Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

HUMAN RIGHTS DISCOURSE IN THE 21ST CENTURY US FOREIGN POLICY: A SELECTIVE AND PRAGMATIC APPROACH

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 17, 1 - 28, 29.12.2021

Arif Bağbaşlıoğlu , Zeynep Betül Yavuz

Öz

Based on the historical background, this study aims to evaluate USA’s understanding and discourse of the human rights in the 21st century, especially through the foreign policy practices of the Obama and Trump administrations. The main claim of this study is to set forth that the understanding and manifestations of human rights in US Foreign Policy proceed much more with the influence of preconceptions, prejudices, pragmatic relationship networks and eco-political determinants than with the idea of progress in a chronological evolutionary line. Hence, this situation is framed through the axis of the "pendulum model" in this study. Accordingly, the understanding and discourse of human rights in the USA progresses within the framework of negative and positive oscillations of this pendulum. Namely, regressions in human rights, and/or continuations of the status quo with respect to weak human right situations denote the negative swings of the pendulum; the advancement and development in the realm of human rights in practice resemble its positive oscillations. From the historical point of view, it can be adduced that although the US administrations tried to develop a discourse based on the development of human rights in their foreign policy practices; both Republican and Democrat administrations implemented the values and principles of human rights in foreign policy in a considerably "selective", and "pragmatic" way. Succinctly, this study places American exceptionalism as the most important reason for the contradictions and double standards in human rights discourse and praxis in US foreign policy. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Us Foreign Policy Human Rights American Exceptionalism Obama and Trumps Administrations

