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African Studies in the United States During the Cold War: The Institutionalization Process within U.S. Universities

Year 2025, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 130 - 158, 30.06.2025

Abstract

This study examines how African Studies developed and institutionalized in American universities during the Cold War. The institutionalization of area studies in the United States was shaped within the context of the Cold War; during this period, both the United States and the Soviet Union invested in academic knowledge to gain influence in strategic regions like Africa. This dynamic turned the continent into a competitive arena between the two superpowers.

The development of African Studies was influenced by U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War, the decolonization process in Africa, and global geopolitical dynamics. By prioritizing African Studies, the U.S. aimed to safeguard its interests on the continent, strengthen its relations with newly independent states, and gain an advantage in the Cold War rivalry. The knowledge produced in academia became a critical resource for policymakers in this regard.

This article provides a detailed examination of African Studies programs and centers established at various universities in the U.S. These programs aimed to teach African languages, conduct academic research on the continent’s history, and analyze Africa’s political, social, and economic issues. Additionally, field research and academic trips to Africa became integral to this process. The field of African Studies rapidly expanded, supported by funding from universities, foundations, and associations.

The study comprehensively evaluates the institutionalization of African Studies in the U.S. by analyzing the focal areas of universities during the Cold War, the content of theses written within this field, and the research topics pursued by academics.

