İsveç Çevre ve İmar Hukuku

Year 2007, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 389 - 414, 01.06.2007

Müslüm Akıncı

Abstract

İsveç çevre hukuku (miljörätt), özel hukuk ve idare hukukundan oluşan karma yapılı bir hukuktur. 1999 yılında, daha önceleri yürürlükte olan yaklaşık onbeş adet çevre ile ilgili yasal düzenlemenin yerine genel bir Çevre Kanunu çıkarılmıştır. Bu Yasa, çevre konusunda yeni kavram, ilke ve usuller getirmiştir. Bir kısmı “genel” hüküm, bir kısmı da özel hüküm niteliğinde düzenlemeler içeren Çevre Kanunu’nda başlıca ihtiyat ilkesi, kirleten öder ilkesi, en elverişli teknolojiyi kullanma ilkesi, ikame ilkesi gibi iyi kurgulanmış ilkeler yer almaktadır. Önemli çevresel etkiler doğuracak tesis ve faaliyetler İdare Mahkemesi’nden izin almak zorundadırlar. İdare Mahkemesi izin sisteminin ilk derece yargı yeri konumundadır. Çevre mahkemeleri aynı zamanda çevre ile ilgili doğan zarar ve öngörülmüş yasaklara karşı açılan davaların görüldüğü yargı yerleri olup, aynı zamanda idari para cezası yaptırımlarının uygulanmasını sağlayan mahkemedir. Çevreyi ilgilendiren bir başvuru İsveç hukuk düzeninde şu sırayı takip eder: Mahalli Çevre Kurulu ->İl İdare Kurulu -> Çevre Mahkemesi -> Çevre İstinaf Mahkemesi -> Yüksek Çevre Mahkemesi (Yüksek Mahkeme). İsveç, planlama hukuku bakımından da köklü bir geçmişe sahiptir. Planlama düzeni, refah devletinin bir uygulama aracı ve bütünleyici parçasıdır Belediyelerin planlama konusunda “tekel yetkisi” olup, bazı yasal düzenlemeler yerel özerkliğin kapsamını genişletmiştir. Kural olarak nazım imar planı ve bir inşaat izninin verilmesine dayanak oluşturan bağlayıcı nitelikte uygulama imar planı olmak üzere iki aşamalı bir planlama sistemi vardır.

Keywords

İsveç çevre hukuku, planlama hukuku, çevre mahkemesi, Çevre Kanunu, ihtiyat ilkesi, en uygun teknolojiyi kullanma ilkesi, ikame ilkesi, plan hiyerarşisi

Swedish Environmental, Planning and Building Law

Abstract

Swedish environmental law is a mixed- structure development from private and administrative law. Since 1999, Sweden has had a “universally” applicable Environmental Code, which replaced some 15 older pieces of legislation. This legislation also introduced new concepts, principles, and procedures. Some parts of the Code apply to all activities and measures, whereas others concern only special areas or activities. The Environmental Code sets out well-established environmental principles, such as the precautionary principle, the polluter pays principle, the principle of best available technologies, and the substitution principle. Installations and activities involving a substantial environmental impact must obtain a permit from the Environmental Court. The Environmental Court is a court of fi rst instance for the purposes of permit applications. The Environmental Court also has jurisdiction in cases concerning damages and injunctions against hazardous activities, as well as appeals in cases relating sanction fees. The Swedish route for appeals in cases concerning the environment is always the same and quite simple: Local Environmental Board → County Administrative Board → Environmental Court → Environmental Court of Appeal → Supreme Court. Sweden has a fairly long history of planning legislation. The planning system is mean to be an integral component and tool of welfare state. Municipalities have a “planning monopoly” and some acts have widened scope for local authonomy. In principle, a two-stage local planning system was established, that is, the municipal comprehensive plan (oversiktsplan), and the binding detailed development plan (detaljplan), which is to serve as the regulatory basis for issuance of a building permit.

