Tarımsal Atıklardan Selüloz Nanokristallerinin Eldesi, Karakteristik Özellikleri ve Uygulama Alanları

Year 2019, , 140 - 148, 26.03.2019

Seda Bilek Arzu Yalçın Melikoğlu Serap Cesur

https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.544980

Cited By: 4

Abstract

Selüloz
nanokristalleri 5-70 nm çapında, 100 nm ile birkaç mikrometre boyutunda, kristallik
derecesi yüksek, çubuk şeklinde parçacıklar olup, lignoselülozik hammadde
kaynaklarından elde edilmektedir. Son yıllarda selüloz nanokristallerinin
eldesinde, tarım ürünlerinin işlenmesi sırasında ortaya çıkan kök, sap, saman,
yaprak ve kabuk vb. atıkların lignoselülozik hammadde kaynağı olarak
kullanımının ekonomik ve çevresel nedenlerden dolayı hız kazandığı
görülmektedir. Mısır koçanı, şeker kamışı küspesi, pirinç ve buğday samanı vb.
tarımsal atıklardan selüloz nanokristallerinin eldesi; (i) ön işlemler-yıkama,
öğütme (ii) saflaştırma (hemiselüloz ve ligninin uzaklaştırılması) ve saf
selüloz liflerinin eldesi, (iii) kimyasallarla muamele-asit hidrolizi olmak
üzere üç temel adımda gerçekleştirilmektedir. Selüloz nanokristallerin karakteristik
özelliklerinin elde edildiği bitkinin türüne, ekstraksiyon koşullarına bağlı
olarak değiştiği bilinmektedir. Selüloz nanokristalleri kompozit malzemelerin
üretiminde sentetik takviye ajanlarına alternatif, malzemenin mekaniksel ve
bariyer özelliklerinin geliştirilmesine katkı sağlayan, doğada kendiliğinden
bozunan, yenilenebilir bir malzemedir. Bu nedenle gıda ambalaj sektörü,
otomotiv ve ilaçbilim başta olmak üzere, endüstrinin birçok dalındaki
uygulamalar için sürdürülebilir ve çevre dostu bir malzeme olarak hizmet eder. Bu
makalede; tarımsal ürünlerden selüloz nanokristallerinin eldesi, hammadde
kaynağının karakterizasyon özelliklerine etkisi ve uygulamalarının incelendiği
çalışmalar incelenmiştir.

Keywords

Tarımsal atıklar, Selüloz, Selüloz nanokristalleri, Selüloz saflaştırma, Kimyasal hidroliz

Production of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Agricultural Waste, Their Characteristics and Application Areas

Abstract

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNs)
are rod-shaped particles with a high degree of
crystallinity that can be measured from 100 nm up to several micrometers, and
can have a diameter of between 5 to 70 nm. CNs can be obtained from lignocellulosic raw materials.
In recent years, agricultural wastes such as roots, stems, straw, leaf and skin
of agricultural products have been used as a lignocellulosic raw material
source for the production of CNs. New sources have been significantly increased due to the economic and environmental
reasons. The production of CNs from agricultural waste such as corn cob,
bagasse, rice and wheat straw, etc. is carried out mostly in three main steps:
(i) pretreatment – washing, milling, (ii) purification – the removal of
hemicellulose and lignin, and the isolation of pure cellulose fibers, and (iii)
chemical treatment (acid hydrolysis). The properties of CNs vary depending on
their source and extraction conditions. CNs are edible and self-degradable, and can be used
as an alternative to synthetic reinforcing agents in the production of
composite materials, while also contributing to the improvement of the
mechanical and barrier properties of materials. Therefore, they can be served
as a sustainable and environmentally friendly material for various applications
in a large number of industrial areas such as food packaging, automobile and
pharmaceuticals. In this article, the production of CNs from agricultural products, the effect of raw
material sources on the properties of CNs and their applications in different areas are investigated.

Keywords

Agricultural wastes, Cellulose, Cellulose nanocrystals, Cellulose purification, Chemical hydrolysis

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