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HUMAN RIGHTS DISCOURSE IN THE 21ST CENTURY US FOREIGN POLICY: A SELECTIVE AND PRAGMATIC APPROACH

Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 17, 1 - 28, 29.12.2021

Arif Bağbaşlıoğlu , Zeynep Betül Yavuz

Abstract

Based on the historical background, this study aims to evaluate USA’s understanding and discourse of the human rights in the 21st century, especially through the foreign policy practices of the Obama and Trump administrations. The main claim of this study is to set forth that the understanding and manifestations of human rights in US Foreign Policy proceed much more with the influence of preconceptions, prejudices, pragmatic relationship networks and eco-political determinants than with the idea of progress in a chronological evolutionary line. Hence, this situation is framed through the axis of the "pendulum model" in this study. Accordingly, the understanding and discourse of human rights in the USA progresses within the framework of negative and positive oscillations of this pendulum. Namely, regressions in human rights, and/or continuations of the status quo with respect to weak human right situations denote the negative swings of the pendulum; the advancement and development in the realm of human rights in practice resemble its positive oscillations. From the historical point of view, it can be adduced that although the US administrations tried to develop a discourse based on the development of human rights in their foreign policy practices; both Republican and Democrat administrations implemented the values and principles of human rights in foreign policy in a considerably "selective", and "pragmatic" way. Succinctly, this study places American exceptionalism as the most important reason for the contradictions and double standards in human rights discourse and praxis in US foreign policy. 

Keywords

Us Foreign Policy Human Rights American Exceptionalism Obama and Trumps Administrations

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21. YÜZYIL ABD DIŞ POLİTİKASI’NDA İNSAN HAKLARI SÖYLEMİ: SEÇİCİ VE PRAGMATİK BİR YAKLAŞIM

Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 17, 1 - 28, 29.12.2021

Arif Bağbaşlıoğlu , Zeynep Betül Yavuz

Abstract

Bu çalışma; tarihsel arka plandan hareketle, ABD’nin 21. yüzyıldaki insan hakları anlayışı ve söylemini özellikle Obama ve Trump yönetimlerinin dış politika uygulamaları üzerinden değerlendirmektedir. Bu çalışmanın temel iddiası, ABD Dış Politikası’nda insan hakları anlayışı ve tezahürlerinin kronolojik bir evrim çizgisinde ilerleme düşüncesinden daha çok ön kabuller, ön yargılar, pragmatik ilişki ağlarının ve eko-politik belirleyicilerin etkisi ile yol aldığını ortaya koymaktır. Bu durum çalışmada “sarkaç modeli” ekseninde ele alınmaktadır. Buna göre, ABD’de insan hakları anlayış ve söylemi negatif ve pozitif yöndeki salınımlar çerçevesinde ilerlemektedir. Sarkacın negatif salınımları, insan haklarındaki geriye gidişi veya statükonun devamını; pozitif salınımlar ise, insan haklarının pratikte ilerlemesini ve geliştirilmesini sağlayan faaliyetleri ve durumları ifade etmektedir. Tarihi süreç ele alındığında, her ne kadar ABD yönetimleri dış politika uygulamalarında insan haklarının geliştirilmesine dayalı bir söylem geliştirmeye çalışsalar da hem Cumhuriyetçi hem de Demokrat yönetimlerinin insan haklarını dış politikada oldukça “seçici” ve “pragmatik” bir şekilde uyguladıkları açıkça görülmektedir. Çalışma, ABD dış politikasındaki insan hakları söyleminde var olan çelişki ve çifte standartların nedenini Amerikan istisnacılığında aramaktadır. 

Keywords

ABD Dış Politikası İnsan Hakları Amerikan İstisnacılığı Obama ve Trump Yönetimleri

References

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  • Mertus, J. A. (2004). Bait and Switch - Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy. New York: Routledge.
  • Meyssan, T. (2002). Dehşetengiz Hile, İstanbul: Med Cezir Yayınları.
  • Moravcsik, A. (2005). "The Paradox of U.S. Human Rights Policy". American Exceptionalism and Human Rights, (Ed. Micheal Ignatieff). New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Nakamura D. ve Rauhala, E. (2017). "From Burma to the Philippines, Trump Largely Ignores Human Rights on Asia Trip". The Washington Post. Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/from-burma-to-the-philippines-trump-largely-ignores-human-rights-on-asia-trip/2017/11/13/27ba576a-c896-11e7-8321-481fd63f174d_story.html.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Tüm Sayı
Authors

Arif Bağbaşlıoğlu 0000-0002-8603-5014

Zeynep Betül Yavuz This is me 0000-0001-8924-5263

Publication Date December 29, 2021
Submission Date September 27, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 8 Issue: 17