References

  • African Studies Association. (1961, Mayıs). African Studies in the United States. African Studies Bulletin, 4(2), s. 9-20.
  • African Studies at the University of Chicago. (2023, 01 02). Faculty. The Committee On African Studies: https://africanstudies.uchicago.edu/people/ adresinden alındı
  • Anderson, B. (2019). Sınırları Aşarak Yaşamak: Bir Sosyal Bilimcinin Yaşamından Anılar. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Bennett, N. R. (1968). African Studies in the United States. African Studies Bulletin, 11(1), 83-127.
  • Besi, A., Hanhimâki, J. M., Maiolo, J. A., & Schulze, K. E. (2012). 20. Yüzyılın Uluslararası Tarihi. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Boston University. (2025, 03 09). African Studies Center. Pardee School Of Global Studies Afrinca Studies Center: https://www.bu.edu/africa/ adresinden alındı
  • Boston University. (2025, 3 9). The African Studies Center at Boston University: A Historical Sketch. The African Studies Center (ASC) at Boston University : https://www.bu.edu/africa/files/pdf/historicalsketch1.pdf adresinden alındı
  • Boston University African Studies Center. (2022, 12 11). African Studies Center Fredrick S. Pardee School Of Global Studies. African Studies Center: https://www.bu.edu/africa/ adresinden alındı
  • Brokensha, D. W. (1965). African Studies in the United States. African Studies Bulletin, 8(1), 1-28.
  • Burawoy, M. (2007). Open the Social Sciences: To Whom and For What. Portuguese Journal of Social Science, 6(3), 137-146.
  • Clarce, J. H. (1969, 5). African Studies in the United States, An Afro-American View. Africa Today, s. 10-12.
  • Columbia University Institute of African Studies. (2025, 09 03). Courses offered. Columbia University Institute of African Studies: https://ias.columbia.edu/node/796 adresinden alındı
  • Dressel, C. A. (1966). The Development of African Studies in the United States. African Studies Bulletin, 9(3), 66-73.
  • Duignan, P. (1960). The Africa Collections at Stanford University. African Studies Bulletin, 3(4), 11-15.
  • Ferreira, R. (2010). The İnstitutionalization Of African Studies İn The United States: Origin, Consolidation And Transformation. Revista Brasileira de História., 30(59), 71-88.
  • Fingar, T. (2018). American Foreign Policy in Transition: From Cold War Consensus to Controversy and Confusion. Stanford University, 1-12.
  • Garlick, P. C. (1968). Theses on Africa Accepted by Howard University Washington, D. C. African Studies Bulletin, 11(3), 259-268.
  • Göçer, D. (2022). 21. Yüzyıl Bölge Çalışmaları: Üç Yaklaşım. Alternatif Politika, 14(2), 359-382.
  • Hoehn, R. P., & Judson, J. (1969). Theses on Sub-Saharan Africa Accepted by the University of California at Berkeley. African Studies Bulletin, 12(2), 157-166.
  • Howard University Center For African Studies. (2025, 03 09). Academic Programs. Center For African Studies: https://cfas.howard.edu/academics/academic-programs adresinden alındı
  • Huat, C. B., Dean, K., Engseng, H., Chong, H. K., Rigg, J., & Yeoh, B. (2019). Area Studies and the Crisis of Legitimacy: A View From South East Asia. South East Asia Research, 27(1), 31-48.
  • Institute Of African Studies Columbia University. (2023, 01 02). Courses. Institute Of African Studies Columbia University: https://ias.columbia.edu/courses adresinden alındı
  • Jewsiewicki, B. (2007). African Studies: France and the United States. P. T. Zeleza içinde, The Study of Africa—Vol. II: Global and Transnational Engagements (s. 127-146). Oxford: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa.
  • Katzenstein, P. J. (2001). Area and Regional Studies in the United States. Political Science and Politics, 34(4), 789-791.
  • McCann, J. C. (2002). Title VI and African Studies: Prospects in a Polycentric Academic Landscape. African Issues, 30(2), 30-36.
  • Msindo, E. (2020, Şubat 19-21). African Studies and its Configurations: Histories, Challenges and Opportunities. Kenya, Afrika: African Studies Centre, Rhodes University, RSA.
  • National Museum of American Diplomacy. (2024, 04 26). Cold War Diplomacy. National Museum of American Diplomacy:
  • Ohaegbulam, F. U. (1992). The United States and Africa after the Cold War. Africa Today. Indiana University Press, 39(4), 19-34.
  • Sander, O. (2013). Siyasi Tarih (1918-1994). Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Schraeder, P. J. (1994). Unıted States Foreıgn Polıcy Toward Afrıca Incrementalısm, Crısıs And Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Stanford University Center For African Studies. (2025, 03 09). Get to Know Us. Stanford University Center For African Studies: https://africanstudies.stanford.edu/academics/courses adresinden alındı
  • Sutton, F. X., & Smock, D. R. (1976). The Ford Foundation and African Studies. Cambridge University Press, 6(2/3), s. 68-72.
  • Tepeciklioğlu, E. E. (2019). Türk Dış Politikasında Afrika: Temel Dinamikler, Fırsatlar ve Engeller. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Thompson, L. M. (1967). African History in the United States. African Studies Bulletin, 10(1), 51-56. U.S. Department of State. (2025). U.S. Relations With Nigeria. U.S. Department of State.
  • UCLA African Studies Center. (2022). Home. UCLA African Studies Center: https://www.international.ucla.edu/asc adresinden alındı
  • University of Michigan. (1996). Ford Foundation Gives Support to International and Area Studies. The Journal Of The ınternational Institute.
  • Zeleza, P. T. (2011). Building Intellectual Bridges: From African Studies and African American Studies to Africana Studies in the United States. Africa Focus, 2(24), 9-31.

Soğuk Savaş Sürecinde Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde Afrika Çalışmaları: ABD Üniversiteleri Özelinde Kurumsallaşma Süreci

Year 2025, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 130 - 158, 30.06.2025

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Soğuk Savaş sürecinde Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde (ABD) Afrika Çalışmalarının Amerikan üniversiteleri özelinde nasıl geliştiğini ve kurumsallaştığını incelemektedir. ABD’de bölge çalışmalarının kurumsallaşması, Soğuk Savaş bağlamında şekillenmiş; bu dönemde hem ABD hem de Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birliği (SSCB), Afrika gibi stratejik bölgelerde nüfuz elde edebilmek için akademik bilgiye yatırım yapmıştır. Bu durum, kıtanın iki süper güç arasında bir rekabet alanına dönüşmesine neden olmuştur.

