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Changes in Non-essential Element Concentrations during Torba Yoghurt Production

Year 2010, Volume: 8 Issue: 4, 6 - 12, 01.08.2010

Abstract

In this study, the concentrations of non-essential elements during the manufacture of torba yoghurt were determined. Daily intakes of elements were also estimated. Quantitative determinations of these elements [aluminum Al , antimony Sb , arsenic As , boron B , beryllium Be , cadmium Cd , nickel Ni , lead Pb , silver Ag , titanium Ti , thallium Tl and vanadium V ] were performed by Varian Vista-MPX simultaneous inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer ICP-OES . For the daily intake evaluation, the weighted average for each element in milk, yoghurt and torba yoghurt was calculated, and then multiplied by the respective consumption rate. Boron was the most abundant element in all samples. Except for Be and V, the concentrations of the other elements were significantly varied during torba yoghurt-making. The total daily intakes of Al, As, Sb, Be, B, Cd, Pb, Ni, Ag, TI, Ti and V from milk and yoghurt were estimated as 0.84, 0.33, 0.28, 7.16x10-3, 3.39, 0.023, 0.44, 0.31, 0.054, 0.974, 0.032 and 0.155 mg, respectively

References

  • Coni, E., Bocca, B., Caroli, S., 1999. Minor and trace element content of two typical Italian sheep dairy products. Journal Dairy Research 66: 589- 598.
  • Coni, E., Bocca, A., Coppolelli. S., Caroli. S., Cavallucci, C., Marinucci, M.T., 1996. Minor and trace element content in sheep and goat milk and dairy products. Food Chemistry 57: 253-260.
  • Garcia, E.M., Lorenzo, M.L., Cabrera. C., Lopez, C., Sanchez, J., 1999. Trace element determination in different milk slurries. Journal Dairy Research 66: 569-578.
  • Güler, Z., 2007. Levels of 24 mineral elements in local goat milk, strained yoghurt and salted yoghurt (tuzlu yoğurt). Small Ruminant Research 71: 130- 137.
  • Tripathi, R.M., Raghunath, R., Sastry, V.N., Krishnamoorthy, T.M., 1999. Daily intake of heavy metals by infants though milk and milk products. The Science Total Environment 227: 185-192.
  • Hejtmankova, A., Kucerova, J., Miholova, D., Kolihova, D., Orsak, M., 2002. Levels of selected macro-and microelements in goat milk from farms in the Czech Republic. Czech Journal Animal Science 69: 253-260.
  • Santos, E.E., Lauria, D.C., Porto da Silveira, C.L., 2004. Assessment of daily intake of trace elements due to consumption of foodstuffs by adult inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro city. Science Total Environment 327: 69-79.
  • Fernandez-Lorenzo, J.R., Cocho, J.A., Rey-Goldar, M.L., Couche, M., Fraga, J.M., 1999. Alum’n’um contents of human milk, cows’ milk and infant formulas. Journal Pediat Gastro and Nutrition 28: 270-275.
  • Ikeda, M., Zhang, Z.W., Shimbo, S., Watanabe, T., Nakatsuka, H., Moon, C.S., Matsuda- Inoguchi, N., Higashikawa, K., 2000. Urban population exposure to lead and cadmium in east and south-east Asia. Science Total Environment 249: 373-384.
  • Shen, X., Yan, C., Guo, D., Wu, S., Li, S., Huang, H., Ao, L., Zhou, J., Hong, Z., Xu, J., Jin, X., Tang, J., 1998. Low level prenatal lead exposure and neurobehavioral development of children in the first year of life – A prospective study in Shanghai. Environment Research 79: 1-8.
  • Tamime, A.Y., Robinson, R.K., 2001. Yoghurt Science and Technology. CRC Press, New York, USA.
  • Anonymous, 2005. Turkish Statistical Institute. Ankara, Turkey.
  • Nergiz, C., Seçkin, K., 1998. The losses of nutrients during the production of strained (Torba) yoghurt. Food Chemistry 61: 13-16.
  • Park, Y.W., 1994. Nutrient and mineral composition of commercial US goat milk yogurts. Small Ruminant Research 13: 63-70.