Kaynakça

  • American Rhetoric (1941). "Franklin Delano Roosevelt-The Four Freedoms". Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/fdrthefourfreedoms.htm. Aznar, J. M. (2018). "International Linchpins of Stability". Fight for Liberty - Defending Democracy in the Age of Trump, (Ed. Mark Lasswell), New York: Public Affairs.
  • Bağbaşlıoğlu, A. (2004). ABD’nin Afganistan’a Düzenlediği Askeri Müdahalenin Hukuksal Dayanaklarının Değerlendirilmesi. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Ankara, Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Uluslararası İlişkiler Anabilim Dalı.
  • Baker, A. (2015). "Obama Arrives in Ethiopia, a Favored Ally in spite of Human Rights Abuses". Time. Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://time.com/3973009/obama-ethiopia/.
  • Beitz, C. R. (2009). The Idea of Human Rights. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Bill of Rights Institute (1776). "Declaration of Independence (1776). Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://billofrightsinstitute.org/primary-sources/declaration-of-independence.
  • Bose, M. (2019). " Appraising the Foreign Policy Legacy of the Obama Presidency". Looking Back on President Barack Obama's Legacy: Hope and Change. (Ed. Wilbur C. Rich.), Cham: Palgrave Macmillian.
  • Campbell, J. (2020). "Trump’s Africa Policy is Better Than it Looks". Council on Foreign Relations. Erişim Tarihi: 22.09.2021. https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/trumps-africa-policy-better-it-looks.
  • Chollet, D. (2016). "Obama’s Red Line, Revisited". Politico. Erişim Tarihi: 22.09.2021. https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/07/obama-syria-foreign-policy-red-line-revisited-214059.
  • Clinton, H. (2011). “America’s Pacific Century.” Foreign Policy. 189. ss. 56-63.
  • Cole, D. (2016). "Obama’s Civil Rights Legacy—and Ours". The Nation. Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/obamas-civil-rights-legacy-and-ours/.
  • Corsi, J. R. (2008). The Obama Nation - Leftist Politics and the Cult of Personality. New York, Threshold Editions.
  • De la Fuentei, E. (2017). "U.S. Foreign Policy Towards Latin America Under Trump: Beyond Business as Usual". Developing Ideas, Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://ideas.llorenteycuenca.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2017/07/170720_DI_Report_Foreign_Policy_US_LATAM_ENG-1.pdf.
  • Dunn, D. H. (2009). "Transatlantic Relations and US Foreign Policy". New Directions in US Foreign Policy, I. Parmar; L.B. Miller; M. Ledwidge (Ed. Inderjeet Parmar, Linda B. Miller, Mark Ledwidge), New York, Routledge.
  • Ekonde, D. ve Bukola, A. "US Removes Cameroon from Trade Pact over Alleged 'Persistent' Human Rights Violations". CNN. Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/01/africa/cameroon-trump-trade-pact/index.html.
  • Etzioni, A. (2011). ''Obama's Implicit Human Rights Doctrine''. Human Rights Review.12(1). ss. 93-107.
  • Forsythe, D. P. (2006). Human Rights in International Relations, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gass, N. (2016). "Castro and Obama Agree to Disagree on Human Rights, Freedom". Politico. Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://www.politico.com/story/2016/03/castro-standing-with-obama-rejects-criticism-and-calls-on-us-to-lift-restrictions-on-cuba-221051.
  • Gready, P. (2004). "Introduction". Fighting for Human Rights. (Ed. Paul Gready), New York:Routledge.
  • Hertel, S. and Libal, K. (2011). “Paradoxes and Possibilities: Domestic Human Rights Policy in Context”, Human Rights in The United States - Beyond Exceptionalism. (Ed. Shareen Hertel and Kathryn Libal). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hayward, S.F. (2012). The Politically Incorrect Guide to the Presidents -from Wilson to Obama. Wasington, Regnery Publishing.
  • Herbert, J., McCrisken, T. and Wroe, A. (2019). The Ordinary Presidency of Donald J. Trump. Cham: Palgrave Macmilan.
  • Hybel, A. R. (2014). US Foreign Policy Decision-Making from Kennedy to Obama - Responces to International Challenges. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
  • Ignatieff, M. (2000). The Tanner Lectures on Human Values. Princeton: Princeton University.
  • Kersten, M. (2012). "Obama and the ICC – Four Reasons not to Hold Your Breath". Justice in Conflict. Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://justiceinconflict.org/2012/11/07/obama-and-the-icc-four-reasons-not-to-hold-your-breath/.
  • Koh, H. H. (2005). "America's Jekyll-and-Hyde Exceptionalism", American Exceptionalism and Human Rights. (Ed. Micheal Ignatieff). New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Kranish, M. and Fisher, M. (2016). Trump Revealed - An American Journey of Ambition, Ego, Money, and Power. New York: Scribner.
  • Krieg, A. (2016). "Externalizing the Burden of War: the Obama Doctrine and US Foreign Policy in the Middle East". International Affairs, (92)1, 2016, ss. 97-113.
  • Lightenberg, J. (2004). "Pre-emption and Exceptionalism in U.S. Foreign Policy: Precedent and Example in the International Arena". Wars On Terrorism and Iraq - Human Rights, Unilateralism, and U.S. Foreign Policy. (Ed. Margaret Crahan, John Goering ve Thomas G. Weiss). New York: Routledge.
  • Magnarella, P. J. (2004). "The Consequences of the War Crime Tribunals and an International Criminal Court for Human Rights in Transition Societies". Human Rights and Societies in Transition: Causes, Consequences, Responses. (Ed. Shale Horowitz ve Albrecht Schnabel). New York: United Nation University Press.
  • Matuz, R., Harris, B. ve Craughwell, T. (2017). The Presidents Fact Book - The Achievements, Campaigns, Events, Triumps, Tragedies and Legacies of Every President. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers.
  • Mertus, J. A. (2004). Bait and Switch - Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy. New York: Routledge.
  • Meyssan, T. (2002). Dehşetengiz Hile, İstanbul: Med Cezir Yayınları.
