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Nikaragua’nın Demokrasiye Geçişi ve 1987 Anayasası

Year 2013, Volume: 17 Issue: 2, 1655 - 1682, 01.01.2013

Abstract

Bir ülkedeki siyasal, ekonomik ve toplumsal güçler, o ülkenin demokrasiye geçişi bakımından büyük etkiye sahiptir. Bu unsurlar, aynı zamanda, anayasasının yapımı sürecinde de etkin rol oynamaktadır. Özellikle halkın anayasa hakkındaki düşünceleri ve anayasaya olan saygıları, anayasal değişme açısından oldukça önemli bir husustur. Bu sebeple, toplumun her kesiminin anayasa yapım sürecine katılımı büyük önem taşımaktadır. Nikaragua’nın 11. Anayasası olan 1987 Anayasası, Nikaragua’da demokrasiye geçiş süreci sonunda hazırlanmıştır. Bu Anayasa’yı yapanlar, yapım sürecinde herkesin görüşünü almak suretiyle uzlaşmaya dayalı bir yeni anayasa hazırlamaya çalışmışlardır. Çünkü 1987 Anayasası, o dönemde, hem Nikaragua’da bütün sınıfl arın yeni rejime olan desteğini sağlamak hem de insan haklarını garanti altına alan bir anayasa olduğu için uluslararası desteği sürdürmek bakımından gerekli olması sebebiyle büyük önem taşımaktadır. Her ne sebeple olursa olsun, 1987 Nikaragua Anayasası’nın yapım süreci, halkın anayasa yapımına katılımını ve yeni anayasaya desteğini sağlamak bakımından dikkate değer bir örnek teşkil etmektedir