  • Park, Y.W., 2000. Comparison of mineral and cholesterol composition of different commercial goat milk products manufactured in USA. Journal Dairy Science 37: 115-124.
  • Rao, D.R., Alahajalı, A., Chawan, C.B., 1987. Nutritional sensory and microbiological qualities of labneh made from goat’s milk and cow’s milk. Journal Food Science 55: 1228-1230.
  • Stelios, K., Emmanuel, A., 2004. Characteristics of set type yoghurt made from caprine or ovine milk and mixtures of the two. International Journal Food Science 39: 319-324.
  • Güler, Z., anal, H., 2009.The essential mineral concentration of Torba yoghurts and their wheys compared with yoghurt made with cows’, ewes’ and goats’ milks. Journal Food Science Nutrition 60(2):153-164.
  • Ikem, A., Nwankwoala, A., Odueyungbo, S., Nyavor, K., Egiebor, N., 2002. Levels of 26 elements in infant formula from USA, UK and Nigeria by microwave digestion and ICP-OES. Food Chemistry 77: 439-447.
  • Coni, E., Bocca, A., Ianni, D., Caroli, S. 1995. Preliminary evaluation of the factors influencing the trace element content of milk and dairy products. Food Chemistry 52: 123-130.
  • Soares, V.A., Kus, M.M., Peixoto, A.L.C., Carrocci, J.S., Salazar, R.F.S., Filho, H.J.I., 2010. Determination of nutritional and toxic elements in pasteurized bovine milk from Vale do Paraiba region (Brazil). Food Control 21: 45–49.
  • Mills, C.F., Brenner, G., Chester, J.K., 1985. Trace elements in man and animals. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Trace Elements in Man and Animals. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux: Slough.
  • Field, A.C., 1984. International Minerals & Chemical Corporation. IMCMineral Conference. Mundelein, IL.
  • Sahin, G., Aydin, A., Isimer, A., Ozalp, I., Duru, S., 1995. Aluminum content of infant formulas used in Turkey. Biologly Trace Element Research 50: 87- 88.
  • WHO. 1989. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. 33rd. Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. World Health Organization Technical Report Series, 759, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Biego, G.H., Joyeux, M., Hartemann, P., Debry, G., 1998. Daily intake of essential minerals and metalic micropollutants from foods in France. Science Total Enviroment 217: 27-36.
  • Tripathi, R.M., Mahapatra, S., Raghunath, R., Kumar, V.A., Sadasivan, S., 2002. Daily intake of aluminum by adult population of Mumbai. Indiana Science Total Environment 299: 73-77.
  • Walker, M., 2000. Known contaminants found in infant formula. Mothering 100: 67-70.
  • American Academy of Pediatrics. 1996. American Academy of Pediatricts (AAP)- aluminum toxicity in infants and children. Pediatrics 97: 413-416.
  • American Dietetic Association. 2000. Contamination of enteral and parenteral nutrients with aluminum. Journal of American Dietetic Association 100, 602.
  • Cava-Montesinos, P., Cervera, M.L., Pastor, A., Guardia, M., 2003. Determination of arsenic and antimony in milk by hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Talanta 60: 787-799.
  • Anonymous. 1993. The British Food Manufacturing Industries Research Association, Food Legislation Surveys No 6, Metallic contaminants in food/A survey of international prescribed limits, third ed. October 1993.
  • Clemente, G.F., Cigna, L., Rossi, G.P., 1979. Sanataroni, Nuclear Activation Techniques in Life Sciences, IAEA, Vienna.
  • imşek, O., Öksüz, Ö., Gültekin, R., Kurultay, ., 2000. The effect of environmental pollution on the heavy metal content of raw milk. Nahrung 44 (5): 360-363.
  • Ulman, C.S., Gezer, U., Anal, O., Tore, R., Kirca, U., 1998. Arsenic in human and cow's milk: a reflection of environmental pollution. Water, Air Soil Pollution 101: 411.
  • Lazarev, N.V., Gadaskin, I.D., 1977. Harmful Substances in Industry. Vol. 3, Khimia, Leningrad.
