Research Article
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Development of the Professional Learning Scale for Teachers: Validity and Reliability Study

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 1065 - 1089, 27.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.18039/ajesi.1678751

Abstract

This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable scale to measure teachers' professional learning processes. Designed as a quantitative study, the research adopted a descriptive survey model and followed systematic scale development procedures, including a literature review, expert validation, pilot testing, and structural validity analysis. An initial item pool of 75 statements was created based on literature and teacher interviews. After several rounds of expert reviews, the final version was reduced to 50 items. The study employed convenience sampling with maximum variation, including 533 teachers across different provinces in Turkey. Data were collected from 332 teachers for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and 201 teachers for Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Findings from EFA indicated that the scale had a single-factor structure explaining 69.45% of the total variance. Items with low factor loadings were removed, reducing the scale to 46 items. CFA confirmed the model's structure with fit indices close to acceptable thresholds. Reliability analysis yielded a Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of .99, indicating a very high internal consistency. The results demonstrate that the developed scale is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing teachers' professional learning processes. The scale provides a comprehensive tool to measure various aspects of professional learning and can be applied across different teaching disciplines.

References

  • Avalos, B. (2011). Teacher professional development in Teaching and Teacher Education over ten years. Teaching and Teacher Education, 27(1), 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2010.08.007
  • Bellibaş, M. Ş., Kılınç, A. Ç., & Polatcan, M. (2021). The moderation role of transformational leadership in the effect of instructional leadership on teacher professional learning and instructional practice: An integrated leadership perspective. Educational Administration Quarterly, 57(5), 776–814. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X211035079
  • Burroughs, N., Gardner, J., Lee, Y., Guo, S., Touitou, I., Jansen, K., & Schmidt, W. (2019). A review of the literature on teacher effectiveness and student outcomes. In Teaching for Excellence and Equity. IEA Research for Education (Vol. 6, pp. 7–17). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16151-4_2
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2004). Veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Yayıncılık.
  • Cattell, R. B. (1988). The meaning and strategic use of factor analysis. Handbook of multivariate experimental psychology içinde (s. 131-203). Boston, MA.: Springer.
  • Cohen, L., Manion, L. & Morrison, K. (2017). Research Methods in Education (8. baskı). Londra: Routledge.
  • Darling-Hammond, L., Hyler, M. E. & Gardner, M. (2017). Effective teacher professional development. Palo Alto, CA: Learning Policy Institute.
  • Day, C. (1999) Developing teachers: the challenges of lifelong learning. Londra: Falmer Press.
  • Desimone, L. M. (2009). Improving Impact Studies of Teachers’ Professional Development: Toward Better Conceptualizations and Measures. Educational Researcher, 38(3), 181-199. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X08331140
  • DeVellis, R. F. (2016). Scale development: theory and applications. Londra: SAGE Publications.
  • Easton, L. B. (2008). From Professional Development to Professional Learning. Phi Delta Kappan, 89(10), 755-761. https://doi.org/10.1177/003172170808901014
  • Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. (3. Baskı). Londra: Sage publications.
  • Gorsuch, R. L. (1983). Factor analysis (2. baskı). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Guskey, T. R. (2002). Professional Development and Teacher Change. Teachers and Teaching, 8(3), 381–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/135406002100000512
  • Gümüş, S. , Apaydın, Ç. ve Bellibaş, M. Ş. (2018). Öğretmen mesleki öğrenme ölçeğinin türkçeye uyarlanması: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması . Eğitim ve İnsani Bilimler Dergisi: Teori ve Uygulama, 9 (17) , 107-124.
  • Henson, R. K., & Roberts, J. K. (2006). Use of Exploratory Factor Analysis in Published Research: Common Errors and Some Comment on Improved Practice. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(3), 393-416. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282485
  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Iacobucci, D. (2010). Structural equations modeling: Fit indices, sample size, and advanced topics. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 20(1), 90-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2009.09.003
  • Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The Application of Electronic Computers to Factor Analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 141-151. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000116
  • Kelly, C. L., Brock, L. L., Swanson, J. D., & Russell, L. W. (2022). Teacher engagement scale for professional development. Journal of Educational Issues, 8(1), 261–278. https://doi.org/10.5296/jei.v8i1.19636
  • Kılınç, H. H., & Yenen, E. T. (2021). Öğretmenlerin mesleki gelişim öz yeterlikleri ölçeği geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 25(2), 455-468.
  • Kline, R. B. (2011). Convergence of structural equation modeling and multilevel modeling. M. Williams ve W. P. Vogt (Ed.), The sage handbook of ınnovation in social research methods içinde (s. 562-589). Londra: SAGE Publications.
  • Kolb, D. A. (2014). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. FT press.
  • Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge University press.
  • Liu, S., Hallinger, P., & Feng, D. (2016). Supporting the professional learning of teachers in China: Does principal leadership make a difference? Teaching and Teacher Education, 59, 79–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2016.05.023
  • Mahat, M., & Loh, C. E. (2024). Teachers’ changing perspectives of their spatial competencies: A case study of professional learning in Singapore. Teaching and Teacher Education, 152, 104797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2024.104797
  • OECD (2009), The professional development of teachers. Creating effective teaching and learning environments: first results from TALIS içinde (s. 48-86). Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • Özer, B. (2005). Ortaöğretim öğretmenlerinin mesleki gelişime ilgisi. Eğitim Bilimleri ve Uygulama, 4(8), 44-58.
  • Özer, B. (2008). Öğretmenlerin mesleki gelişimi. A. Hakan (Ed.), Öğretmenlik meslek bilgisi alanındaki gelişmeler içinde (195– 216). Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Açıköğretim Fakültesi.
  • Pallant, J. (2013). SPSS survival manual. İngiltere: McGraw-hill education.
  • Rose, J. & Reynolds, D. (2006). Teachers’ continuing professional development: A new approach. 20th Annual World International Congress for Effectiveness and Improvement, Slovenya, s. 219-240.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H. & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of psychological research online, 8(2), 23-74.
  • Sharma, S., Mukherjee, S., Kumar, A., & Dillon, W. R. (2005). A simulation study to investigate the use of cutoff values for assessing model fit in covariance structure models. Journal of Business Research, 58(7), 935-943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2003.10.007
  • Sümer, N. (2000). Yapisal Eşitlik Modelleri: Temel Kavramlar ve Örnek Uygulamalar [Structural Equation Modeling: Basic Concepts and Applications]. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 3(6), 49–74.
  • Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2020). Using multivariate statistics. ABD: Pearson.
  • Tammets, K., & Ley, T. (2023). Integrating AI tools in teacher professional learning: A conceptual model and illustrative case. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 6, 1255089. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2023.1255089
  • Tanaka, J. S. (1987). “How Big Is Big Enough?”: Sample Size and Goodness of Fit in Structural Equation Models with Latent Variables. Child Development, 58(1), 134–146. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130296
  • Timperley, H. (2011). Realizing the power of professional learning. İngiltere: Open University Press.
  • Trevisan, O., Christensen, R., Drossel, K., Friesen, S., Forkosh-Baruch, A., & Phillips, M. (2024). Drivers of digital realities for ongoing teacher professional learning. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 29, 1851–1868. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-024-09771-0
  • Ventista, O. M., & Brown, C. (2023). Teachers’ professional learning and its impact on students’ learning outcomes: Findings from a systematic review. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 8(1), 100565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2023.100565
  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: H arvard University Press. Wheaton, B., Muthén, B., Alwin, D. F., & Summers, G. F. (1977). Assessing Reliability and Stability in Panel Models. Sociological Methodology, 8, 84–136. https://doi.org/10.2307/270754
  • World Bank (2018). World development report 2018: learning to realize education’s promise. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • Worthington, R. L. & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806-838. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006288127
  • Xu, T., Gao, Q., Ge, X., & Lu, J. (2024). The relationship between social media and professional learning from the perspective of pre-service teachers: A survey. Education and Information Technologies, 29, 2067–2092. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11861-y