Cite

APA Bağbaşlıoğlu, A., & Yavuz, Z. B. (2021). 21. YÜZYIL ABD DIŞ POLİTİKASI’NDA İNSAN HAKLARI SÖYLEMİ: SEÇİCİ VE PRAGMATİK BİR YAKLAŞIM. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 8(17), 1-28.
AMA Bağbaşlıoğlu A, Yavuz ZB. 21. YÜZYIL ABD DIŞ POLİTİKASI’NDA İNSAN HAKLARI SÖYLEMİ: SEÇİCİ VE PRAGMATİK BİR YAKLAŞIM. Akademik Hassasiyetler. December 2021;8(17):1-28.
Chicago Bağbaşlıoğlu, Arif, and Zeynep Betül Yavuz. “21. YÜZYIL ABD DIŞ POLİTİKASI’NDA İNSAN HAKLARI SÖYLEMİ: SEÇİCİ VE PRAGMATİK BİR YAKLAŞIM”. Akademik Hassasiyetler 8, no. 17 (December 2021): 1-28.
EndNote Bağbaşlıoğlu A, Yavuz ZB (December 1, 2021) 21. YÜZYIL ABD DIŞ POLİTİKASI’NDA İNSAN HAKLARI SÖYLEMİ: SEÇİCİ VE PRAGMATİK BİR YAKLAŞIM. Akademik Hassasiyetler 8 17 1–28.
IEEE A. Bağbaşlıoğlu and Z. B. Yavuz, “21. YÜZYIL ABD DIŞ POLİTİKASI’NDA İNSAN HAKLARI SÖYLEMİ: SEÇİCİ VE PRAGMATİK BİR YAKLAŞIM”, Akademik Hassasiyetler, vol. 8, no. 17, pp. 1–28, 2021.
ISNAD Bağbaşlıoğlu, Arif - Yavuz, Zeynep Betül. “21. YÜZYIL ABD DIŞ POLİTİKASI’NDA İNSAN HAKLARI SÖYLEMİ: SEÇİCİ VE PRAGMATİK BİR YAKLAŞIM”. Akademik Hassasiyetler 8/17 (December 2021), 1-28.
JAMA Bağbaşlıoğlu A, Yavuz ZB. 21. YÜZYIL ABD DIŞ POLİTİKASI’NDA İNSAN HAKLARI SÖYLEMİ: SEÇİCİ VE PRAGMATİK BİR YAKLAŞIM. Akademik Hassasiyetler. 2021;8:1–28.
MLA Bağbaşlıoğlu, Arif and Zeynep Betül Yavuz. “21. YÜZYIL ABD DIŞ POLİTİKASI’NDA İNSAN HAKLARI SÖYLEMİ: SEÇİCİ VE PRAGMATİK BİR YAKLAŞIM”. Akademik Hassasiyetler, vol. 8, no. 17, 2021, pp. 1-28.
Vancouver Bağbaşlıoğlu A, Yavuz ZB. 21. YÜZYIL ABD DIŞ POLİTİKASI’NDA İNSAN HAKLARI SÖYLEMİ: SEÇİCİ VE PRAGMATİK BİR YAKLAŞIM. Akademik Hassasiyetler. 2021;8(17):1-28.
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MAKALE DEĞERLENDİRME SÜRECİ

Yazar tarafından gönderilen bir makale, gönderim tarihinden itibaren 10 gün içinde dergi sekreteri tarafından makalenin, telif sözleşmesinin ve benzerlik raporunun (Turnitin programı) eksiksiz ve düzgün bir şekilde gönderilip gönderilmediği yönünden incelenir. İstenilen bu dosyalar eksiksiz ve düzgün bir şekilde gönderilmiş ise makale; ikinci aşamada derginin yayın çizgisine uygun olup olmadığı yönünden değerlendirilir. Bu süreçte makale yayın çizgisine uygun değilse yazara iade edilir. Makale yayın çizgisine uygun ise şablona uygun bir şekilde gönderilip gönderilmediği yönünden değerlendirilir. Şayet makale şablona uyarlanıp gönderilmemiş ise değerlendirme sürecine alınmaz. Bu süreçte yazarın derginin belirlediği şartlara uygun bir şekilde sisteme makale yüklemesi beklenir. Makale şablona uygun bir şekilde hazırlanıp gönderilmiş ise son aşamada makale derginin yayın ilkeleri, yazım kuralları, öz, abstract, extented abstract, kaynakça gösterimi vb. yönlerden incelenir. Bu ayrıntılarda makalede bir sorun varsa yazarın bu hususları tamamlaması istenir ve verilen süre içerisinde eksiksiz bir şekilde yeniden makaleyi göndermesi istenir.
Tüm bu aşamaları geçen makale, editör tarafından bilimsel yeterliliğinin denetlenmesi amacıyla ikinci 7 günlük süre içerisinde çalışmaya uygun iki hakeme değerlendirmeleri için gönderilir. Hakemlerin değerlendirme süreleri 15 gündür. Bu süre zarfında hakemlik görevini tamamlamayan bir hakem olursa ilgili hakeme değerlendirmeyi tamamlaması için 7 günlük ek süre verilebilir. Bu süre zarfında hakem görevini yerine getirmezse yerine yeni bir hakem ataması yapılır. En az iki hakemden gelen raporlar olumlu ise makale yayın aşamasına alınır. Hakem raporlarından birisi olumlu diğeri olumsuz ise makale üçüncü bir hakeme gönderilir. Üçüncü hakem raporu da olumsuz ise makale ret edilir. Üçüncü hakemin değerlendirmesi olumlu ise makaleyle ilgili hakem raporları dergi alan editörlerinden oluşan Editörler Kurulu tarafından incelenir. Makalenin yayınlanmasıyla ilgili nihai karar alan editörlerinden oluşan Editörler Kurulu tarafından verilir. Hakem raporlarının yetersiz ve tatmin etmekten uzak olması veya İngilizce editör tarafından abstract ve extented abstract’ın yetersiz görülmesi hallerinde de yine makaleyle ilgili son karar Editörler Kurulu tarafından verilir. Tüm bu aşamalardan geçen bir makale en yakın sayıya yayınlanmak üzere eklenir. İlgili sayıda yer kalmaması halinde makalenin yayımı bir sonraki sayıya kaydırılır. Bu durumda ve tüm değerlendirme sürecinde yazar isterse makalesini geri çekme hakkına sahiptir. Ancak bu durumu dergiye bildirmesi gerekir. Makale gönderim tarihinden makalenin yayına kabul tarihine kadar tüm bu işlemler için ortalama 3 aylık bir süre öngörülmektedir.