Keywords

Swedish environmental law, planning law, environmental court, Environmental Code, precautionary principle, best available technologies, and the substitution principle, plan hierarchy

References

• Adolphson, Marcus (2008) “New urban settlements in a perspective of public and private interests. Case study: a Swedish municipality within the hinterland of the Stockholm city” http://www.springerlink.com/content/g8134h87p2124v53/fulltext. pdf, s.348 (erişim tarihi 12.01.2009)
• Alfredsson, Björn and Wiman, Jan (2002), “Planning in Sweden”. In Ed. by
• Snickars, Folke – Olerup, Brita and Persson, Lars Olof, Reshaping Regional Planning. Ashgate Publishing Limited, Hampshire Darpö, Jan, (1999) “Current Survey: Sweden”, 1999: The New Environmental
• Code. EL 1999:3 CS 34, http://www.jandarpo.se/upload/EL-Env Code[1].doc (erişim tarihi 02.02.2009)
• Darpö, Jan, (2009), “Environmental justice through environmental courts? Lessons learned from the Swedish experience” in Ed. by Ebbesson, Jonas and Okowa, Phoebe
• Environmental Law and Justice in Context, Cambridge University Pres Darpö, Jan & Nilsson, Annika. (2008) “On the Comparison of Environmental
• Law”., Ur Miljİretlige emner, Festskrift til Ellen Margrethe Basse (Jurist- og İkonomforbundets forlag, Köpenhamn, 2008), Kap. 11, http://www.jandarpo.se/ upload/EMB_1208KORR.doc
• Ebbesson, Jonas (2007) “Transbordering Democracy? The Case of Environment
• Protection” in Human Rights and Ethics / Derechos humanos y Ética, Proceedings from the 22nd IVR World Congress, Granada 2005, Volume III (red. Andrés Ollero
• Franz Steiner verlag, Stuttgart Ebbesson, Jonas (2003), “Democracy and Public Participation in Planning and Environmental Law”, (Stockholm University, Sweden), “Planning Law and Integrated Resource Management” Nordic Environmental Law Network (NELN)
• Workshop 25-26 August, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen sunulan bildiri Gillberg, Minna and Hydén, Håkan “Recent Environmental Law Developments in Sweden” in http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~avosetta/hydenrecenvdev.html (erişim tarihi 3.12.2008)
• Gillbergi Bjorn and Tamplin, Arthur, “Training for Environmental Law Enforcement”, , International Labour OfŞ ce Discossing Papers http://www.eric. ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/13/67/7a. pdf (erişim tarihi 10.11.2008)
• Gustafsson, Agne, (1983), Local Government in Sweden, Stockholm: SI Publication
• Lavin, Rune, (2000), “Administrative Law and Procedure”, in Swedish Law in the New Millennium, (ed. M.Bogdan), Stockholm: Norstedts Juridik
• Malbert, Björn (1998) Urban Planning Participation: Linking Practice and Theory, Chalmers University of Technology, Institutionen för stadsbyggnad
• Millock, Katrin – Nauges, Céline and Sterner, Thomas, “Environmental Taxes: a Comparison of French and Swedish Experience From Taxes on Industrial Air Pollution” www.hgu.gu.se/Ş les/nationalekonomi/personal/thomas%20sterner/a66. pdf erişim tarihi 25.02.2009
• Nilsson, Annika (2000), “Environmental Law”, in Swedish Law in the New
• Millennium, (Ed. Michael Bogdan), Stockholm, Norstedts Juridik Petersson, Olof, (1994), Swedish Government and Politics, Stockholm:Fritzes
• Regnemalm, Hans, (1991), Administrative Justice in Sweden, Stockholm: Juristförlaget
• Sandström , Ulf G. - Angelstam, Per and Khakee, Abdul (2006), “Urban comprehensive planning – identifying barriers for the maintenance of functional habitat Networks”, Landscape and Urban Planning 75 (2006)
• Sjöstrand, Mats (2007), “Taxes in Sweden”, Tax Statistical Yerabook of Sweden
• Stockholm:Swedish Tax Agency Söderholm, Patrik (2004), “Extending the Environmental Tax Base”, Report 5416, http://www.naturvardsverket.se/Documents/publikationer/620-5416-3.pdf (erişim tarihi 3/6/2009)
• Sterner, Thomas and Häglund, L. (2000) “Output Based Refunding of Emissions
• Payments: Theory, Distribution of Costs, and International Experience”, RFF Discussion Paper, Resources for the Future, Washington, DC. S. 00-29, Thampapillai, Vinoli (2007), Water Governance in Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) Working Paper Series 2007:2 Department of
• Economics / Institutionen för ekonomi Uppsala Westerlund, Staffan, (2006), “The Swedish Law CodiŞ cation”, in Zeitschrift für
• Europisches Umwelt- und Planungsrecht, EurUp Westerlund, Staffan, (2007), Environmental Law in Sweden, Uppsala University
• Westerlund, Staffan: “Law and the Environment” (revised version 2004), IMIR
• Institutet för miljörätt (Institute for Environmental Law), www.imir.com erişim tarihi 03.03.2009
• Wollmann, Hellmut, (2005) “Country Report Sweden”, Comparing Local