Afrika'daki Modern İç Savaşlarda Hırs ve Şı̇kayet Faktörleri

Year 2025, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 113 - 129, 30.06.2025

Mohamed Alieu Bah Foday Justice Jalloh

Abstract

Devlet içi çatışmalar olarak iç savaşlar, barış ve çatışma çalışmalarındaki güncel tartışmalarda önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Soğuk Savaş'ın sona ermesi, özellikle küresel güneyde bu savaşların yaygınlığında kayda değer bir artışa işaret etti. Akademisyenler bu çatışmaların yıkıcı doğasını ve insani etkilerini vurgularken, altta yatan nedenleri açıklamak için teoriler de geliştirmişlerdir. Öne çıkan teorilerden biri, Collier ve Hoeffler'in iç savaşların açgözlülükten mi yoksa şikâyetten mi kaynaklandığını araştırdığı Hırs ve Şikâyet teorisidir. Çeşitli teoriler ortaya atılmış olsa da. Soğuk Savaş sonrası iç savaşları analiz etmek için kullanılan açgözlülük ve mağduriyet gibi teorilerin çağdaş çatışmaları açıklamadaki uygunluğu konusunda süregelen bir tartışma vardır. Bu çalışma, Orta Afrika Cumhuriyeti, Güney Sudan ve Sudan'ı bu konuyu incelemek için vaka çalışmaları olarak kullanmaktadır. Açgözlülük ve mağduriyet teorisinin modern iç savaşları anlamak için uygun olmaya devam ettiğini iddia ediyoruz.

Keywords

İç Savaşlar , Açgözlülük ve Şikâyet , Söğuk Savaş , Çağdaş Silahlı Çatişmalar

Greed versus Grievance in Contemporary Civil Wars in Africa

Abstract

Civil wars, as intrastate conflicts, play a significant role in contemporary debates within peace and conflict studies. The end of the Cold War marked a notable increase in the prevalence of these wars, particularly in the global south. While academic scholars have highlighted the destructive nature and human impacts of these conflicts, they have also developed theories to explain their underlying causes. One prominent theory is the “Greed and Grievance” theory, in which Collier and Hoeffler investigate whether civil wars arise from motivations rooted in greed or grievances. Although various theories have been employed to analyze post-Cold War civil wars, there is an ongoing debate about the relevance of theories like greed and grievance in explaining contemporary conflicts. This study uses the Central African Republic (CAR), South Sudan, and Sudan as case studies to explore this issue. We contend that greed and grievance theory continues to be pertinent in understanding modern civil wars.

