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Türkiye’de Cumhurbaşkanlığı Sistemi: Bir “Siyasal İnovasyon” Olabilir mi?

Year 2018, Volume: 20 Issue: 3, 578 - 599, 29.01.2019

Abstract

Bu
çalışma, Türkiye’deki devlet yönetimi ve siyasete ilişkin temel kabul edilebilecek
dört sorun alanını kısaca ortaya koyduktan sonra, siyasal inovasyon (siyasal yenilikçilik)
kavramının ne olduğuna ilişkin kavramsal çerçeveyi açıklayacaktır.  Çalışmada, Türkiye’nin 16 Nisan 2017
Referandumu ile gerçekleşen Anayasa değişikliğini takip eden süreçte öngörülen düzenlemelerin
ne ölçüde ve hangi şartlar altında siyasal yenilikçilik sayılıp sayılamayacağı,
ilişkilendirilecek olan sorun alanları çerçevesinde sorgulanacaktır. Siyasal
yenilikçilik kavramı, literatürde üç ana başlık altında incelenmektedir ki
bunlar sırası ile siyasal süreçlerde yenileşme, politika yapma biçiminin
yenileşmesi ve politikaların yenileşmesidir. Her yeniliğin siyasal inovasyon
sayılamayacağından hareketle, teorik olarak Anayasal değişiklik ile ortaya
konan cumhurbaşkanlığı sisteminin
, 24
Haziran 2018 seçimleri ile pratiğe dönüştürülme sürecinde ortaya çıkmaya
başlayan olumlu ve olumsuz yönler, makale sınırlarının elverdiği ölçüde
incelenecektir. Bunu yaparken, liberal ve konsolide
olmuş bir demokrasi için yetersiz sayılabilecek olsa dahi, çoğunluğun temsiline
imkân sağlayan demokratik bir yapının ihdas edilmesi, kurumsal sadeleşme, meşru
olmayan statüko gruplarının bertarafı ve doğrudan yetkilendirme eksenindeki
gelişmeler olumlu değerlendirilmektedir. Öte yandan, hukukun bağımsızlığının
tesis edilmesine, kamuda liyakat esasına ilişkin görevlendirmelerin hayata
geçirilmesine ve kırılgan grupların temsilini kolaylaştıracak mekanizmaların
oluşturulmasına yönelik birtakım geliştirici önlemlerin alınması, cumhurbaşkanlığı
sisteminin siyasal yenilikçilik açısından daha fazla değişkene cevap
verebilmesi için elzem görülmektedir.

