). A Review of the Progress, Challenges and Future Trends in Tsunami Early Warning Systems. J Geol Soc India 97, 1533–1544, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-021-1910-0
  • Şahoğlu, V., Sterba, J.H., Katz, T., Çayır, Ü., Gündoğan, Ü., Tyuleneva, N., Tuğcu, İ., Bichler, M., Erkanal, H., Goodman-Tchernov, B.N. (2022). Volcanic ash, victims, and tsunami debris from the Late Bronze Age Thera eruption discovered at Çeşme-Bağlararası (Turkey), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2114213118
  • Tinti, S., Armigliato, A., Manucci, A., Pagnoni, G., Zaniboni, F., Yalciner, A.C., Altınok, Y., (2006). The generating mechanisms of the August 17, 1999 Izmit bay (Turkey) tsunami: regional (tectonic) and local (mass instabilities) causes. Mar Geol 225:311–330, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2005.09.010
  • Tsunami Bilgilendirme El Kitabı (2014). Boğaziçi Üniversitesi- Kandilli Rasathanesi ve Deprem Araştırma Enstitüsü, Afete Hazırlık Eğitim Birimi (AHEB) Yayını.
  • URL 1, https://www.jamstec.go.jp/donet/e/ (Son Erişim: 5.03.2022)
  • URL 2, https://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/Dart/index.html (Son Erişim: 5.03.2022)
  • URL 3, https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-largest-ever-drill-israeli-navy-prepares-for-massive-devastating-quake/ (Son Erişim: 5.03.2022)
  • Yalciner, A.C., Imamura, F., Kuran, U., Cakiroglu, Y., Ozbay, I., Erdinc, E., Durmusoglu, O., Altınok, Y., Alpar, B., (2001a). An integrated model on the generation and propagation of tsunamis in the surrounding seas around Anatolia-Turkiye cevresi denizlerde tsunami dalgasi hareketi icin bilesik model olusturulmasi. Final Report of Basic Research Project No: TUBITAK-YDABCAG-60
  • Yalciner, A.C., Kuran, U., Altınok, Y., Alpar, B., Ersoy, S., (2001b). Historical earthquakes and associated tsunamis in the Aegean Sea-Turkiye kiyilarinda tarihsel depremler ve onlara iliskin tsunamlerin izlerinin arastirilmasi. Final Report of Basic Research Project No: TUBITAK-INTAG-827
  • Yalciner, A.C., Synolakis, C.E., Alpar, B., Borrero, J., Altınok, Y., Imamura, F., Tinti, S., Ersoy, S., Kuran, U., Pamukcu, S., Kanoglu, U., (2001c). Field surveys and modeling of the 1999 Izmit tsunami. Proceedings of the International Tsunami Symposium, August 7–10, 2001, Seattle, Washington, USA
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Geological Sciences and Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Öcal Necmioğlu 0000-0002-7211-8564

Publication Date June 20, 2022
Acceptance Date June 8, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Necmioğlu, Ö. (2022). Türkiye’de Etkin Bir Tsunami Erken Uyarı Sistemi ve Tsunami Risk Azaltımı İçin Gereksinimler. Afet Ve Risk Dergisi, 5(1), 216-228. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1011371
AMA Necmioğlu Ö. Türkiye’de Etkin Bir Tsunami Erken Uyarı Sistemi ve Tsunami Risk Azaltımı İçin Gereksinimler. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. June 2022;5(1):216-228. doi:10.35341/afet.1011371
Chicago Necmioğlu, Öcal. “Türkiye’de Etkin Bir Tsunami Erken Uyarı Sistemi Ve Tsunami Risk Azaltımı İçin Gereksinimler”. Afet Ve Risk Dergisi 5, no. 1 (June 2022): 216-28. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1011371.
EndNote Necmioğlu Ö (June 1, 2022) Türkiye’de Etkin Bir Tsunami Erken Uyarı Sistemi ve Tsunami Risk Azaltımı İçin Gereksinimler. Afet ve Risk Dergisi 5 1 216–228.
IEEE Ö. Necmioğlu, “Türkiye’de Etkin Bir Tsunami Erken Uyarı Sistemi ve Tsunami Risk Azaltımı İçin Gereksinimler”, Afet ve Risk Dergisi, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 216–228, 2022, doi: 10.35341/afet.1011371.
ISNAD Necmioğlu, Öcal. “Türkiye’de Etkin Bir Tsunami Erken Uyarı Sistemi Ve Tsunami Risk Azaltımı İçin Gereksinimler”. Afet ve Risk Dergisi 5/1 (June 2022), 216-228. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1011371.
JAMA Necmioğlu Ö. Türkiye’de Etkin Bir Tsunami Erken Uyarı Sistemi ve Tsunami Risk Azaltımı İçin Gereksinimler. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 2022;5:216–228.
MLA Necmioğlu, Öcal. “Türkiye’de Etkin Bir Tsunami Erken Uyarı Sistemi Ve Tsunami Risk Azaltımı İçin Gereksinimler”. Afet Ve Risk Dergisi, vol. 5, no. 1, 2022, pp. 216-28, doi:10.35341/afet.1011371.
Vancouver Necmioğlu Ö. Türkiye’de Etkin Bir Tsunami Erken Uyarı Sistemi ve Tsunami Risk Azaltımı İçin Gereksinimler. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 2022;5(1):216-28.