  • Moravcsik, A. (2005). "The Paradox of U.S. Human Rights Policy". American Exceptionalism and Human Rights, (Ed. Micheal Ignatieff). New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Nakamura D. ve Rauhala, E. (2017). "From Burma to the Philippines, Trump Largely Ignores Human Rights on Asia Trip". The Washington Post. Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/from-burma-to-the-philippines-trump-largely-ignores-human-rights-on-asia-trip/2017/11/13/27ba576a-c896-11e7-8321-481fd63f174d_story.html.
  • NBC News. (2010). "Obama to China: Free Nobel-winning dissident", Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna39569947.
  • Norton, M. B., Katzman, D. M., Blight, D. W., Chudacoff, H.P., v.d. (2005). A People & A Nation: A History of United States, Volume Two: Since 1865, (Seventh Edition). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Primus, R. A. (2004). The American Language of Rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Peck, J. (2010). Ideal Illusions-How the U.S. Government Co-opted Human Rights. New York: Metropolitan Books.
  • Politico. (2017). "Full text: 2017 Donald Trump Inauguration Speech Transcript", Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/full-text-donald-trump-inauguration-speech-transcript-233907.
  • Powaski, R.E. (2019). Ideals, Interests, and U.S. Foreign Policy from George H. W. Bush to Donald Trump, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Rhodes, A. (2016). "Obama’s Weak Human Rights Record". Huffpost. Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/obamas-weak-human-rights-_b_11492270.
  • Rich, W. C. (2019a). "Introduction: Barack Obama and the Transformational Impulse". Looking Back on President Barack Obama's Legacy: Hope and Change. (Ed. Wilbur C. Rich.), Cham: Palgrave Macmillian.
  • Rich, W. C. (2019b). "Conclusion: Who Was President Barack Obama?", Looking Back on President Barack Obama's Legacy: Hope and Change. (Ed. Wilbur C. Rich.), Cham: Palgrave Macmillian.
  • Rieffer, B.A.J. ve Forsythe, D.P. (2004). "Democratic Transitions and Foreign Policy: The United States". Human Rights and Societies In Transition: Causes, Consequences, Responses. (Ed. Shale Horowitz ve Albrecht Schnabel). New York: United Nation University Press. Roth, K. (2010). "Empty Promises? Obama's Hesitant Embrace of Human Rights", Foreign Affairs. 89(2). 2, ss. 10-17
  • Roth, K. (2017). "Barack Obama’s Shaky Legacy on Human Rights". Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/01/09/barack-obamas-shaky-legacy-human-rights.
  • Rubin, G. (2020). Presidential Rhetoric on Terrorism under Bush, Obama and Trump - Inflating and Calibrating the Threat after 9/11. Cham: Palgrave Macmillian.
  • Sanger, D. E. (2012). Confront and Conceal - Obama's Secret Wars and Surprising Use of American Power. New York: Crown Publishers.
  • Shattuck, J. (2003). Freedom on Fire - Human Rights Wars & America's Response. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • Schubert, C. (2020). "Donald Trump's "Fake News" Agenda: A Pragmatic Account of Rhetorical Delegitimization". Linguistic Inquiries into Donald Trump's Language - From 'Fake News' to 'Tremendous Success'. (Ed. Ulrike Schneider and Matthias Eitelmann), London: Bloomsbury Academic.
  • Søndergaard, R. S. (2015). “Bill Clinton’s ‘Democratic Enlargement’ and the Securitisation of Democracy Promotion”. Diplomacy & Statecraft. 26(3). ss. 534-551.
  • The Guardian. (2016). "Donald Trump calls Obama the 'founder of Isis'". Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/aug/11/donald-trump-calls-barack-obama-the-founder-of-isis.
  • The New York Times. (2016). "Donald Trump’s New York Times Interview: Full Transcript". Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/23/us/politics/trump-new-york-times-interview-transcript.html.
  • The New York Times. (2019). “Trump Declares a National Emergency, and Provokes a Constitutional Clash” Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/15/us/politics/national-emergency-trump.html.
  • The New York Times. (2020). "Erdogan and Trump Form New Bond as Interests Align". Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/10/world/europe/erdogan-trump-turkey-libya-syria.html.
  • The White House. (2009). “Remarks by the President at Cairo University”. Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-cairo-university-6-04-09
  • The White House (2011a). “Remarks by President Obama to the Australian Parliament”. Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/11/17/remarks-president-obama-australian-parliament.
  • The White House. (2011b). "Remarks by the President on the Middle East and North Africa". Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/05/19/remarks-president-middle-east-and-north-africa.
  • Time. (2009). "Obama's Inaugural Address: The Full Text". Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. http://content.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1872715-3,00.html.
  • The Guardian. (2014). "Obama Uses Embassies to Push for LGBT Rights Abroad". Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/28/obama-gay-rights-abroad-embassies-activism.
  • U.S. Department of State. (2001). The Role of Human Rights in Foreign Policy. Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/rm/2001/6378.htm.
  • U.S. Department of State. (2002). The National Security Strategy of the United States of America September 2002. Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/63562.pdf. U.S. Department of State. (2008). Common Values, Shared Interests: The United States and Its Promise in the Western Hemisphere. Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/wha/rls/fs/2009/113779.htm.
  • U.S. Department of State. (2012). Sustaining US Global Leadership: Priorities for 21st Century Defense. Washington: U.S. Department of Defense.
  • Vitali, A. (2017). "Trump Tells Muslim Leaders: 'Drive Out' the Terrorists. NBC News. Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/trump-s-first-foreign-trip/trump-speech-muslims-we-are-not-here-lecture-n762631.
  • Woodward, B. (2018). Fear - Trump in The White House. New York: Simon & Schutter.