References

  • “Timeline: Nicaragua”, (Erişim) http://www.stanford.edu/group/arts/ nicaragua /discovery_eng/timeline/, 11.11.2012.
  • ATAR, Yavuz, Demokrasilerde Anayasal Değişmenin Dinamikleri ve Anayasa Yapımı, Konya: 2000.
  • AZICRI, Max, The 1987 Nicaraguan Constitution: An Analytical Commentary, Review of Socialist Law, No. 1, s. 5-29, (https://www.copyright.com/ ccc/basicSearch.o?&operation=go&searchType=0&lastSearch=simple &all=on&titleOrStdNo=1573-0352, erişim 14 Kasım 2012)BARTON, Christopher P., The Paradox of a Revolutionary Constitution: A Reading of the Nicaraguan Constitution, Hastings Int’l and Comparative Law Review, Vol. 12, s. 49-136.
  • BOOTH, John A., RICHARD, Patricia Bayer, Revolution’s Legacy: Residual Effects on Nicaraguan Participation and Attitudes inComparative Context, Latin American Politics and Society, Vol. 48, No. 2, s. 117- 140.
  • Central Intelligence Agency, “Nicaragua”, (https://www.cia.gov/library/ publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nu. html, erişim 10 Kasım 2012).
  • Envio Team, “Setting the Rules of the Game Nicaragua’s Reformed Electoral Law” (http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/2710, erişim 15 Kasım 2012).
  • “Estatuto Fundamental” (http://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/Norma web.nsf/3 133c0d121ea3897062568a1005e0f89/1a224f38057e9dc50625730800 55c4de?OpenDocument, erişim 15 Kasım 2012).
  • FORAN, John, GOODWIN, Jeff, Revolutionary Outcomes in Iran and Nicaragua: Coalition Fragmentation, War, and the Limitsof Social TransformationAuthor, Theory and Society, Vol. 22, No. 2, s. 209-247.
  • Giovanni SARTORİ, Demokrasi Teorisine Geri Dönüş (Çevirenler: Tunçer KARAMUSTAFAOĞLU, Mehmet TURHAN), Ankara: 1996.
  • HUNTINGTON, Samuel P., (Çeviren: Ergun ÖZBUDUN), Üçüncü Dalga: Geç 20. Yüzyılda Demokratikleşme, 3. baskı, Ankara: 2011.
  • Inter-American Commission On Human Rights, “Report on The Situation of Human Rights in The Republic of Nicaragua”, (http://www.cidh.org/ countryrep/nica81eng/chap.1.htm, erişim 14 Kasım 2012).
  • JONAS, Susanne, STEIN, Nancy, The Construction of Democracy in Nicaragua, Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 17, No. 3, s. 10-37.
  • KORNBLITH, Miriam, The Politics of Constitution-Making: Constitutions and Democracy in Venezuela, Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 23, No. 1, s. 61-89.
  • MORGAN, Martha I., Founding Mothers: Women’s Voices and Stories in the 1987 Nicaraguan Constitution, Boston University Law Review, Vol. 70, No. 1, s. 1-104.
  • MIJESKI, Kenneth J., Introduction, The Nicaraguan Constitution of 1987, (Editör: Kenneth J. MIJESKI), Latin American Series No. 17, Ohio: 1991, s. 1-22.
  • ÖZBUDUN, Ergun, Demokrasiye Geçiş Sürecinde Anayasa Yapımı, Ankara: 1993.
  • PARSA, Misagh, (Çevirenler: Alper BİRDAL, Nahide ÖZKAN, Derya GÖÇER), Devlet-İdeoloji ve Devrim, İstanbul: 2004.
  • REDING, Andrew, By the people: constitution making in Nicaragua, Christianity&Chrisis, Vol. 46, No. 18, s. 434-441.
  • REDING, Andrew, Nicaragua’s New Constitution: A Close Reading, The Nicaraguan Constitution of 1987, (Editör: Kenneth J. MIJESKI), Latin American Series No. 17, Ohio: 1991, s. 77-126.
  • REDING, Andrew, The Evolution of Governmental Institutions, Revolution and Counterrevolution in Nicaragua (Editör: Thomas Walker), Colorado: 1991, s. 15-47.
  • REDING, Andrew, Who says what’s fit to print? The words behind the words, Christianity&Chrisis, Vol. 44, No. 21, s. 494-496. (http://www. worldpolicy.org/sites/default/files/uploaded/image/C%26C-1984- What%20really%20happened%20on%20November%204.pdf, erişim 15 Kasım 2012).
  • SARTORI, Giovanni, (Çeviren: Ergun ÖZBUDUN), Karşılaştırmalı Anayasa Mühendisliği: Yapılar Özendiriciler ve Sonuçlar Üzerine Bir İnceleme, Ankara: 1997.
  • SCHROEDER, Michael J., Nicaraguan revolution, Encyclopedia of World History: The Contemporary World, 1950 to the Present (Editörler: Marsha E., ACKERMANN, Michael SCHROEDER, Janice J. TERRY, Jiu-Hwa Lo UPSHUR, and Mark F. WHITTERS), Vol. 6, New York: 2008, (http://www.fofweb.com/History/MainPrintPage.asp?iPin=WH VI238&DataType=WorldHistory&WinType=Free, erişim 20 Kasım 2012).
  • TEZİÇ, Erdoğan, Anayasa Hukuku, 9. bası, İstanbul: 2004.
  • United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division-Detailed Indicators, (http://esa.un.org/wpp/ unpp/panel_ indicators.htm, erişim 26 Kasım 2012).
  • VANDEN, Harry E., PREVOST, Gary, Democracy and Socialism in Sandinista Nicaragua, Colorado: 1993, (http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=t3u 9XnA96Y0C&pg=PA72&lpg=PA72&dq=jgrn+junta+1979&source= bl&ots=pfCJwg4fW6&sig=dgkJBm4F-J_kB4gDO8F8AMqId7o&hl =tr&sa=X&ei=A4u6UMGjJaXd4QSP6IDQBg&ved=0CC4Q6AEw AQ#v=onepage&q=jgrn%21993, 0junta%201979&f=false, erişim 20 Kasım 2012).
  • WALKER, Lee Demetrius, WILLIAMS, Philip J., The Nicaraguan Constitutional Experience: Process, Confl ict, Contradictions, and Change, Framing The State In Times of Transition: Case Studied in Constitution Making (Editör: Laurel E. MILLER), New York: 2010, s. 483-504.
  • WHEARE, K.C., (Çeviren: Mehmet TURHAN), Modern Anayasalar, İstanbul: 1984.
  • WILLIAMS, Philip J., Elections and Democratization in Nicaragua: The 1990 Elections in Perspective, Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, Vol. 32, No. 4, s. 13-34.
  • WISE, Michael B., Nicaragua: Judicial Independence in a Time of Transition, Willamette Law Review, 30:3, s. 519-579.
  • YILMAZ, Sait, Latin Amerika’da Neler Oldu?, (http://usam.aydin. edu.tr/ analiz/LATiNAMERiKA_.pdf, erişim 10 Kasım 2012). BOŞ

NICARAGUA’S TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY AND THE CONSTITUTION OF 1987

Year 2013, Volume: 17 Issue: 2, 1655 - 1682, 01.01.2013

Abstract

Political, economic and social powers in a country have a great impact on democratic transition. These factors play an active role in constitution making process as well. Especially public opinion and respect for constitution are very essential aspects of constitutional transition. Therefore, it is very important to ensure participation of every segment of the society in constitution making process. The Constitution of 1987, the 11th constitution of the Nicaragua, was drafted as a product of the democratic transition process in Nicaragua. The lawmakers then tried to legislate a new constitution based on consensus by taking everyone’s opinion during the constitution making process. The Constitution of 1987 was of vital importance not only in the sense that it ensured support of every segment in the society to the regime, but also it guaranteed respect for human rights as it was quite essential in order to maintain international support. Whatever the reason might be, the constitution making process of the Constitution of 1987 constitutes a considerable example in terms of ensuring public engagement and support

