Sudan’da Zekât-Vakıf-Mikrofinans Entegrasyonu ve Finansal Kapsayıcılık: Teorik Çerçeve, Modeller ve Politika Çıkarımları

Öz

Bu makale, Sudan’da finansal dışlanma ile yoksullukla mücadele için zekât, vakıf ve İslami mikrofinansın bütünleşik kullanımına dayalı bir çerçeve geliştirmektedir. Literatür taraması ve politika analizi yaklaşımıyla hareket eden çalışma, öncelikle İslam ekonomisi içindeki teolojik ve etik temelleri açıklamakta, ardından her bir aracın farklı işlevlerini ortaya koymaktadır: kısa vadeli ihtiyaçların karşılanmasında zekât, uzun vadeli varlık oluşumu ve kamu hizmetlerinde vakıf, üretken katılım ve girişimcilikte ise İslami mikrofinans. Uluslararası uygulamalardan ve Sudan’ın kurumsal gerçekliğinden yararlanarak tasarlanan bu model, faydalanıcıların yardımdan dirence ve sonrasında ekonomik özerkliğe geçişini mümkün kılan aşamalı bir sistem önerir. Analiz, bu tasarımı uygulanabilir politika önerilerine dönüştürmekte; hukuki uyum, kurumsal eşgüdüm, orantılı düzenleme, dijital altyapı, çok paydaşlı ortaklıklar, insan kaynağı gelişimi ve risk yönetişimi gibi alanlarda somut adımlar önermektedir. Ayrıca, pilot uygulamalar, izleme ve değerlendirme mekanizmaları ile ulusal ölçeğe taşınmayı destekleyecek aşamalı bir yol haritası sunulmaktadır. Makale, mevcut savaş ve kurumsal kırılganlıkların uygulamayı zorlaştırdığını kabul etmekle birlikte, bu krizin aynı zamanda yerel meşruiyeti yüksek, sosyal adalete dayalı ve dirençli finansal çözümlere duyulan aciliyeti artırdığını vurgulamaktadır. Sudan örneği, İslamî sosyal finansın sadece yerel bağlamda değil, aynı zamanda benzer yönetişim ve kapasite sorunları yaşayan diğer Müslüman çoğunluklu ülkelerde de kapsayıcı kalkınma ve kriz sonrası yeniden yapılanma için uygulanabilir bir model olarak kurgulanabileceğini göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sudan
• İslami sosyal finans
• zekât
• İslami mikrofinans
• finansal kapsayıcılık
• yoksullukla mücadele
• yönetişim
• politika entegrasyonu.

ZAKAT-WAQF-MICROFINANCE INTEGRATION AND FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN SUDAN: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK, MODELS, AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS

Öz

This article develops an integrated framework for advancing financial inclusion in Sudan through the coordinated use of zakat, waqf, and Islamic microfinance. Adopting a literature-review and policy-analytic approach, it first clarifies the theological and ethical foundations within Islamic economics, then maps the distinct functions of each instrument zakat for immediate stabilization, waqf for long-term asset formation and service provision, and Islamic microfinance for productive engagement. Building on international practice and Sudan’s institutional realities, the study proposes operational interfaces that sequence beneficiaries from relief to resilience and ultimately to self-reliance, thereby minimizing fragmentation and improving system-level outcomes. The analysis translates this design into actionable policy implications across legal harmonization, institutional coordination, proportionate regulation, digital delivery, multi-stakeholder partnerships, human capital, and risk governance, and it outlines a phased roadmap to support piloting, evaluation, and scale-up. While acknowledging the implementation constraints created by the ongoing conflict and institutional fragility, the article argues that integration grounded in Islamic values offers locally legitimate and ethically robust pathways for recovery and inclusive growth. The Sudanese case, in turn, demonstrates how Islamic social finance can be configured as a practical development architecture for other Muslim-majority contexts facing similar governance and capacity challenges.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sudan
• waqf
• Islamic social finance
• zakat
• Islamic microfinance
• financial inclusion
• poverty reduction
• governance
• policy integration

Kaynakça

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