  • WHO. 2001. Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants; tin. World Health Organization. Food Additives Series No. 46. Joint FAO/WHO. Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Renner, E., 1983. Milk and Dairy Products in Human Nutrition. Germany: Volkswirtschaftlicher Verlag, München.
  • Friberg, L., Nordberg, G.F., Vook, V.B., 1986. Handbook on the toxicology of metals, 2nd edition, Elsevier Science Publisher, Amsterdam, New York, Vol. II, pp. 43-83.
  • Dabeka, R.W., McKenzie, A.D., Lacroix, G.M.A., 1987. Dietary intakes of lead, cadmium, arsenic and fluoride by Canadian adults: a 24-hour duplicate diet study. Food Add and Control 4 (1): 89-102.
  • WHO. 1990. Beryllium. Environmental Health Criteria, No.106. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Shaw, M.J., Hill, S.J., Jones, P., Nesterenk, P.N., 2000. Determination of beryllium in a stream sediment by high-performance chelation ion chromatography. Journal Chromatography A 87: 127-133.
  • Hunt, C.D., Friel, J.K., Johnson, L.K., 2004. Boron concentrations in milk from others of full-term and premature infants. American Journal Clinical Nutrition 80: 1327-1333.
  • WHO. 2003. Boron in Drinking-water. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Kazi, T.G., Memon, A.R., Afridi, H.I., Jamali, M.K., Jalbani, N., Sarfiriz, R.A., 2008. Determination of cadmium in whole blood and scalp hair samples of Pakistani male lung cancer patients by electro thermal atomic absorption spectrometer. Science Total Environment 389: 270-276.
  • Trzcinka-Ochocka, M., Razniewska, G., Halatek, T., Gazewski, A., 2004. The effects of environmental cadmium exposure on kidney function: the possible influence of age. Environment Research 95, 143–150. M.
  • Baird, C., 2002. Química ambiental (pp. 402–433). Porto Alegre: Bookman.
  • Tajkarimi, M., Faghih, M.A., Poursoltani, H., Nejad, A.S., Motallebi, A.A., Mahdavi, H., 2008. Lead residue levels in raw milk from different regions of Iran. Food Control 19(5): 495-498.
  • Turkish Food Codex. 1997. Regulation of Turkish Food Codex. Number: 23172. Ankara. 1-224
  • Gunshin, H., Yoshikawa, M., Doudou, T., Kato, N., 1985. Trace elements in human milk, cow’s milk and infant formula. Agricultural Biology Chemistry 40: 21-26.
  • Gibson, R.S., Scythes, C.A., 1984. Chromium, selenium and other trace element intake of a selected sample of Canadian premenopausal women. Biology Trace Element Research 6: 105.
  • Nordberg, G.F., Gerhardsson, L.S., 1988. Handbook on the toxicity of inorganic compounds. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker.
  • An, J., Zhang, M., Wang, S., Tang, J., 2008. Physical, chemical and microbiological changes in stored green asparagus spears as affected by coating of silver nanoparticles-PVP. LWT 41: 1100- 1107.
  • Sherlock, J.C., Smart, G.A., 1986. Thallium in food and the diet, Food Additive Contaminat 363-370: 9-15.
  • WHO. 2006. Elemental speciation in human health risk assessment, Environmental Health Criteria 234. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Leonard, A., Gerber, G.B., 1997. Mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and teratogenicity of thallium compounds. Mutation Research 387: 47-53.
  • Peter, A.L., Viraraghavan, T., 2005. Thallium: a review of public health and environmental concerns. Environment International 31: 493-501.
  • López-García, I., Vinas, P., Romero-Romero, R., Hernández-Córdoba, M., 2009. Ion-exchange preconcentration and determination of vanadium in milk samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Talanta 78: 1458-1463.
  • Campbell, A., Becaria, A., Lahiri, D.K., Sharman, K., Bondy, S.C., 2004. Chronic exposure to aluminum in parameters selectively in the brain. Journal Neurology Research 75: 565-572. inflammatory