References

  • “Timeline: Nicaragua”, (Erişim) http://www.stanford.edu/group/arts/ nicaragua /discovery_eng/timeline/, 11.11.2012.
  • ATAR, Yavuz, Demokrasilerde Anayasal Değişmenin Dinamikleri ve Anayasa Yapımı, Konya: 2000.
  • AZICRI, Max, The 1987 Nicaraguan Constitution: An Analytical Commentary, Review of Socialist Law, No. 1, s. 5-29, (https://www.copyright.com/ ccc/basicSearch.o?&operation=go&searchType=0&lastSearch=simple &all=on&titleOrStdNo=1573-0352, erişim 14 Kasım 2012)BARTON, Christopher P., The Paradox of a Revolutionary Constitution: A Reading of the Nicaraguan Constitution, Hastings Int’l and Comparative Law Review, Vol. 12, s. 49-136.
  • BOOTH, John A., RICHARD, Patricia Bayer, Revolution’s Legacy: Residual Effects on Nicaraguan Participation and Attitudes inComparative Context, Latin American Politics and Society, Vol. 48, No. 2, s. 117- 140.
  • Central Intelligence Agency, “Nicaragua”, (https://www.cia.gov/library/ publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nu. html, erişim 10 Kasım 2012).
  • Envio Team, “Setting the Rules of the Game Nicaragua’s Reformed Electoral Law” (http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/2710, erişim 15 Kasım 2012).
  • “Estatuto Fundamental” (http://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/Norma web.nsf/3 133c0d121ea3897062568a1005e0f89/1a224f38057e9dc50625730800 55c4de?OpenDocument, erişim 15 Kasım 2012).
  • FORAN, John, GOODWIN, Jeff, Revolutionary Outcomes in Iran and Nicaragua: Coalition Fragmentation, War, and the Limitsof Social TransformationAuthor, Theory and Society, Vol. 22, No. 2, s. 209-247.
  • Giovanni SARTORİ, Demokrasi Teorisine Geri Dönüş (Çevirenler: Tunçer KARAMUSTAFAOĞLU, Mehmet TURHAN), Ankara: 1996.
  • HUNTINGTON, Samuel P., (Çeviren: Ergun ÖZBUDUN), Üçüncü Dalga: Geç 20. Yüzyılda Demokratikleşme, 3. baskı, Ankara: 2011.
  • Inter-American Commission On Human Rights, “Report on The Situation of Human Rights in The Republic of Nicaragua”, (http://www.cidh.org/ countryrep/nica81eng/chap.1.htm, erişim 14 Kasım 2012).
  • JONAS, Susanne, STEIN, Nancy, The Construction of Democracy in Nicaragua, Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 17, No. 3, s. 10-37.
  • KORNBLITH, Miriam, The Politics of Constitution-Making: Constitutions and Democracy in Venezuela, Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 23, No. 1, s. 61-89.
  • MORGAN, Martha I., Founding Mothers: Women’s Voices and Stories in the 1987 Nicaraguan Constitution, Boston University Law Review, Vol. 70, No. 1, s. 1-104.
  • MIJESKI, Kenneth J., Introduction, The Nicaraguan Constitution of 1987, (Editör: Kenneth J. MIJESKI), Latin American Series No. 17, Ohio: 1991, s. 1-22.
  • ÖZBUDUN, Ergun, Demokrasiye Geçiş Sürecinde Anayasa Yapımı, Ankara: 1993.
  • PARSA, Misagh, (Çevirenler: Alper BİRDAL, Nahide ÖZKAN, Derya GÖÇER), Devlet-İdeoloji ve Devrim, İstanbul: 2004.
  • REDING, Andrew, By the people: constitution making in Nicaragua, Christianity&Chrisis, Vol. 46, No. 18, s. 434-441.
  • REDING, Andrew, Nicaragua’s New Constitution: A Close Reading, The Nicaraguan Constitution of 1987, (Editör: Kenneth J. MIJESKI), Latin American Series No. 17, Ohio: 1991, s. 77-126.
  • REDING, Andrew, The Evolution of Governmental Institutions, Revolution and Counterrevolution in Nicaragua (Editör: Thomas Walker), Colorado: 1991, s. 15-47.
  • REDING, Andrew, Who says what’s fit to print? The words behind the words, Christianity&Chrisis, Vol. 44, No. 21, s. 494-496. (http://www. worldpolicy.org/sites/default/files/uploaded/image/C%26C-1984- What%20really%20happened%20on%20November%204.pdf, erişim 15 Kasım 2012).
  • SARTORI, Giovanni, (Çeviren: Ergun ÖZBUDUN), Karşılaştırmalı Anayasa Mühendisliği: Yapılar Özendiriciler ve Sonuçlar Üzerine Bir İnceleme, Ankara: 1997.
  • SCHROEDER, Michael J., Nicaraguan revolution, Encyclopedia of World History: The Contemporary World, 1950 to the Present (Editörler: Marsha E., ACKERMANN, Michael SCHROEDER, Janice J. TERRY, Jiu-Hwa Lo UPSHUR, and Mark F. WHITTERS), Vol. 6, New York: 2008, (http://www.fofweb.com/History/MainPrintPage.asp?iPin=WH VI238&DataType=WorldHistory&WinType=Free, erişim 20 Kasım 2012).
  • TEZİÇ, Erdoğan, Anayasa Hukuku, 9. bası, İstanbul: 2004.
  • United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division-Detailed Indicators, (http://esa.un.org/wpp/ unpp/panel_ indicators.htm, erişim 26 Kasım 2012).
  • VANDEN, Harry E., PREVOST, Gary, Democracy and Socialism in Sandinista Nicaragua, Colorado: 1993, (http://books.google.com.tr/books?id=t3u 9XnA96Y0C&pg=PA72&lpg=PA72&dq=jgrn+junta+1979&source= bl&ots=pfCJwg4fW6&sig=dgkJBm4F-J_kB4gDO8F8AMqId7o&hl =tr&sa=X&ei=A4u6UMGjJaXd4QSP6IDQBg&ved=0CC4Q6AEw AQ#v=onepage&q=jgrn%21993, 0junta%201979&f=false, erişim 20 Kasım 2012).
  • WALKER, Lee Demetrius, WILLIAMS, Philip J., The Nicaraguan Constitutional Experience: Process, Confl ict, Contradictions, and Change, Framing The State In Times of Transition: Case Studied in Constitution Making (Editör: Laurel E. MILLER), New York: 2010, s. 483-504.
  • WHEARE, K.C., (Çeviren: Mehmet TURHAN), Modern Anayasalar, İstanbul: 1984.
  • WILLIAMS, Philip J., Elections and Democratization in Nicaragua: The 1990 Elections in Perspective, Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, Vol. 32, No. 4, s. 13-34.
  • WISE, Michael B., Nicaragua: Judicial Independence in a Time of Transition, Willamette Law Review, 30:3, s. 519-579.
  • YILMAZ, Sait, Latin Amerika’da Neler Oldu?, (http://usam.aydin. edu.tr/ analiz/LATiNAMERiKA_.pdf, erişim 10 Kasım 2012). BOŞ
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Hasan Tunç This is me