Öğretmenlere Yönelik Mesleki Öğrenme Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 1065 - 1089, 27.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.18039/ajesi.1678751

Abstract

Bu çalışma, öğretmenlerin mesleki öğrenme süreçlerini ölçmek için geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Nicel araştırma yöntemiyle yürütülen çalışma, betimsel tarama modeline dayalı olarak tasarlanmış ve ölçek geliştirme sürecinin sistematik aşamaları izlenmiştir. Bu aşamalar; alanyazın taraması, madde havuzu oluşturma, uzman görüşlerinin alınması, pilot uygulama ve yapısal geçerlik analizlerini içermektedir. Alanyazın taraması ve öğretmen görüşmeleri doğrultusunda başlangıçta 75 maddelik bir madde havuzu oluşturulmuştur. Uzman değerlendirmeleri sonrasında ölçek 50 maddeye indirilmiştir. Çalışmanın katılımcılarını, maksimum çeşitlilik ve uygun örnekleme yöntemleri birlikte kullanılarak belirlenen, Türkiye’nin farklı illerinden ve öğretmenlik alanlarından toplam 533 öğretmen oluşturmaktadır. Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) için 332, Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) için ise 201 öğretmenden veri toplanmıştır. AFA sonuçları, ölçeğin toplam varyansın %69,45’ini açıklayan tek faktörlü bir yapıya sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Düşük faktör yüküne sahip maddeler çıkarılarak ölçek 46 maddeye indirilmiştir. DFA analizleri modelin yapısını doğrulamış ve uyum indeksleri kabul edilebilir sınırların yakınında bulunmuştur. Güvenirlik analizi sonuçları, ölçeğin Cronbach Alfa katsayısının .99 olduğunu göstermiş ve iç tutarlılığın oldukça yüksek olduğunu kanıtlamıştır. Bu bulgular, geliştirilen ölçeğin öğretmenlerin mesleki öğrenme süreçlerini değerlendirmek için geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Ölçek, mesleki öğrenmenin çeşitli yönlerini kapsayan bir araç sunmakta ve farklı öğretim alanlarında uygulanabilir niteliktedir.