Keywords

Civil wars , Greed and Grievance , Cold War , Contemporary Armed Conflicts

References

• Abdul Qadir Mushtaq, & Afzal Muhammad. (2017). Arab Spring: Its Causes and Consequences. Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society, 30(1), 1-10.
• Aghayev, E. (2013). Analysis and background of the “Arab Spring” in Libya. In European Researcher (Issue 39).
• Alecu, A. R., & Miroiu, A. (2021). Christian Dimensions of Violence: The Séléka/Anti-Balaka Militias and the Lord’s Resistance Army in the Central African Republic. Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Europaea, 5-23
• Al Jazeera English, (2011). Seed of Revolution: The Arab Wakening. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BSZ7Ln5KzRU
• Al Jazeera English, (2018). The Lust for Libya: How a Nation was Torn Apart. The Big Picture. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sn16bsEHJFY&t=2165s
• Al-Jazeera, news report, (2019, 2023, 2024). Accessed, 24th July, 2024. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2013/12/27/the-real-reasons-behind-south-sudan-crisis. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/4/11/sudans-military-seizes-power-from-president-omar-al-bashir.
• Amnesty International. (2014). Nowhere Safe Civilians under attack in South Sudan.
• Asser, M. (2011, October 21). The Muammar Gaddafi story. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-12688033
• Bagayoko, N. (2018). Central African Republic. The Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, 1-57.
• Bangura, I. (2016). We Can't Eat Peace: Youth, Sustainable Livelihoods, and the Peacebuilding Process in Sierra Leone. Journal of Peacebuilding & Development, 11(2), 37-50.
• Barakat, Z., & Fakih, A. (2021). Determinants of the Arab Spring Protests in Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya: What Have We Learned? Social Sciences, 10(8), 282. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10080282
• Brosché, J. et al. (2016). Crisis of governance in South Sudan: electoral politics and violence in the world’s newest. Source: The Journal of Modern African Studies, 54(1), 67–90. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002
• Collier, P., & Hoeffler, A. (1999). Justice-seeking and loot-seeking in civil war.World Bank, 1-7.
• Darwisheh, H. (2014). Institute of Developing Economies Trajectories and Outcomes of the “Arab Spring”: Comparing Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Syria. Discussion Paper, 456.
• De Soysa, I. (2001). Paradise is a bazaar. Greed, creed, grievance, and governance (No. 2001/42). WIDER Discussion Paper.
• Dukhan, N. (2016). The Central African Republic crisis. University of Birmingham. Birmingham, UK: GSDRC.
• Human Rights Watch, (2012). Death of a Dictator: Bloody Vengeance in Sirte. https://www.hrw.org/report/2012/10/16/death-dictator/bloody-vengeance-sirte
• International Crisis Group. (2023). Sudan-a-race-against-time.
• Isaacs-Martin, W. (2017). The Séléka and anti-Balaka Rebel Movements in the Central African Republic. Violent non-state actors in Africa: Terrorists, rebels, and warlords, 133-161.
• Jalloh, F. J. (2024). Youth Participation in South Sudan’s Civil Wars: The Perception of Victimhood. Bölge Çalışmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 49-66.
• Kah, H. K. (2014). Anti-Balaka/Séléka, Religionisation' and Separatism in The History of The Central African Republic. Conflict Studies Quarterly, (9).
• Kaifala, J. (2023). A Civil War History of Sierra Leone. Independently Published.
• Knoope, P., & Buchanan-Clarke, S. (2017). Central African Republic: A Conflict Misunderstood. The Institute for Justice and Reconciliation.
• Kunkel, S., & Ellis, M. K. (2024). Violence as a Condition: From Russia to the CAR, the Global Impact of the Wagner Group.
• Mahmood, A., Wajid, S., & Sherazi, T. Z. (2020). Impact of Arab Spring on Egypt: An Analysis of Opportunities and Challenges. Journal of Humanities, Social and Management Sciences (JHSMS), 1(1), 30–43. https://doi.org/10.47264/idea.jhsms/1.1.3
• McQuinn, B. (2013). Assessing (In)security after the Arab Spring: The Case of Libya. Political Science and Politics, 46(4), 716–720. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096513001170
• Murshed, S. M., & Tadjoeddin, M. Z. (2007). Reappraising the Greed and Grievance Explanations for Violent Internal Conflict.
• Pinaud, C. (2021). War And Genocıde In South Sudan. Cornell University Press, 2022.
• Plakoudas, S. (2017). Causes of the Arab Spring: A Critical Analysis. Center For Interna‑tional Strategic Analyses, 7.
• Ratsimbaharison, A. M. (2011). Greed and Civil War in Post–Cold War Africa: Revisiting the Greed Theory of Civil War. African Security, 4(4), 269–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2011.629552
• Rolandsen, Ø. H. (2015). Another civil war in South Sudan: the failure of Guerrilla Government? Journal of Eastern African Studies, 9(1), 163–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2014.993210
• Sharkey, H. J. (2008). Arab identity and ideology in Sudan: The politics of language, ethnicity, and race. African Affairs, 107(426), 21–43. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adm068
• Sıradağ, A. (2016). Explaining the Conflict in Central African Republic: Causes and Dynamics. Epiphany. Journal of Transdisciplinary Studies, 9(3), 86-103.
• Spittaels, S., Hilgert, F., & International Peace Information Service (Antwerp). (2009). Mapping Conflict Motives: Central African Republic. Antwerp, Belgium: International Peace Information Service.
• Taydas, Z., Enia, J., & James, P. (2011). Why do civil wars occur? Another look at the theoretical dichotomy of opportunity versus grievance. In Source: Review of International Studies (Vol. 37, Issue 5). https://www.jstor.org/stable/41308471
• United States State Department, (2022). https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-sudan
• UNOCHA, (2024). https://reports.unocha.org/en/country/sudan.
• VICE News. (2014, March 25). War in the Central African Republic (Full Length) [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VoQAxQgevEA
• Waugh, C. M. (2011). Ambition and Atrocity in Africa’s Lone Star State. Charles Taylor and Liberia.
• Weyns, Y., Hilgert, F., Hoex, L. E., Spittaels, S., & International Peace Information Service (Antwerp). (2014). Mapping Conflict Motives: The Central African Republic. Antwerp: International Peace Information Service.
• Worldometer, (2024). Population of Libya. Accessed, 4th July 2024. https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/libya-population/?tblang=english