21. YÜZYIL ABD DIŞ POLİTİKASI’NDA İNSAN HAKLARI SÖYLEMİ: SEÇİCİ VE PRAGMATİK BİR YAKLAŞIM

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 17, 1 - 28, 29.12.2021

Arif Bağbaşlıoğlu , Zeynep Betül Yavuz

Öz

Bu çalışma; tarihsel arka plandan hareketle, ABD’nin 21. yüzyıldaki insan hakları anlayışı ve söylemini özellikle Obama ve Trump yönetimlerinin dış politika uygulamaları üzerinden değerlendirmektedir. Bu çalışmanın temel iddiası, ABD Dış Politikası’nda insan hakları anlayışı ve tezahürlerinin kronolojik bir evrim çizgisinde ilerleme düşüncesinden daha çok ön kabuller, ön yargılar, pragmatik ilişki ağlarının ve eko-politik belirleyicilerin etkisi ile yol aldığını ortaya koymaktır. Bu durum çalışmada “sarkaç modeli” ekseninde ele alınmaktadır. Buna göre, ABD’de insan hakları anlayış ve söylemi negatif ve pozitif yöndeki salınımlar çerçevesinde ilerlemektedir. Sarkacın negatif salınımları, insan haklarındaki geriye gidişi veya statükonun devamını; pozitif salınımlar ise, insan haklarının pratikte ilerlemesini ve geliştirilmesini sağlayan faaliyetleri ve durumları ifade etmektedir. Tarihi süreç ele alındığında, her ne kadar ABD yönetimleri dış politika uygulamalarında insan haklarının geliştirilmesine dayalı bir söylem geliştirmeye çalışsalar da hem Cumhuriyetçi hem de Demokrat yönetimlerinin insan haklarını dış politikada oldukça “seçici” ve “pragmatik” bir şekilde uyguladıkları açıkça görülmektedir. Çalışma, ABD dış politikasındaki insan hakları söyleminde var olan çelişki ve çifte standartların nedenini Amerikan istisnacılığında aramaktadır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

ABD Dış Politikası İnsan Hakları Amerikan İstisnacılığı Obama ve Trump Yönetimleri

