Gıda Tüketiminde Eşitsizlik ve Beslenme Çeşitliliği: Türkiye'den Bulgular

Abstract

Açlık dünyadaki yıkıcı sorunlardan birisidir. Dünyada sekiz yüz milyondan fazla insan yetersiz düzeyde beslenmektedir. Ancak açlık dünyadaki gıda güvencesi sorunun sadece bir parçasıdır. Yetersiz düzeydeki beslenmeye ek olarak, dünyada iki milyar insan yüksek kilo ve obeziteye bağlı sağlık sorunları yaşamaktadır. Bu yüzden gıda güvencesi konusu tüketim dağılımı kapsamına değerlendirilmelidir. Bu çalışma Türkiye’de gıda tüketim eşitsizliğini hesaplamaktadır. 150 binden fazla haneye ait aylık harcamalar kullanılarak 2003-2017 döneminde gıda eşitsizliğinin nasıl değiştiği gösterilmektedir. Gıda tüketim eşitsizliğine ek olarak, beslenme çeşitliliğinin eşitsizliği de değerlendirilmiş ve bu konular üzerinde gelirin etkisi gösterilmiştir. Bu çalışma Türkiye’de 2007 gıda krizinden sonra gıda tüketim eşitsizliğinin arttığını bulmuştur. Gıda tüketim eşitsizliği özellikle kırsal alanlarda daha fazla yoğunlaşmaktadır. Ayrıca çalışma kapsamında gelir, eğitim ve işgücüne bağlı olarak eşitsizliğin değişmediği bulunmuş, sadece zengin hanelerin yoksul hanelerden daha çeşitli bir beslenmeye sahip olduğu gösterilmiştir. Ancak son beş yılda beslenme çeşitliliğinin bütün hane grupları için arttığı tespit edilmiştir. Gelirin beslenme çeşitliliği üzerinde zengin hanelerde negatif, yoksul hanelerde pozitif etki yaptığı bulunmuştur. Böylelikle gelirin beslenme eşitsizliğini azalttığı tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma bulguları gıda dağılımının gıda güvencesi politikaları tartışmalarında dikkate alınması gerekliliğine işaret etmiştir.

Keywords

• Gıda Güvencesi
• Eşitsizlik
• Beslenme Çeşitliliği
• Beslenme Bozukluğu

Inequality in Food Consumption and Diet Diversity: Evidence from Turkey

Abstract

Hunger is one of the devastating problems in the world. More than eight hundred million people are undernourished. However, hunger is one part of the food security problem. In addition to the undernourished people, two billion people have also health problems due to overweight, and obesity. Therefore, the topic of food security needs to be discussed in the context of consumption distribution. This paper estimates food consumption inequality in Turkey. Using more than 150 thousand households’ monthly expenditures, it shows how food inequality changes throughout 2003-2017. In addition to food consumption inequality, we estimate diet diversity inequality and show the impact of income on it. Our study finds that food consumption inequality increased after the food crisis of 2007. Food consumption inequality is mostly intensified in rural areas. We do not find any differentiated effects of income, education, and employment. Rich households have a more diversified diet than poor households. However, diet diversity increased for all households, especially in the last five years. Income has a negative impact on diet diversity in rich households, positive impact in poor households. Therefore, income decreases diet diversity inequality. Our results show the importance of food distribution in the discussion of food security policies.

Keywords

• Food Security
• Inequality
• Diet Diversity
• Malnutrition
• Turkey

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