Torba Yoğurdu Üretimi Sırasında Esansiyel Olmayan Elementlerin Konsantrasyonlarındaki Değişimler

Year 2010, Volume: 8 Issue: 4, 6 - 12, 01.08.2010

Abstract

Çalışmada, torba yoğurt üretimi sırasında esansiyel olmayan elementlerin konsantrasyonları belirlenmiş ve bu elementlerin günlük alımları hesaplanmıştır. Elementlerin [alüminyum Al , antimum Sb , arsenik As , bor B , berilyum Be , kadmiyum Cd , nikel Ni , kurşun Pb , gümüş Ag , titanyum Ti , talyum Tl ve vanadyum V ] belirlenmesi, Varian Vista-MPX indüktif eşleşmiş plazma optik atomik emisyon spektrometresi ICP-OES ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Süt, yoğurt, torba yoğurt ve serumda en fazla belirlenen element Bor B olmuştur. Be ve V hariç diğer elementlerin miktarı torba yoğurt üretimi sırasında önemli düzeyde değişmiştir P

References

  • Coni, E., Bocca, B., Caroli, S., 1999. Minor and trace element content of two typical Italian sheep dairy products. Journal Dairy Research 66: 589- 598.
  • Coni, E., Bocca, A., Coppolelli. S., Caroli. S., Cavallucci, C., Marinucci, M.T., 1996. Minor and trace element content in sheep and goat milk and dairy products. Food Chemistry 57: 253-260.
  • Garcia, E.M., Lorenzo, M.L., Cabrera. C., Lopez, C., Sanchez, J., 1999. Trace element determination in different milk slurries. Journal Dairy Research 66: 569-578.
  • Güler, Z., 2007. Levels of 24 mineral elements in local goat milk, strained yoghurt and salted yoghurt (tuzlu yoğurt). Small Ruminant Research 71: 130- 137.
  • Tripathi, R.M., Raghunath, R., Sastry, V.N., Krishnamoorthy, T.M., 1999. Daily intake of heavy metals by infants though milk and milk products. The Science Total Environment 227: 185-192.
  • Hejtmankova, A., Kucerova, J., Miholova, D., Kolihova, D., Orsak, M., 2002. Levels of selected macro-and microelements in goat milk from farms in the Czech Republic. Czech Journal Animal Science 69: 253-260.
  • Santos, E.E., Lauria, D.C., Porto da Silveira, C.L., 2004. Assessment of daily intake of trace elements due to consumption of foodstuffs by adult inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro city. Science Total Environment 327: 69-79.
  • Fernandez-Lorenzo, J.R., Cocho, J.A., Rey-Goldar, M.L., Couche, M., Fraga, J.M., 1999. Alum’n’um contents of human milk, cows’ milk and infant formulas. Journal Pediat Gastro and Nutrition 28: 270-275.
  • Ikeda, M., Zhang, Z.W., Shimbo, S., Watanabe, T., Nakatsuka, H., Moon, C.S., Matsuda- Inoguchi, N., Higashikawa, K., 2000. Urban population exposure to lead and cadmium in east and south-east Asia. Science Total Environment 249: 373-384.
  • Shen, X., Yan, C., Guo, D., Wu, S., Li, S., Huang, H., Ao, L., Zhou, J., Hong, Z., Xu, J., Jin, X., Tang, J., 1998. Low level prenatal lead exposure and neurobehavioral development of children in the first year of life – A prospective study in Shanghai. Environment Research 79: 1-8.
  • Tamime, A.Y., Robinson, R.K., 2001. Yoghurt Science and Technology. CRC Press, New York, USA.
  • Anonymous, 2005. Turkish Statistical Institute. Ankara, Turkey.
  • Nergiz, C., Seçkin, K., 1998. The losses of nutrients during the production of strained (Torba) yoghurt. Food Chemistry 61: 13-16.
  • Park, Y.W., 1994. Nutrient and mineral composition of commercial US goat milk yogurts. Small Ruminant Research 13: 63-70.
  • Park, Y.W., 2000. Comparison of mineral and cholesterol composition of different commercial goat milk products manufactured in USA. Journal Dairy Science 37: 115-124.
  • Rao, D.R., Alahajalı, A., Chawan, C.B., 1987. Nutritional sensory and microbiological qualities of labneh made from goat’s milk and cow’s milk. Journal Food Science 55: 1228-1230.
  • Stelios, K., Emmanuel, A., 2004. Characteristics of set type yoghurt made from caprine or ovine milk and mixtures of the two. International Journal Food Science 39: 319-324.
  • Güler, Z., anal, H., 2009.The essential mineral concentration of Torba yoghurts and their wheys compared with yoghurt made with cows’, ewes’ and goats’ milks. Journal Food Science Nutrition 60(2):153-164.
  • Ikem, A., Nwankwoala, A., Odueyungbo, S., Nyavor, K., Egiebor, N., 2002. Levels of 26 elements in infant formula from USA, UK and Nigeria by microwave digestion and ICP-OES. Food Chemistry 77: 439-447.
  • Coni, E., Bocca, A., Ianni, D., Caroli, S. 1995. Preliminary evaluation of the factors influencing the trace element content of milk and dairy products. Food Chemistry 52: 123-130.
  • Soares, V.A., Kus, M.M., Peixoto, A.L.C., Carrocci, J.S., Salazar, R.F.S., Filho, H.J.I., 2010. Determination of nutritional and toxic elements in pasteurized bovine milk from Vale do Paraiba region (Brazil). Food Control 21: 45–49.
  • Mills, C.F., Brenner, G., Chester, J.K., 1985. Trace elements in man and animals. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Trace Elements in Man and Animals. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux: Slough.
  • Field, A.C., 1984. International Minerals & Chemical Corporation. IMCMineral Conference. Mundelein, IL.
  • Sahin, G., Aydin, A., Isimer, A., Ozalp, I., Duru, S., 1995. Aluminum content of infant formulas used in Turkey. Biologly Trace Element Research 50: 87- 88.
  • WHO. 1989. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. 33rd. Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. World Health Organization Technical Report Series, 759, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Biego, G.H., Joyeux, M., Hartemann, P., Debry, G., 1998. Daily intake of essential minerals and metalic micropollutants from foods in France. Science Total Enviroment 217: 27-36.