References

  • Avalos, B. (2011). Teacher professional development in Teaching and Teacher Education over ten years. Teaching and Teacher Education, 27(1), 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2010.08.007
  • Bellibaş, M. Ş., Kılınç, A. Ç., & Polatcan, M. (2021). The moderation role of transformational leadership in the effect of instructional leadership on teacher professional learning and instructional practice: An integrated leadership perspective. Educational Administration Quarterly, 57(5), 776–814. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X211035079
  • Burroughs, N., Gardner, J., Lee, Y., Guo, S., Touitou, I., Jansen, K., & Schmidt, W. (2019). A review of the literature on teacher effectiveness and student outcomes. In Teaching for Excellence and Equity. IEA Research for Education (Vol. 6, pp. 7–17). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16151-4_2
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2004). Veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Yayıncılık.
  • Cattell, R. B. (1988). The meaning and strategic use of factor analysis. Handbook of multivariate experimental psychology içinde (s. 131-203). Boston, MA.: Springer.
  • Cohen, L., Manion, L. & Morrison, K. (2017). Research Methods in Education (8. baskı). Londra: Routledge.
  • Darling-Hammond, L., Hyler, M. E. & Gardner, M. (2017). Effective teacher professional development. Palo Alto, CA: Learning Policy Institute.
  • Day, C. (1999) Developing teachers: the challenges of lifelong learning. Londra: Falmer Press.
  • Desimone, L. M. (2009). Improving Impact Studies of Teachers’ Professional Development: Toward Better Conceptualizations and Measures. Educational Researcher, 38(3), 181-199. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X08331140
  • DeVellis, R. F. (2016). Scale development: theory and applications. Londra: SAGE Publications.
  • Easton, L. B. (2008). From Professional Development to Professional Learning. Phi Delta Kappan, 89(10), 755-761. https://doi.org/10.1177/003172170808901014
  • Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. (3. Baskı). Londra: Sage publications.
  • Gorsuch, R. L. (1983). Factor analysis (2. baskı). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Guskey, T. R. (2002). Professional Development and Teacher Change. Teachers and Teaching, 8(3), 381–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/135406002100000512
  • Gümüş, S. , Apaydın, Ç. ve Bellibaş, M. Ş. (2018). Öğretmen mesleki öğrenme ölçeğinin türkçeye uyarlanması: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması . Eğitim ve İnsani Bilimler Dergisi: Teori ve Uygulama, 9 (17) , 107-124.
  • Henson, R. K., & Roberts, J. K. (2006). Use of Exploratory Factor Analysis in Published Research: Common Errors and Some Comment on Improved Practice. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(3), 393-416. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282485
  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Iacobucci, D. (2010). Structural equations modeling: Fit indices, sample size, and advanced topics. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 20(1), 90-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2009.09.003
  • Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The Application of Electronic Computers to Factor Analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 141-151. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000116
  • Kelly, C. L., Brock, L. L., Swanson, J. D., & Russell, L. W. (2022). Teacher engagement scale for professional development. Journal of Educational Issues, 8(1), 261–278. https://doi.org/10.5296/jei.v8i1.19636
  • Kılınç, H. H., & Yenen, E. T. (2021). Öğretmenlerin mesleki gelişim öz yeterlikleri ölçeği geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 25(2), 455-468.
  • Kline, R. B. (2011). Convergence of structural equation modeling and multilevel modeling. M. Williams ve W. P. Vogt (Ed.), The sage handbook of ınnovation in social research methods içinde (s. 562-589). Londra: SAGE Publications.
  • Kolb, D. A. (2014). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. FT press.
  • Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge University press.
  • Liu, S., Hallinger, P., & Feng, D. (2016). Supporting the professional learning of teachers in China: Does principal leadership make a difference? Teaching and Teacher Education, 59, 79–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2016.05.023
  • Mahat, M., & Loh, C. E. (2024). Teachers’ changing perspectives of their spatial competencies: A case study of professional learning in Singapore. Teaching and Teacher Education, 152, 104797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2024.104797
  • OECD (2009), The professional development of teachers. Creating effective teaching and learning environments: first results from TALIS içinde (s. 48-86). Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • Özer, B. (2005). Ortaöğretim öğretmenlerinin mesleki gelişime ilgisi. Eğitim Bilimleri ve Uygulama, 4(8), 44-58.
  • Özer, B. (2008). Öğretmenlerin mesleki gelişimi. A. Hakan (Ed.), Öğretmenlik meslek bilgisi alanındaki gelişmeler içinde (195– 216). Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Açıköğretim Fakültesi.
  • Pallant, J. (2013). SPSS survival manual. İngiltere: McGraw-hill education.
  • Rose, J. & Reynolds, D. (2006). Teachers’ continuing professional development: A new approach. 20th Annual World International Congress for Effectiveness and Improvement, Slovenya, s. 219-240.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H. & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of psychological research online, 8(2), 23-74.
  • Sharma, S., Mukherjee, S., Kumar, A., & Dillon, W. R. (2005). A simulation study to investigate the use of cutoff values for assessing model fit in covariance structure models. Journal of Business Research, 58(7), 935-943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2003.10.007
  • Sümer, N. (2000). Yapisal Eşitlik Modelleri: Temel Kavramlar ve Örnek Uygulamalar [Structural Equation Modeling: Basic Concepts and Applications]. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 3(6), 49–74.
  • Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2020). Using multivariate statistics. ABD: Pearson.
  • Tammets, K., & Ley, T. (2023). Integrating AI tools in teacher professional learning: A conceptual model and illustrative case. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 6, 1255089. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2023.1255089
  • Tanaka, J. S. (1987). “How Big Is Big Enough?”: Sample Size and Goodness of Fit in Structural Equation Models with Latent Variables. Child Development, 58(1), 134–146. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130296
  • Timperley, H. (2011). Realizing the power of professional learning. İngiltere: Open University Press.
  • Trevisan, O., Christensen, R., Drossel, K., Friesen, S., Forkosh-Baruch, A., & Phillips, M. (2024). Drivers of digital realities for ongoing teacher professional learning. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 29, 1851–1868. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-024-09771-0
  • Ventista, O. M., & Brown, C. (2023). Teachers’ professional learning and its impact on students’ learning outcomes: Findings from a systematic review. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 8(1), 100565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2023.100565
  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: H arvard University Press. Wheaton, B., Muthén, B., Alwin, D. F., & Summers, G. F. (1977). Assessing Reliability and Stability in Panel Models. Sociological Methodology, 8, 84–136. https://doi.org/10.2307/270754
  • World Bank (2018). World development report 2018: learning to realize education’s promise. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • Worthington, R. L. & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806-838. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006288127
  • Xu, T., Gao, Q., Ge, X., & Lu, J. (2024). The relationship between social media and professional learning from the perspective of pre-service teachers: A survey. Education and Information Technologies, 29, 2067–2092. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11861-y
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Teacher Education and Professional Development of Educators
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Yaprak Alagöz Hamzaj 0000-0002-3437-4807