Kaynakça

  • American Rhetoric (1941). "Franklin Delano Roosevelt-The Four Freedoms". Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/fdrthefourfreedoms.htm. Aznar, J. M. (2018). "International Linchpins of Stability". Fight for Liberty - Defending Democracy in the Age of Trump, (Ed. Mark Lasswell), New York: Public Affairs.
  • Bağbaşlıoğlu, A. (2004). ABD’nin Afganistan’a Düzenlediği Askeri Müdahalenin Hukuksal Dayanaklarının Değerlendirilmesi. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Ankara, Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Uluslararası İlişkiler Anabilim Dalı.
  • Baker, A. (2015). "Obama Arrives in Ethiopia, a Favored Ally in spite of Human Rights Abuses". Time. Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://time.com/3973009/obama-ethiopia/.
  • Beitz, C. R. (2009). The Idea of Human Rights. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Bill of Rights Institute (1776). "Declaration of Independence (1776). Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://billofrightsinstitute.org/primary-sources/declaration-of-independence.
  • Bose, M. (2019). " Appraising the Foreign Policy Legacy of the Obama Presidency". Looking Back on President Barack Obama's Legacy: Hope and Change. (Ed. Wilbur C. Rich.), Cham: Palgrave Macmillian.
  • Campbell, J. (2020). "Trump’s Africa Policy is Better Than it Looks". Council on Foreign Relations. Erişim Tarihi: 22.09.2021. https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/trumps-africa-policy-better-it-looks.
  • Chollet, D. (2016). "Obama’s Red Line, Revisited". Politico. Erişim Tarihi: 22.09.2021. https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/07/obama-syria-foreign-policy-red-line-revisited-214059.
  • Clinton, H. (2011). “America’s Pacific Century.” Foreign Policy. 189. ss. 56-63.
  • Cole, D. (2016). "Obama’s Civil Rights Legacy—and Ours". The Nation. Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/obamas-civil-rights-legacy-and-ours/.
  • Corsi, J. R. (2008). The Obama Nation - Leftist Politics and the Cult of Personality. New York, Threshold Editions.
  • De la Fuentei, E. (2017). "U.S. Foreign Policy Towards Latin America Under Trump: Beyond Business as Usual". Developing Ideas, Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://ideas.llorenteycuenca.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2017/07/170720_DI_Report_Foreign_Policy_US_LATAM_ENG-1.pdf.
  • Dunn, D. H. (2009). "Transatlantic Relations and US Foreign Policy". New Directions in US Foreign Policy, I. Parmar; L.B. Miller; M. Ledwidge (Ed. Inderjeet Parmar, Linda B. Miller, Mark Ledwidge), New York, Routledge.
  • Ekonde, D. ve Bukola, A. "US Removes Cameroon from Trade Pact over Alleged 'Persistent' Human Rights Violations". CNN. Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/01/africa/cameroon-trump-trade-pact/index.html.
  • Etzioni, A. (2011). ''Obama's Implicit Human Rights Doctrine''. Human Rights Review.12(1). ss. 93-107.
  • Forsythe, D. P. (2006). Human Rights in International Relations, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gass, N. (2016). "Castro and Obama Agree to Disagree on Human Rights, Freedom". Politico. Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://www.politico.com/story/2016/03/castro-standing-with-obama-rejects-criticism-and-calls-on-us-to-lift-restrictions-on-cuba-221051.
  • Gready, P. (2004). "Introduction". Fighting for Human Rights. (Ed. Paul Gready), New York:Routledge.
  • Hertel, S. and Libal, K. (2011). “Paradoxes and Possibilities: Domestic Human Rights Policy in Context”, Human Rights in The United States - Beyond Exceptionalism. (Ed. Shareen Hertel and Kathryn Libal). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hayward, S.F. (2012). The Politically Incorrect Guide to the Presidents -from Wilson to Obama. Wasington, Regnery Publishing.
  • Herbert, J., McCrisken, T. and Wroe, A. (2019). The Ordinary Presidency of Donald J. Trump. Cham: Palgrave Macmilan.
  • Hybel, A. R. (2014). US Foreign Policy Decision-Making from Kennedy to Obama - Responces to International Challenges. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
  • Ignatieff, M. (2000). The Tanner Lectures on Human Values. Princeton: Princeton University.
  • Kersten, M. (2012). "Obama and the ICC – Four Reasons not to Hold Your Breath". Justice in Conflict. Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://justiceinconflict.org/2012/11/07/obama-and-the-icc-four-reasons-not-to-hold-your-breath/.
  • Koh, H. H. (2005). "America's Jekyll-and-Hyde Exceptionalism", American Exceptionalism and Human Rights. (Ed. Micheal Ignatieff). New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Kranish, M. and Fisher, M. (2016). Trump Revealed - An American Journey of Ambition, Ego, Money, and Power. New York: Scribner.
  • Krieg, A. (2016). "Externalizing the Burden of War: the Obama Doctrine and US Foreign Policy in the Middle East". International Affairs, (92)1, 2016, ss. 97-113.
  • Lightenberg, J. (2004). "Pre-emption and Exceptionalism in U.S. Foreign Policy: Precedent and Example in the International Arena". Wars On Terrorism and Iraq - Human Rights, Unilateralism, and U.S. Foreign Policy. (Ed. Margaret Crahan, John Goering ve Thomas G. Weiss). New York: Routledge.
  • Magnarella, P. J. (2004). "The Consequences of the War Crime Tribunals and an International Criminal Court for Human Rights in Transition Societies". Human Rights and Societies in Transition: Causes, Consequences, Responses. (Ed. Shale Horowitz ve Albrecht Schnabel). New York: United Nation University Press.
  • Matuz, R., Harris, B. ve Craughwell, T. (2017). The Presidents Fact Book - The Achievements, Campaigns, Events, Triumps, Tragedies and Legacies of Every President. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers.
  • Mertus, J. A. (2004). Bait and Switch - Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy. New York: Routledge.
  • Meyssan, T. (2002). Dehşetengiz Hile, İstanbul: Med Cezir Yayınları.