  • Tripathi, R.M., Mahapatra, S., Raghunath, R., Kumar, V.A., Sadasivan, S., 2002. Daily intake of aluminum by adult population of Mumbai. Indiana Science Total Environment 299: 73-77.
  • Walker, M., 2000. Known contaminants found in infant formula. Mothering 100: 67-70.
  • American Academy of Pediatrics. 1996. American Academy of Pediatricts (AAP)- aluminum toxicity in infants and children. Pediatrics 97: 413-416.
  • American Dietetic Association. 2000. Contamination of enteral and parenteral nutrients with aluminum. Journal of American Dietetic Association 100, 602.
  • Cava-Montesinos, P., Cervera, M.L., Pastor, A., Guardia, M., 2003. Determination of arsenic and antimony in milk by hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Talanta 60: 787-799.
  • Anonymous. 1993. The British Food Manufacturing Industries Research Association, Food Legislation Surveys No 6, Metallic contaminants in food/A survey of international prescribed limits, third ed. October 1993.
  • Clemente, G.F., Cigna, L., Rossi, G.P., 1979. Sanataroni, Nuclear Activation Techniques in Life Sciences, IAEA, Vienna.
  • imşek, O., Öksüz, Ö., Gültekin, R., Kurultay, ., 2000. The effect of environmental pollution on the heavy metal content of raw milk. Nahrung 44 (5): 360-363.
  • Ulman, C.S., Gezer, U., Anal, O., Tore, R., Kirca, U., 1998. Arsenic in human and cow's milk: a reflection of environmental pollution. Water, Air Soil Pollution 101: 411.
  • Lazarev, N.V., Gadaskin, I.D., 1977. Harmful Substances in Industry. Vol. 3, Khimia, Leningrad.
  • WHO. 2001. Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants; tin. World Health Organization. Food Additives Series No. 46. Joint FAO/WHO. Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Renner, E., 1983. Milk and Dairy Products in Human Nutrition. Germany: Volkswirtschaftlicher Verlag, München.
  • Friberg, L., Nordberg, G.F., Vook, V.B., 1986. Handbook on the toxicology of metals, 2nd edition, Elsevier Science Publisher, Amsterdam, New York, Vol. II, pp. 43-83.
  • Dabeka, R.W., McKenzie, A.D., Lacroix, G.M.A., 1987. Dietary intakes of lead, cadmium, arsenic and fluoride by Canadian adults: a 24-hour duplicate diet study. Food Add and Control 4 (1): 89-102.
  • WHO. 1990. Beryllium. Environmental Health Criteria, No.106. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Shaw, M.J., Hill, S.J., Jones, P., Nesterenk, P.N., 2000. Determination of beryllium in a stream sediment by high-performance chelation ion chromatography. Journal Chromatography A 87: 127-133.
  • Hunt, C.D., Friel, J.K., Johnson, L.K., 2004. Boron concentrations in milk from others of full-term and premature infants. American Journal Clinical Nutrition 80: 1327-1333.
  • WHO. 2003. Boron in Drinking-water. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Kazi, T.G., Memon, A.R., Afridi, H.I., Jamali, M.K., Jalbani, N., Sarfiriz, R.A., 2008. Determination of cadmium in whole blood and scalp hair samples of Pakistani male lung cancer patients by electro thermal atomic absorption spectrometer. Science Total Environment 389: 270-276.
  • Trzcinka-Ochocka, M., Razniewska, G., Halatek, T., Gazewski, A., 2004. The effects of environmental cadmium exposure on kidney function: the possible influence of age. Environment Research 95, 143–150. M.
  • Baird, C., 2002. Química ambiental (pp. 402–433). Porto Alegre: Bookman.
  • Tajkarimi, M., Faghih, M.A., Poursoltani, H., Nejad, A.S., Motallebi, A.A., Mahdavi, H., 2008. Lead residue levels in raw milk from different regions of Iran. Food Control 19(5): 495-498.
  • Turkish Food Codex. 1997. Regulation of Turkish Food Codex. Number: 23172. Ankara. 1-224
  • Gunshin, H., Yoshikawa, M., Doudou, T., Kato, N., 1985. Trace elements in human milk, cow’s milk and infant formula. Agricultural Biology Chemistry 40: 21-26.
  • Gibson, R.S., Scythes, C.A., 1984. Chromium, selenium and other trace element intake of a selected sample of Canadian premenopausal women. Biology Trace Element Research 6: 105.
  • Nordberg, G.F., Gerhardsson, L.S., 1988. Handbook on the toxicity of inorganic compounds. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker.
  • An, J., Zhang, M., Wang, S., Tang, J., 2008. Physical, chemical and microbiological changes in stored green asparagus spears as affected by coating of silver nanoparticles-PVP. LWT 41: 1100- 1107.
  • Sherlock, J.C., Smart, G.A., 1986. Thallium in food and the diet, Food Additive Contaminat 363-370: 9-15.
  • WHO. 2006. Elemental speciation in human health risk assessment, Environmental Health Criteria 234. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Leonard, A., Gerber, G.B., 1997. Mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and teratogenicity of thallium compounds. Mutation Research 387: 47-53.
  • Peter, A.L., Viraraghavan, T., 2005. Thallium: a review of public health and environmental concerns. Environment International 31: 493-501.
  • López-García, I., Vinas, P., Romero-Romero, R., Hernández-Córdoba, M., 2009. Ion-exchange preconcentration and determination of vanadium in milk samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Talanta 78: 1458-1463.
  • Campbell, A., Becaria, A., Lahiri, D.K., Sharman, K., Bondy, S.C., 2004. Chronic exposure to aluminum in parameters selectively in the brain. Journal Neurology Research 75: 565-572. inflammatory
There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Hasan Şanal This is me

