Phytases: Their Effects on Environment, Nutritional and Biotechnological Importance

Year 2018, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 109 - 119, 23.04.2018

Derya Berikten Merih Kıvanç

https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.417903

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Phytic acid is the primary storage form of phosphate
in cereals, legumes and oilseeds, which are the principal components of animal
feeds. Because of the lack of gastrointestinal phytase enzyme, monogastric
animals and human are unable to digest phytate completely and do not benefit the
phosphate of phytates. Furthermore, phytic acid shows anti-nutritive effect
because it forms non-soluble complexes with some metal ions and proteins at physiologic
pH values that prevent their bioavailability. Because of the anti-nutritive
effect, the need for extra phosphorus addition to feeds and formation of
environmental pollution due to excretion of phosphorus in its structure that
cannot be used, de-phosphorulation of phytic acid by phytase enzyme is very
important. Industrially, phytases have to be used in various fields especially
in feed and food industries. Among phytase enzymes obtained from different
sources, microbial phytases are the most appropriate ones for industrial and
biotechnological applications. Phytases produced by thermophilic fungi have several
features such as activity at a wide pH range, high specific activity and especially
thermostability at high temperatures applied in industrial processes. So they
have very important place among microbial phytases. In this review, properties
of phytase enzyme, precautions for human nutrition and health and environment, sources
and uses of phytases are discussed.

Keywords

Phytase, Thermostable enzyme, Fungal enzyme, Phytate

Fitazlar: Çevreye Etkisi, Beslenme ve Biyoteknolojideki Önemi

Abstract

Hayvanlar
alemi için önemli besin kaynaklarından olan tahıllarda, baklagillerde ve yağlı
tohumlarda fosfatın temel depo formu fitik asittir. Basit mideli hayvanlar ve
insanlar gastrointestinal fitaz enziminden yoksun oldukları için fitatı tam
olarak parçalayamaz ve fitat fosfatından yararlanamazlar. Ayrıca, fitik asit
beslenme karşıtı bir etki de göstermektedir, çünkü bazı metal iyonları ve
proteinlerle fizyolojik pH değerlerinde çözünmeyen kompleksler oluşturarak
bunların biyolojik kullanımını engellemektedir. Beslenme karşıtı etkisi, yapısındaki
fosforun kullanılamayıp atılmasıyla oluşan çevresel kirlilik ve gıdalara ekstra
fosfor ekleme gereksinimini ortaya çıkartması sebebiyle fitik asitin fitaz
enzimleri tarafından defosforilasyonu oldukça önemlidir. Fitazlar endüstriyel
olarak özellikle yem ve gıda sanayi olmak üzere çok çeşitli alanlarda kullanıma
sahiptirler. Farklı kaynaklardan elde edilebilen fitaz enzimleri içerisinde
endüstriyel ve biyoteknolojik uygulamalar için en uygun olanları mikrobiyal
fitazlardır. Termofilik fungusların ürettiği fitazlar, geniş pH aralığında
aktif olma, yüksek spesifik aktivite ve özellikle endüstriyel proseslerde
uygulanan yüksek sıcaklıklarda aktivitesini kaybetmemesini sağlayan
termostabilite gibi özelliklere sahiptirler. Bu yüzden mikrobiyal fitazlar
arasında oldukça önemli bir yere sahiptirler. Bu derlemede, fitaz enziminin
özellikleri, beslenme, insan sağlığı, çevresel açıdan önemi ve fitaz
kaynakları, kullanıldığı alanlar ele alınmıştır.

Keywords

Fitaz, Termostabil enzimler, Fungal fitazlar, Fitat

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