Afrika Çalışmalarının gelişimi, Soğuk Savaş sürecindeki Amerikan dış politikası, Afrika’daki dekolonizasyon süreci ve küresel jeopolitik dinamiklerden etkilenmiştir. ABD, Afrika çalışmalarına ağırlık vererek kıtadaki çıkarlarını korumayı, yeni bağımsız devletlerle ilişkilerini güçlendirmeyi ve Soğuk Savaş rekabetinde avantaj sağlamayı hedeflemiştir. Akademide üretilen bilgi, bu doğrultuda politika yapıcılar için kritik bir kaynak haline gelmiştir.

Makale, ABD’deki çeşitli üniversitelerde kurulan Afrika Çalışmaları programlarını ve merkezlerini detaylı bir şekilde incelemektedir. Bu programlar, Afrika dillerinin öğretilmesi, kıta tarihine dair akademik çalışmalar yürütülmesi ve Afrika’nın politik, sosyal ve ekonomik meselelerine yönelik analizler yapılması gibi amaçlara sahiptir. Ayrıca, saha araştırmaları ve Afrika’ya yönelik akademik geziler de bu sürecin bir parçası olmuştur. Üniversiteler, vakıflar ve dernekler tarafından sağlanan finansman sayesinde Afrika Çalışmaları alanında hızlı bir gelişim kaydetmiştir.

Çalışma, Soğuk Savaş döneminde üniversitelerin hangi alanlara odaklandığını, Afrika Çalışmaları kapsamında yazılan tezlerin içeriklerini ve akademisyenlerin araştırma konularını analiz ederek, ABD’de bu alanın kurumsallaşma sürecini kapsamlı bir şekilde değerlendirmektedir.