Zehra Güler This is me

Publication Date August 1, 2010
Published in Issue Year 2010 Volume: 8 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Şanal, H., & Güler, Z. (2010). Changes in Non-essential Element Concentrations during Torba Yoghurt Production. Akademik Gıda, 8(4), 6-12.
AMA Şanal H, Güler Z. Changes in Non-essential Element Concentrations during Torba Yoghurt Production. Akademik Gıda. August 2010;8(4):6-12.
Chicago Şanal, Hasan, and Zehra Güler. “Changes in Non-Essential Element Concentrations During Torba Yoghurt Production”. Akademik Gıda 8, no. 4 (August 2010): 6-12.
EndNote Şanal H, Güler Z (August 1, 2010) Changes in Non-essential Element Concentrations during Torba Yoghurt Production. Akademik Gıda 8 4 6–12.
IEEE H. Şanal and Z. Güler, “Changes in Non-essential Element Concentrations during Torba Yoghurt Production”, Akademik Gıda, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 6–12, 2010.
ISNAD Şanal, Hasan - Güler, Zehra. “Changes in Non-Essential Element Concentrations During Torba Yoghurt Production”. Akademik Gıda 8/4 (August 2010), 6-12.
JAMA Şanal H, Güler Z. Changes in Non-essential Element Concentrations during Torba Yoghurt Production. Akademik Gıda. 2010;8:6–12.
MLA Şanal, Hasan and Zehra Güler. “Changes in Non-Essential Element Concentrations During Torba Yoghurt Production”. Akademik Gıda, vol. 8, no. 4, 2010, pp. 6-12.
Vancouver Şanal H, Güler Z. Changes in Non-essential Element Concentrations during Torba Yoghurt Production. Akademik Gıda. 2010;8(4):6-12.

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