References

  • Al Jazeera Turk. (2014, 8 Nisan). Roman açılımın neresindeyiz? Erişim adresi: http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/blog/roman-aciliminin-neresindeyiz.
  • Alkan, H. (2018). Kurumsalcı yaklaşım ışığında yeni siyasetin analizi: Cumhurbaşkanlığı sistemi. Ankara: Liberte.
  • Bayraktar Durgun, G. (2017). Anayasa Referandumu ve cumhurbaşkanlığı hükümet sistemi. Yeni Türkiye, 94, 494-499.
  • Benli, F. (2017). Cumhurbaşkanlığı sistemi ve Türkiye. Yeni Türkiye, 94, 586-590.
  • Berki, R. N. (1979). State and society: an antithesis of modern political thought. In Hayward, J. and Berki, R. N., eds. State and society in contemporary Europe. Oxford: Martin Robertson.
  • Cheibub, J. A. (2007). Presidentialism, parliamentarism, and democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Çağlar Keyder. 1987. State and class in Turkey: A Study in Capitalist Development. London: Verso.
  • Durgun, Ş. (2014). Turkish political life. Ankara: A Kitap.
  • Elibol, N. (2017). Cumhurbaşkanlığı sistemi neler getirecek?. Yeni Türkiye, 94, 561-566.
  • Foucault, M. (2012). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison, trans. Sheridan A. New York: Vintage.
  • Frey, B.S. (2010). Democracy and innovation. Institute for Empirical Research in Economics University of Zurich Working Paper Series. Working Paper No: 514. Erişim adresi: http://www.econ.uzh.ch/static/wp_iew/iewwp514.pdf
  • Gözler, K. (2017, 5 Mart). Referandum mu, plebisit mi?. Türk Anayasa Hukuku Sitesi. Erişim adresi: http://www.anayasa.gen.tr/plebisit.pdf
  • Gutierrez-Rubí, A. (2014). Tecnopolítica [Technopolitics]. Barcelona: Bebookness.
  • Helms, L. (2015). Democracy and innovation: from institutions to agency and leadership, Democratization, 23:3, 459-477, DOI: 10.1080/13510347.2014.981667.
  • Heper, M. (1985). The state tradition in Turkey. Walkington: Eothen Press.
  • Hirschl, R. (2009). Towards juristocracy: the origins and consequences of the new constitutionalism. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press.
  • Horowitz, D. L. (1990). Comparing democratic systems. Journal of Democracy, 1(4), 73-79.
  • Hürriyet. (2010, 14 Mart). Başbakan Erdoğan'dan 'Roman' açılımı. Erişim adresi: http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/basbakan-erdogandan-roman-acilimi-14104307
  • Kaya, E. (2018). Hukuk zihniyeti. Ankara: Siyasal Yayınevi.
  • Kao, J. (2007). Innovation nation: How America is losing its innovation edge, why it matters, and what we can do to get it back. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • Karatepe, Ş., Alkan, H., Atar, Y., Bingöl, Y. ve Bayraktar Durgun, G. (2017). Sorularla cumhurbaşkanlığı sistemi. Ankara: Memur-Sen Yayınları. Korucu, S. (2017). Cumhurbaşkanlığı sisteminde cumhurbaşkanının siyasî, hukukî ve cezaî sorumluluğu. Yeni Türkiye, 94, 555-561.
  • Linz, J. J. (1990a). The perils of presidentialism. Journal of democracy, 1(1), 51-69.
  • Linz, J. J. (1990b). The virtues of parliamentarism. Journal of Democracy, 1(4), 84-91.
  • Mainwaring, S. (1990). Presidentialism in Latin America. Latin American Research Review, 25(1), 157-179.
  • Mardin, Ş. (1973). Center-periphery relations: A key to Turkish politics?. Daedalus, 169-190.
  • McClelland, D.(1988).Human motivation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Memurlar.Net (2018, 29 Kasım). Yargıtay: Cemevinin elektriği Devlet tarafından ödenecek. Erişim adresi: https://www.memurlar.net/haber/792410/yargitay-cemevinin-elektrigi-devlet-tarafindan-odenecek.html.
  • Mughan, A. (2000) Media and the presidentialization of the parliamentary elections.New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Nettl, J. P. (1968). The state as a conceptual variable. World politics, 20(4), 559-592.
  • OECD. (2010). Social entrepreneurship and social innovation. In SMEs, Entrepreneurship and Innovation. Paris: OECD Publishing. Erişim adresi: https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264080355-50-en.
  • Özbudun, E. (2000). Contemporary Turkish politics. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner.
  • _________ . (2013). Party Politics & social cleavages in Turkey. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Popper, K. R. (1971). Open society and its enemies. Volume 2: The high tide of prophecy: Hegel, Marx, and the aftermath. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Powell Jr, G. B., & Whitten, G. D. (1993). A cross-national analysis of economic voting: taking account of the political context. American Journal of Political Science, 72(2), 391-414.
  • Power, T. J., & Gasiorowski, M. J. (1997). Institutional design and democratic consolidation in the Third World. Comparative Political Studies, 30(2), 123-155, DOI: 10.1177/0010414097030002001.
  • Resmi Gazete. (2018, 9 Temmuz) KHK/703 Erişim adresi: http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2018/07/20180709M3.pdf>> _________ . (2018, 16 Mart). Kanun No: 7102. Erişim adresi: http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2018/03/20180316-28.htm
  • Romm Livermore, C. (Ed.). (2012). E-Politics and organizational implications of the internet: Power, influence, and social change. Hershey: IGI Global.
  • Saward, M. (2003). Democratic innovation. In M. Saward ed. Democratic innovation (pp. 17-28). London and New York: Routledge.
  • Shugart, M. S., & Carey, J. M. (1992). Presidents and assemblies: Constitutional design and electoral dynamics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Siaroff, A. (2003). Comparative presidencies: The inadequacy of the presidential, semi‐presidential and parliamentary distinction. European Journal of Political Research, 42(3), 287-312.
  • Sørensen, E. (2017). Political innovations: innovations in political institutions, processes and outputs. Public Management Review, 19:1, 1-19, DOI: 10.1080/14719037.2016.1200661.
  • Stepan, A., & Skach, C. (1993). Constitutional frameworks and democratic consolidation: Parliamentarianism versus presidentialism. World politics, 46(1), 1-22.
  • Torfing, J. (2016). Collaborative innovation in the public sector. Washington: Georgetown University Press.
  • Tsebelis, G. (1995). Decision making in political systems: Veto players in presidentialism, parliamentarism, multicameralism and multipartyism. British journal of political science, 25(3), 289-325.
  • Uçum, M. (2018). 15-16 Temmuz’dan cumhurbaşkanlığı sistemine: Türkiye’nin demokratik birliği mücadelesinde yeni aşama. İstanbul: Alfa.
  • West, D. M. (2013). The next wave: Using digital technology to further social and political innovation. Washington: Brookings Institution Press.