  • Moravcsik, A. (2005). "The Paradox of U.S. Human Rights Policy". American Exceptionalism and Human Rights, (Ed. Micheal Ignatieff). New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Nakamura D. ve Rauhala, E. (2017). "From Burma to the Philippines, Trump Largely Ignores Human Rights on Asia Trip". The Washington Post. Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/from-burma-to-the-philippines-trump-largely-ignores-human-rights-on-asia-trip/2017/11/13/27ba576a-c896-11e7-8321-481fd63f174d_story.html.
  • NBC News. (2010). "Obama to China: Free Nobel-winning dissident", Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna39569947.
  • Norton, M. B., Katzman, D. M., Blight, D. W., Chudacoff, H.P., v.d. (2005). A People & A Nation: A History of United States, Volume Two: Since 1865, (Seventh Edition). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Primus, R. A. (2004). The American Language of Rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Peck, J. (2010). Ideal Illusions-How the U.S. Government Co-opted Human Rights. New York: Metropolitan Books.
  • Politico. (2017). "Full text: 2017 Donald Trump Inauguration Speech Transcript", Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/full-text-donald-trump-inauguration-speech-transcript-233907.
  • Powaski, R.E. (2019). Ideals, Interests, and U.S. Foreign Policy from George H. W. Bush to Donald Trump, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Rhodes, A. (2016). "Obama’s Weak Human Rights Record". Huffpost. Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/obamas-weak-human-rights-_b_11492270.
  • Rich, W. C. (2019a). "Introduction: Barack Obama and the Transformational Impulse". Looking Back on President Barack Obama's Legacy: Hope and Change. (Ed. Wilbur C. Rich.), Cham: Palgrave Macmillian.
  • Rich, W. C. (2019b). "Conclusion: Who Was President Barack Obama?", Looking Back on President Barack Obama's Legacy: Hope and Change. (Ed. Wilbur C. Rich.), Cham: Palgrave Macmillian.
  • Rieffer, B.A.J. ve Forsythe, D.P. (2004). "Democratic Transitions and Foreign Policy: The United States". Human Rights and Societies In Transition: Causes, Consequences, Responses. (Ed. Shale Horowitz ve Albrecht Schnabel). New York: United Nation University Press. Roth, K. (2010). "Empty Promises? Obama's Hesitant Embrace of Human Rights", Foreign Affairs. 89(2). 2, ss. 10-17
  • Roth, K. (2017). "Barack Obama’s Shaky Legacy on Human Rights". Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/01/09/barack-obamas-shaky-legacy-human-rights.
  • Rubin, G. (2020). Presidential Rhetoric on Terrorism under Bush, Obama and Trump - Inflating and Calibrating the Threat after 9/11. Cham: Palgrave Macmillian.
  • Sanger, D. E. (2012). Confront and Conceal - Obama's Secret Wars and Surprising Use of American Power. New York: Crown Publishers.
  • Shattuck, J. (2003). Freedom on Fire - Human Rights Wars & America's Response. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • Schubert, C. (2020). "Donald Trump's "Fake News" Agenda: A Pragmatic Account of Rhetorical Delegitimization". Linguistic Inquiries into Donald Trump's Language - From 'Fake News' to 'Tremendous Success'. (Ed. Ulrike Schneider and Matthias Eitelmann), London: Bloomsbury Academic.
  • Søndergaard, R. S. (2015). “Bill Clinton’s ‘Democratic Enlargement’ and the Securitisation of Democracy Promotion”. Diplomacy & Statecraft. 26(3). ss. 534-551.
  • The Guardian. (2016). "Donald Trump calls Obama the 'founder of Isis'". Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/aug/11/donald-trump-calls-barack-obama-the-founder-of-isis.
  • The New York Times. (2016). "Donald Trump’s New York Times Interview: Full Transcript". Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/23/us/politics/trump-new-york-times-interview-transcript.html.
  • The New York Times. (2019). “Trump Declares a National Emergency, and Provokes a Constitutional Clash” Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/15/us/politics/national-emergency-trump.html.
  • The New York Times. (2020). "Erdogan and Trump Form New Bond as Interests Align". Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/10/world/europe/erdogan-trump-turkey-libya-syria.html.
  • The White House. (2009). “Remarks by the President at Cairo University”. Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-cairo-university-6-04-09
  • The White House (2011a). “Remarks by President Obama to the Australian Parliament”. Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/11/17/remarks-president-obama-australian-parliament.
  • The White House. (2011b). "Remarks by the President on the Middle East and North Africa". Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/05/19/remarks-president-middle-east-and-north-africa.
  • Time. (2009). "Obama's Inaugural Address: The Full Text". Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. http://content.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1872715-3,00.html.
  • The Guardian. (2014). "Obama Uses Embassies to Push for LGBT Rights Abroad". Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/28/obama-gay-rights-abroad-embassies-activism.
  • U.S. Department of State. (2001). The Role of Human Rights in Foreign Policy. Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/rm/2001/6378.htm.
  • U.S. Department of State. (2002). The National Security Strategy of the United States of America September 2002. Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/63562.pdf. U.S. Department of State. (2008). Common Values, Shared Interests: The United States and Its Promise in the Western Hemisphere. Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/wha/rls/fs/2009/113779.htm.
  • U.S. Department of State. (2012). Sustaining US Global Leadership: Priorities for 21st Century Defense. Washington: U.S. Department of Defense.
  • Vitali, A. (2017). "Trump Tells Muslim Leaders: 'Drive Out' the Terrorists. NBC News. Erişim Tarihi: 25.09.2021. https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/trump-s-first-foreign-trip/trump-speech-muslims-we-are-not-here-lecture-n762631.
  • Woodward, B. (2018). Fear - Trump in The White House. New York: Simon & Schutter.
Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Tüm Sayı
Yazarlar

