Sudan’da Zekât-Vakıf-Mikrofinans Entegrasyonu ve Finansal Kapsayıcılık: Teorik Çerçeve, Modeller ve Politika Çıkarımları

Abstract

Bu makale, Sudan’da finansal dışlanma ile yoksullukla mücadele için zekât, vakıf ve İslami mikrofinansın bütünleşik kullanımına dayalı bir çerçeve geliştirmektedir. Literatür taraması ve politika analizi yaklaşımıyla hareket eden çalışma, öncelikle İslam ekonomisi içindeki teolojik ve etik temelleri açıklamakta, ardından her bir aracın farklı işlevlerini ortaya koymaktadır: kısa vadeli ihtiyaçların karşılanmasında zekât, uzun vadeli varlık oluşumu ve kamu hizmetlerinde vakıf, üretken katılım ve girişimcilikte ise İslami mikrofinans. Uluslararası uygulamalardan ve Sudan’ın kurumsal gerçekliğinden yararlanarak tasarlanan bu model, faydalanıcıların yardımdan dirence ve sonrasında ekonomik özerkliğe geçişini mümkün kılan aşamalı bir sistem önerir. Analiz, bu tasarımı uygulanabilir politika önerilerine dönüştürmekte; hukuki uyum, kurumsal eşgüdüm, orantılı düzenleme, dijital altyapı, çok paydaşlı ortaklıklar, insan kaynağı gelişimi ve risk yönetişimi gibi alanlarda somut adımlar önermektedir. Ayrıca, pilot uygulamalar, izleme ve değerlendirme mekanizmaları ile ulusal ölçeğe taşınmayı destekleyecek aşamalı bir yol haritası sunulmaktadır. Makale, mevcut savaş ve kurumsal kırılganlıkların uygulamayı zorlaştırdığını kabul etmekle birlikte, bu krizin aynı zamanda yerel meşruiyeti yüksek, sosyal adalete dayalı ve dirençli finansal çözümlere duyulan aciliyeti artırdığını vurgulamaktadır. Sudan örneği, İslamî sosyal finansın sadece yerel bağlamda değil, aynı zamanda benzer yönetişim ve kapasite sorunları yaşayan diğer Müslüman çoğunluklu ülkelerde de kapsayıcı kalkınma ve kriz sonrası yeniden yapılanma için uygulanabilir bir model olarak kurgulanabileceğini göstermektedir.

Keywords

• Sudan
• İslami sosyal finans
• zekât
• İslami mikrofinans
• finansal kapsayıcılık
• yoksullukla mücadele
• yönetişim
• politika entegrasyonu.

ZAKAT-WAQF-MICROFINANCE INTEGRATION AND FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN SUDAN: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK, MODELS, AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS

Abstract

This article develops an integrated framework for advancing financial inclusion in Sudan through the coordinated use of zakat, waqf, and Islamic microfinance. Adopting a literature-review and policy-analytic approach, it first clarifies the theological and ethical foundations within Islamic economics, then maps the distinct functions of each instrument zakat for immediate stabilization, waqf for long-term asset formation and service provision, and Islamic microfinance for productive engagement. Building on international practice and Sudan’s institutional realities, the study proposes operational interfaces that sequence beneficiaries from relief to resilience and ultimately to self-reliance, thereby minimizing fragmentation and improving system-level outcomes. The analysis translates this design into actionable policy implications across legal harmonization, institutional coordination, proportionate regulation, digital delivery, multi-stakeholder partnerships, human capital, and risk governance, and it outlines a phased roadmap to support piloting, evaluation, and scale-up. While acknowledging the implementation constraints created by the ongoing conflict and institutional fragility, the article argues that integration grounded in Islamic values offers locally legitimate and ethically robust pathways for recovery and inclusive growth. The Sudanese case, in turn, demonstrates how Islamic social finance can be configured as a practical development architecture for other Muslim-majority contexts facing similar governance and capacity challenges.

Keywords

• Sudan
• waqf
• Islamic social finance
• zakat
• Islamic microfinance
• financial inclusion
• poverty reduction
• governance
• policy integration