The Presidential System in Turkey: Can it be Considered a “Political Innovation”?

Year 2018, Volume: 20 Issue: 3, 578 - 599, 29.01.2019

Abstract

This study, after a brief
review of four issue areas that can be considered the basis for state
administration and politics in Turkey, will explain the conceptual framework
regarding the notion of “political innovation”. In this study, the discussion
will focus on the amendments to the Turkish Republic Constitution implemented
as the result of referendum held in Turkey on April 16, 2017, examining the
extent of the regulations stipulated in the following process and whether the
regulations can be considered political innovations, questioning it in the
framework of related issue areas. In the research literature, the notion of
political innovation is examined under three main subjects, which are the
innovation in the political processes, the innovation in process of
policymaking and the innovation of the policies. Not every novelty can be
considered a political innovation. The presidential system set forth by the
constitutional amendment, has its positive and negative aspects emerging as the
system’s implementation goes forth since the elections of June 24, 2018. These
aspects will be examined to the extent permitted by this article’s boundaries.
While evaluating these aspects, even though it may be considered inadequate for
a liberal and consolidated democracy, the establishment of a democratic
structure that allows for the representation of the majority, the developments
in institutional simplification, elimination of unregulated status quo groups
and direct authorizations are favorable developments. On the other hand, it is
crucial that certain constructive measures towards establishment of the
independence of law, the implementation of employment in the public sector
based on competence, and the establishment of mechanisms to facilitate the
representation of fragile groups are taken in order to enable the presidential
system to respond to more variables with regard to political innovation.