Arif Bağbaşlıoğlu 0000-0002-8603-5014

Zeynep Betül Yavuz Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-8924-5263

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Eylül 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 17

Kaynak Göster

APA Bağbaşlıoğlu, A., & Yavuz, Z. B. (2021). 21. YÜZYIL ABD DIŞ POLİTİKASI’NDA İNSAN HAKLARI SÖYLEMİ: SEÇİCİ VE PRAGMATİK BİR YAKLAŞIM. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 8(17), 1-28.
AMA Bağbaşlıoğlu A, Yavuz ZB. 21. YÜZYIL ABD DIŞ POLİTİKASI’NDA İNSAN HAKLARI SÖYLEMİ: SEÇİCİ VE PRAGMATİK BİR YAKLAŞIM. Akademik Hassasiyetler. Aralık 2021;8(17):1-28.
Chicago Bağbaşlıoğlu, Arif, ve Zeynep Betül Yavuz. “21. YÜZYIL ABD DIŞ POLİTİKASI’NDA İNSAN HAKLARI SÖYLEMİ: SEÇİCİ VE PRAGMATİK BİR YAKLAŞIM”. Akademik Hassasiyetler 8, sy. 17 (Aralık 2021): 1-28.
EndNote Bağbaşlıoğlu A, Yavuz ZB (01 Aralık 2021) 21. YÜZYIL ABD DIŞ POLİTİKASI’NDA İNSAN HAKLARI SÖYLEMİ: SEÇİCİ VE PRAGMATİK BİR YAKLAŞIM. Akademik Hassasiyetler 8 17 1–28.
IEEE A. Bağbaşlıoğlu ve Z. B. Yavuz, “21. YÜZYIL ABD DIŞ POLİTİKASI’NDA İNSAN HAKLARI SÖYLEMİ: SEÇİCİ VE PRAGMATİK BİR YAKLAŞIM”, Akademik Hassasiyetler, c. 8, sy. 17, ss. 1–28, 2021.
ISNAD Bağbaşlıoğlu, Arif - Yavuz, Zeynep Betül. “21. YÜZYIL ABD DIŞ POLİTİKASI’NDA İNSAN HAKLARI SÖYLEMİ: SEÇİCİ VE PRAGMATİK BİR YAKLAŞIM”. Akademik Hassasiyetler 8/17 (Aralık 2021), 1-28.
JAMA Bağbaşlıoğlu A, Yavuz ZB. 21. YÜZYIL ABD DIŞ POLİTİKASI’NDA İNSAN HAKLARI SÖYLEMİ: SEÇİCİ VE PRAGMATİK BİR YAKLAŞIM. Akademik Hassasiyetler. 2021;8:1–28.
MLA Bağbaşlıoğlu, Arif ve Zeynep Betül Yavuz. “21. YÜZYIL ABD DIŞ POLİTİKASI’NDA İNSAN HAKLARI SÖYLEMİ: SEÇİCİ VE PRAGMATİK BİR YAKLAŞIM”. Akademik Hassasiyetler, c. 8, sy. 17, 2021, ss. 1-28.
Vancouver Bağbaşlıoğlu A, Yavuz ZB. 21. YÜZYIL ABD DIŞ POLİTİKASI’NDA İNSAN HAKLARI SÖYLEMİ: SEÇİCİ VE PRAGMATİK BİR YAKLAŞIM. Akademik Hassasiyetler. 2021;8(17):1-28.
 Kapak Resmi İndir