Meral Güven 0000-0002-4139-729X

Publication Date September 27, 2025
Submission Date April 17, 2025
Acceptance Date September 18, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 15 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Alagöz Hamzaj, Y., & Güven, M. (2025). Öğretmenlere Yönelik Mesleki Öğrenme Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International, 15(3), 1065-1089. https://doi.org/10.18039/ajesi.1678751
AMA Alagöz Hamzaj Y, Güven M. Öğretmenlere Yönelik Mesleki Öğrenme Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. AJESI. September 2025;15(3):1065-1089. doi:10.18039/ajesi.1678751
Chicago Alagöz Hamzaj, Yaprak, and Meral Güven. “Öğretmenlere Yönelik Mesleki Öğrenme Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik Ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International 15, no. 3 (September 2025): 1065-89. https://doi.org/10.18039/ajesi.1678751.
EndNote Alagöz Hamzaj Y, Güven M (September 1, 2025) Öğretmenlere Yönelik Mesleki Öğrenme Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International 15 3 1065–1089.
IEEE Y. Alagöz Hamzaj and M. Güven, “Öğretmenlere Yönelik Mesleki Öğrenme Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”, AJESI, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 1065–1089, 2025, doi: 10.18039/ajesi.1678751.
ISNAD Alagöz Hamzaj, Yaprak - Güven, Meral. “Öğretmenlere Yönelik Mesleki Öğrenme Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik Ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International 15/3 (September2025), 1065-1089. https://doi.org/10.18039/ajesi.1678751.
JAMA Alagöz Hamzaj Y, Güven M. Öğretmenlere Yönelik Mesleki Öğrenme Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. AJESI. 2025;15:1065–1089.
MLA Alagöz Hamzaj, Yaprak and Meral Güven. “Öğretmenlere Yönelik Mesleki Öğrenme Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik Ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”. Anadolu Journal of Educational Sciences International, vol. 15, no. 3, 2025, pp. 1065-89, doi:10.18039/ajesi.1678751.
Vancouver Alagöz Hamzaj Y, Güven M. Öğretmenlere Yönelik Mesleki Öğrenme Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. AJESI. 2025;15(3):1065-89.