References

  • Al Jazeera Turk. (2014, 8 Nisan). Roman açılımın neresindeyiz? Erişim adresi: http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/blog/roman-aciliminin-neresindeyiz.
  • Alkan, H. (2018). Kurumsalcı yaklaşım ışığında yeni siyasetin analizi: Cumhurbaşkanlığı sistemi. Ankara: Liberte.
  • Bayraktar Durgun, G. (2017). Anayasa Referandumu ve cumhurbaşkanlığı hükümet sistemi. Yeni Türkiye, 94, 494-499.
  • Benli, F. (2017). Cumhurbaşkanlığı sistemi ve Türkiye. Yeni Türkiye, 94, 586-590.
  • Berki, R. N. (1979). State and society: an antithesis of modern political thought. In Hayward, J. and Berki, R. N., eds. State and society in contemporary Europe. Oxford: Martin Robertson.
  • Cheibub, J. A. (2007). Presidentialism, parliamentarism, and democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Çağlar Keyder. 1987. State and class in Turkey: A Study in Capitalist Development. London: Verso.
  • Durgun, Ş. (2014). Turkish political life. Ankara: A Kitap.
  • Elibol, N. (2017). Cumhurbaşkanlığı sistemi neler getirecek?. Yeni Türkiye, 94, 561-566.
  • Foucault, M. (2012). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison, trans. Sheridan A. New York: Vintage.
  • Frey, B.S. (2010). Democracy and innovation. Institute for Empirical Research in Economics University of Zurich Working Paper Series. Working Paper No: 514. Erişim adresi: http://www.econ.uzh.ch/static/wp_iew/iewwp514.pdf
  • Gözler, K. (2017, 5 Mart). Referandum mu, plebisit mi?. Türk Anayasa Hukuku Sitesi. Erişim adresi: http://www.anayasa.gen.tr/plebisit.pdf
  • Gutierrez-Rubí, A. (2014). Tecnopolítica [Technopolitics]. Barcelona: Bebookness.
  • Helms, L. (2015). Democracy and innovation: from institutions to agency and leadership, Democratization, 23:3, 459-477, DOI: 10.1080/13510347.2014.981667.
  • Heper, M. (1985). The state tradition in Turkey. Walkington: Eothen Press.
  • Hirschl, R. (2009). Towards juristocracy: the origins and consequences of the new constitutionalism. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press.
  • Horowitz, D. L. (1990). Comparing democratic systems. Journal of Democracy, 1(4), 73-79.
  • Hürriyet. (2010, 14 Mart). Başbakan Erdoğan'dan 'Roman' açılımı. Erişim adresi: http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/basbakan-erdogandan-roman-acilimi-14104307
  • Kaya, E. (2018). Hukuk zihniyeti. Ankara: Siyasal Yayınevi.
  • Kao, J. (2007). Innovation nation: How America is losing its innovation edge, why it matters, and what we can do to get it back. New York: Simon and Schuster.
  • Karatepe, Ş., Alkan, H., Atar, Y., Bingöl, Y. ve Bayraktar Durgun, G. (2017). Sorularla cumhurbaşkanlığı sistemi. Ankara: Memur-Sen Yayınları. Korucu, S. (2017). Cumhurbaşkanlığı sisteminde cumhurbaşkanının siyasî, hukukî ve cezaî sorumluluğu. Yeni Türkiye, 94, 555-561.
  • Linz, J. J. (1990a). The perils of presidentialism. Journal of democracy, 1(1), 51-69.
  • Linz, J. J. (1990b). The virtues of parliamentarism. Journal of Democracy, 1(4), 84-91.
  • Mainwaring, S. (1990). Presidentialism in Latin America. Latin American Research Review, 25(1), 157-179.
  • Mardin, Ş. (1973). Center-periphery relations: A key to Turkish politics?. Daedalus, 169-190.
  • McClelland, D.(1988).Human motivation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Memurlar.Net (2018, 29 Kasım). Yargıtay: Cemevinin elektriği Devlet tarafından ödenecek. Erişim adresi: https://www.memurlar.net/haber/792410/yargitay-cemevinin-elektrigi-devlet-tarafindan-odenecek.html.
  • Mughan, A. (2000) Media and the presidentialization of the parliamentary elections.New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Nettl, J. P. (1968). The state as a conceptual variable. World politics, 20(4), 559-592.
  • OECD. (2010). Social entrepreneurship and social innovation. In SMEs, Entrepreneurship and Innovation. Paris: OECD Publishing. Erişim adresi: https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264080355-50-en.
  • Özbudun, E. (2000). Contemporary Turkish politics. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner.
  • _________ . (2013). Party Politics & social cleavages in Turkey. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Popper, K. R. (1971). Open society and its enemies. Volume 2: The high tide of prophecy: Hegel, Marx, and the aftermath. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Powell Jr, G. B., & Whitten, G. D. (1993). A cross-national analysis of economic voting: taking account of the political context. American Journal of Political Science, 72(2), 391-414.
  • Power, T. J., & Gasiorowski, M. J. (1997). Institutional design and democratic consolidation in the Third World. Comparative Political Studies, 30(2), 123-155, DOI: 10.1177/0010414097030002001.
  • Resmi Gazete. (2018, 9 Temmuz) KHK/703 Erişim adresi: http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2018/07/20180709M3.pdf>> _________ . (2018, 16 Mart). Kanun No: 7102. Erişim adresi: http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2018/03/20180316-28.htm
  • Romm Livermore, C. (Ed.). (2012). E-Politics and organizational implications of the internet: Power, influence, and social change. Hershey: IGI Global.
  • Saward, M. (2003). Democratic innovation. In M. Saward ed. Democratic innovation (pp. 17-28). London and New York: Routledge.
  • Shugart, M. S., & Carey, J. M. (1992). Presidents and assemblies: Constitutional design and electoral dynamics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Siaroff, A. (2003). Comparative presidencies: The inadequacy of the presidential, semi‐presidential and parliamentary distinction. European Journal of Political Research, 42(3), 287-312.
  • Sørensen, E. (2017). Political innovations: innovations in political institutions, processes and outputs. Public Management Review, 19:1, 1-19, DOI: 10.1080/14719037.2016.1200661.
  • Stepan, A., & Skach, C. (1993). Constitutional frameworks and democratic consolidation: Parliamentarianism versus presidentialism. World politics, 46(1), 1-22.
  • Torfing, J. (2016). Collaborative innovation in the public sector. Washington: Georgetown University Press.
  • Tsebelis, G. (1995). Decision making in political systems: Veto players in presidentialism, parliamentarism, multicameralism and multipartyism. British journal of political science, 25(3), 289-325.
  • Uçum, M. (2018). 15-16 Temmuz’dan cumhurbaşkanlığı sistemine: Türkiye’nin demokratik birliği mücadelesinde yeni aşama. İstanbul: Alfa.
  • West, D. M. (2013). The next wave: Using digital technology to further social and political innovation. Washington: Brookings Institution Press.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Main Section
Authors

Gülsen Kaya Osmanbaşoğlu

Publication Date January 29, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 20 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Kaya Osmanbaşoğlu, G. (2019). Türkiye’de Cumhurbaşkanlığı Sistemi: Bir “Siyasal İnovasyon” Olabilir mi?. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(3), 578-599.