References

  • African Studies Association. (1961, Mayıs). African Studies in the United States. African Studies Bulletin, 4(2), s. 9-20.
  • African Studies at the University of Chicago. (2023, 01 02). Faculty. The Committee On African Studies: https://africanstudies.uchicago.edu/people/ adresinden alındı
  • Anderson, B. (2019). Sınırları Aşarak Yaşamak: Bir Sosyal Bilimcinin Yaşamından Anılar. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Bennett, N. R. (1968). African Studies in the United States. African Studies Bulletin, 11(1), 83-127.
  • Besi, A., Hanhimâki, J. M., Maiolo, J. A., & Schulze, K. E. (2012). 20. Yüzyılın Uluslararası Tarihi. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Boston University. (2025, 03 09). African Studies Center. Pardee School Of Global Studies Afrinca Studies Center: https://www.bu.edu/africa/ adresinden alındı
  • Boston University. (2025, 3 9). The African Studies Center at Boston University: A Historical Sketch. The African Studies Center (ASC) at Boston University : https://www.bu.edu/africa/files/pdf/historicalsketch1.pdf adresinden alındı
  • Boston University African Studies Center. (2022, 12 11). African Studies Center Fredrick S. Pardee School Of Global Studies. African Studies Center: https://www.bu.edu/africa/ adresinden alındı
  • Brokensha, D. W. (1965). African Studies in the United States. African Studies Bulletin, 8(1), 1-28.
  • Burawoy, M. (2007). Open the Social Sciences: To Whom and For What. Portuguese Journal of Social Science, 6(3), 137-146.
  • Clarce, J. H. (1969, 5). African Studies in the United States, An Afro-American View. Africa Today, s. 10-12.
  • Columbia University Institute of African Studies. (2025, 09 03). Courses offered. Columbia University Institute of African Studies: https://ias.columbia.edu/node/796 adresinden alındı
  • Dressel, C. A. (1966). The Development of African Studies in the United States. African Studies Bulletin, 9(3), 66-73.
  • Duignan, P. (1960). The Africa Collections at Stanford University. African Studies Bulletin, 3(4), 11-15.
  • Ferreira, R. (2010). The İnstitutionalization Of African Studies İn The United States: Origin, Consolidation And Transformation. Revista Brasileira de História., 30(59), 71-88.
  • Fingar, T. (2018). American Foreign Policy in Transition: From Cold War Consensus to Controversy and Confusion. Stanford University, 1-12.
  • Garlick, P. C. (1968). Theses on Africa Accepted by Howard University Washington, D. C. African Studies Bulletin, 11(3), 259-268.
  • Göçer, D. (2022). 21. Yüzyıl Bölge Çalışmaları: Üç Yaklaşım. Alternatif Politika, 14(2), 359-382.
  • Hoehn, R. P., & Judson, J. (1969). Theses on Sub-Saharan Africa Accepted by the University of California at Berkeley. African Studies Bulletin, 12(2), 157-166.
  • Howard University Center For African Studies. (2025, 03 09). Academic Programs. Center For African Studies: https://cfas.howard.edu/academics/academic-programs adresinden alındı
  • Huat, C. B., Dean, K., Engseng, H., Chong, H. K., Rigg, J., & Yeoh, B. (2019). Area Studies and the Crisis of Legitimacy: A View From South East Asia. South East Asia Research, 27(1), 31-48.
  • Institute Of African Studies Columbia University. (2023, 01 02). Courses. Institute Of African Studies Columbia University: https://ias.columbia.edu/courses adresinden alındı
  • Jewsiewicki, B. (2007). African Studies: France and the United States. P. T. Zeleza içinde, The Study of Africa—Vol. II: Global and Transnational Engagements (s. 127-146). Oxford: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa.
  • Katzenstein, P. J. (2001). Area and Regional Studies in the United States. Political Science and Politics, 34(4), 789-791.
  • McCann, J. C. (2002). Title VI and African Studies: Prospects in a Polycentric Academic Landscape. African Issues, 30(2), 30-36.
  • Msindo, E. (2020, Şubat 19-21). African Studies and its Configurations: Histories, Challenges and Opportunities. Kenya, Afrika: African Studies Centre, Rhodes University, RSA.
  • National Museum of American Diplomacy. (2024, 04 26). Cold War Diplomacy. National Museum of American Diplomacy:
  • Ohaegbulam, F. U. (1992). The United States and Africa after the Cold War. Africa Today. Indiana University Press, 39(4), 19-34.
  • Sander, O. (2013). Siyasi Tarih (1918-1994). Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Schraeder, P. J. (1994). Unıted States Foreıgn Polıcy Toward Afrıca Incrementalısm, Crısıs And Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Stanford University Center For African Studies. (2025, 03 09). Get to Know Us. Stanford University Center For African Studies: https://africanstudies.stanford.edu/academics/courses adresinden alındı
  • Sutton, F. X., & Smock, D. R. (1976). The Ford Foundation and African Studies. Cambridge University Press, 6(2/3), s. 68-72.
  • Tepeciklioğlu, E. E. (2019). Türk Dış Politikasında Afrika: Temel Dinamikler, Fırsatlar ve Engeller. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Thompson, L. M. (1967). African History in the United States. African Studies Bulletin, 10(1), 51-56. U.S. Department of State. (2025). U.S. Relations With Nigeria. U.S. Department of State.
  • UCLA African Studies Center. (2022). Home. UCLA African Studies Center: https://www.international.ucla.edu/asc adresinden alındı
  • University of Michigan. (1996). Ford Foundation Gives Support to International and Area Studies. The Journal Of The ınternational Institute.
  • Zeleza, P. T. (2011). Building Intellectual Bridges: From African Studies and African American Studies to Africana Studies in the United States. Africa Focus, 2(24), 9-31.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects African Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Batuhan Erdi Şahin 0000-0002-2457-9411

Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date March 9, 2025
Acceptance Date May 20, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Şahin, B. E. (2025). Soğuk Savaş Sürecinde Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde Afrika Çalışmaları: ABD Üniversiteleri Özelinde Kurumsallaşma Süreci. Bölge Çalışmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 130-158.