References

1. Apriliani, T. P., & Nuryadin, M. B. (2024). The Role of Islamic Law in Regulating Micro and macro Finance: An Islamic Economic Perspective. Ijtihad, 18(2).
2. Azmi, N. N. I. N. M., & Thaker, M. A. B. M. T. (2020). Literature survey on Islamic microfinance. Global Review of Islamic Economics and Business, 8(1), 23–33.
3. Bank, W. (2025). Financial Inclusion Financial inclusion is a key enabler to reducing poverty and boosting prosperity. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/financialinclusion/overview
4. el Ashfahany, A., Multazam, M. Q., Ahmed, S., Ab Rahman, M. R., & Apriantoro, M. S. (2025). Relationship of Zakat and Waqf to Poverty and Inequality: Bibliometrics Analysis. Suhuf: International Journal of Islamic Studies, 37(1).
5. elasrag, H. (2017). Towards a new role of the institution of waqf. Available at SSRN 3011290.
6. Haji-Othman, Y., Yusuff, M. S. S., & Ahmad, S. S. (2025). A Proposed Financial Inclusion Model Integrating Zakat, Waqf, and Islamic Crowdfunding for Sustainable Poverty Alleviation in Supporting Ekonomi MADANI. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 10(SI33), 181–186.
7. Hak, N., Setiawan, R. A., & Setiawan, A. (2024). Synergising normative and cultural frameworks in reforming core principles for effective zakat supervision in Indonesia. Manchester Journal of Transnational Islamic Law & Practice, 20(3), 302–316.
8. Haroun, A. E. M., & Yusoff, M. E. (2024). Micro-Takaful in Sudan: Aligning regulatory requirements with market needs. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 14(12), 1316–1325.

9. Hübner, J. A. (2025). Religion and Cooperative Economics: Justice in An Age Of Capital And Catastrophe. Springer.
10. Hussein, E. (2014). Corporate governance in Islamic Finance’Basic concepts and Issues.
11. Jimoh, A., Bamigbade, D., & Kolawole, K. (2024). Islamic microfinance as a panacea for poverty alleviation. European Journal of Islamic Finance, 11(1), 17–30.
12. Kaharuddin, K., Jahar, A. S., & Afifah, A. A. N. (2026). Integrating blockchain technology into waqf governance: Enhancing transparency and accountability in Sharia finance for achieving SDGs. In Towards Resilient Societies: The Synergy of Religion, Education, Health, Science, and Technology (pp. 501–506). CRC Press.
13. Kumi, E. (2019). Advancing the sustainable development goals: an analysis of the potential role of philanthropy in Ghana. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 54(7), 1084–1104.
14. Majid, R. (2021). Designing salam-muzara’ah linked waqf to financing agricultural sector. Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance, 7(3), 503–526.
15. Morse, S. (2024). Giving and Receiving: Faith and the sustainability of institutions providing microfinance services for development. Sustainability, 16(5), 1923.
16. Muhammad, A. A., Ibrahim, A., Yakub, A. A., Khan, H., & Hamzah, N. (2025). The Role of Islamic Finance in Promoting Economic Justice and Financial Inclusion among Marginalised Communities. Suhuf: International Journal of Islamic Studies, 37(1).
17. Obaidullah, M. (2018). Managing climate change: The role of Islamic finance. IES Journal Article, 26(1). Osabutey, E. L. C., & Jackson, T. (2024). Mobile money and financial inclusion in Africa: Emerging themes, challenges and policy implications. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 202, 123339.
18. Sadr, S. K., Alhabshi, S. O., Abdel Mosin, M. I., & Abdul Razak, S. H. (2020). Integration of Islamic philanthropic economic services for alleviation of poverity: the case of affordable housing. International Journal of New Political Economy, 1(2), 55–69.
19. Shahzad, M. A., & Hassan, S. (2024). The Role of Central Sharīʿah Advisory Board to Enhance Harmonization of Products and Services in Islamic Banking Institutions.
20. Tanjung, H., Ayuniyyah, Q., Devi, A., & Yulianto, A. R. (2024). Waqf Core Principles Implementation Index in Dompet Dhuafa Foundation in 2022. 2nd Ibn Khaldun International Conference on Applied and Social Sciences (IICASS 2024), 237–252.
21. Umam, K., Ismail, A. G., Tohirin, A., & Sriyana, J. (2021). Islamic endogenous money: evidence from the islamic banking system in indonesia and malaysia. Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance, 7(3), 545–560.
22. Weiss, H. (2020). Muslim NGOs, Zakat and the provision of social welfare in Sub-Saharan Africa: An introduction. In Muslim Faith-Based Organizations and Social Welfare in Africa (pp. 1–38). Springer.
23. Widiastuti, T., Robani, A., Sukmaningrum, P. S., Mawardi, I., Ningsih, S., Herianingrum, S., & al-Mustofa, M. U. (2022). Integrating sustainable Islamic social finance: an analytical network process using the benefit opportunity cost risk (ANP BOCR) framework: the case of Indonesia. Plos One, 17(5), e0269039.
24. Zafari, S. S. K. (2025). Financial inclusion in times of conflict: Reviewing the role of microfinance in fragile state economies. Asian Journal of Management and Commerce.