Fatma Umay Genç

Publication Date January 1, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 17 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Tunç, H., & Genç, F. U. (2013). Nikaragua’nın Demokrasiye Geçişi ve 1987 Anayasası. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(2), 1655-1682.
AMA Tunç H, Genç FU. Nikaragua’nın Demokrasiye Geçişi ve 1987 Anayasası. AHBVU-FLJ. January 2013;17(2):1655-1682.
Chicago Tunç, Hasan, and Fatma Umay Genç. “Nikaragua’nın Demokrasiye Geçişi Ve 1987 Anayasası”. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 17, no. 2 (January 2013): 1655-82.
EndNote Tunç H, Genç FU (January 1, 2013) Nikaragua’nın Demokrasiye Geçişi ve 1987 Anayasası. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 17 2 1655–1682.
IEEE H. Tunç and F. U. Genç, “Nikaragua’nın Demokrasiye Geçişi ve 1987 Anayasası”, AHBVU-FLJ, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 1655–1682, 2013.
ISNAD Tunç, Hasan - Genç, Fatma Umay. “Nikaragua’nın Demokrasiye Geçişi Ve 1987 Anayasası”. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 17/2 (January 2013), 1655-1682.
JAMA Tunç H, Genç FU. Nikaragua’nın Demokrasiye Geçişi ve 1987 Anayasası. AHBVU-FLJ. 2013;17:1655–1682.
MLA Tunç, Hasan and Fatma Umay Genç. “Nikaragua’nın Demokrasiye Geçişi Ve 1987 Anayasası”. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 17, no. 2, 2013, pp. 1655-82.
Vancouver Tunç H, Genç FU. Nikaragua’nın Demokrasiye Geçişi ve 1987 Anayasası. AHBVU-FLJ. 2013;17(2):1655-82.