MAKALE DEĞERLENDİRME SÜRECİ

Yazar tarafından gönderilen bir makale, gönderim tarihinden itibaren 10 gün içinde dergi sekreteri tarafından makalenin, telif sözleşmesinin ve benzerlik raporunun (Turnitin programı) eksiksiz ve düzgün bir şekilde gönderilip gönderilmediği yönünden incelenir. İstenilen bu dosyalar eksiksiz ve düzgün bir şekilde gönderilmiş ise makale; ikinci aşamada derginin yayın çizgisine uygun olup olmadığı yönünden değerlendirilir. Bu süreçte makale yayın çizgisine uygun değilse yazara iade edilir. Makale yayın çizgisine uygun ise şablona uygun bir şekilde gönderilip gönderilmediği yönünden değerlendirilir. Şayet makale şablona uyarlanıp gönderilmemiş ise değerlendirme sürecine alınmaz. Bu süreçte yazarın derginin belirlediği şartlara uygun bir şekilde sisteme makale yüklemesi beklenir. Makale şablona uygun bir şekilde hazırlanıp gönderilmiş ise son aşamada makale derginin yayın ilkeleri, yazım kuralları, öz, abstract, extented abstract, kaynakça gösterimi vb. yönlerden incelenir. Bu ayrıntılarda makalede bir sorun varsa yazarın bu hususları tamamlaması istenir ve verilen süre içerisinde eksiksiz bir şekilde yeniden makaleyi göndermesi istenir.
Tüm bu aşamaları geçen makale, editör tarafından bilimsel yeterliliğinin denetlenmesi amacıyla ikinci 7 günlük süre içerisinde çalışmaya uygun iki hakeme değerlendirmeleri için gönderilir. Hakemlerin değerlendirme süreleri 15 gündür. Bu süre zarfında hakemlik görevini tamamlamayan bir hakem olursa ilgili hakeme değerlendirmeyi tamamlaması için 7 günlük ek süre verilebilir. Bu süre zarfında hakem görevini yerine getirmezse yerine yeni bir hakem ataması yapılır. En az iki hakemden gelen raporlar olumlu ise makale yayın aşamasına alınır. Hakem raporlarından birisi olumlu diğeri olumsuz ise makale üçüncü bir hakeme gönderilir. Üçüncü hakem raporu da olumsuz ise makale ret edilir. Üçüncü hakemin değerlendirmesi olumlu ise makaleyle ilgili hakem raporları dergi alan editörlerinden oluşan Editörler Kurulu tarafından incelenir. Makalenin yayınlanmasıyla ilgili nihai karar alan editörlerinden oluşan Editörler Kurulu tarafından verilir. Hakem raporlarının yetersiz ve tatmin etmekten uzak olması veya İngilizce editör tarafından abstract ve extented abstract’ın yetersiz görülmesi hallerinde de yine makaleyle ilgili son karar Editörler Kurulu tarafından verilir. Tüm bu aşamalardan geçen bir makale en yakın sayıya yayınlanmak üzere eklenir. İlgili sayıda yer kalmaması halinde makalenin yayımı bir sonraki sayıya kaydırılır. Bu durumda ve tüm değerlendirme sürecinde yazar isterse makalesini geri çekme hakkına sahiptir. Ancak bu durumu dergiye bildirmesi gerekir. Makale gönderim tarihinden makalenin yayına kabul tarihine kadar tüm bu işlemler için ortalama 3 aylık bir süre öngörülmektedir.