Research Article

Optimized sample preparation for reliable SEM and AFM analysis: A case-study of sol-gel synthesized TiO2 quantum dots

Volume: 26 Number: 4 August 3, 2026
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Optimized sample preparation for reliable SEM and AFM analysis: A case-study of sol-gel synthesized TiO2 quantum dots

Abstract

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) quantum dots represent a class of nanomaterials whose functional properties are strongly influenced by particle size and dispersion state. Despite advances in synthesis routes, their microscopic evaluation remains problematic because intense surface energy driven agglomeration often obscures primary particle features. In this work, anatase TiO₂ quantum dots were produced using a sol gel reflux condensation approach, and the role of post synthesis processing on SEM and AFM image quality was systematically examined. Structural and compositional verification was carried out using X ray diffraction and energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy, while morphological assessment relied on scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. Diffraction analysis verified the exclusive formation of the anatase phase, whereas compositional measurements demonstrated that thermal treatment at 450 °C is required to eliminate residual organic species and restore stoichiometric TiO₂. To address agglomeration during imaging, multiple sample preparation strategies combining mechanical size reduction and solvent assisted dispersion were evaluated. Water based dispersions resulted in pronounced re aggregation during drying, while nonpolar solvents generated surface artifacts that compromised image interpretation. In contrast, ultrasonic dispersion in ethanol following calcination produced the most uniform particle distribution. This protocol enabled consistent visualization of sub 10 nm crystallites assembled into nanoscale clusters and yielded reliable height measurements by AFM. The findings establish a practical preparation strategy for high resolution microscopic analysis of agglomeration prone oxide nanomaterials.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

This study was funded by the Bursa Technical University Scientific Research Projects Fund [Project No: BAP-230D018] and the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) [Project No: 224Z014]. The authors also acknowledge financial support provided by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) Science Scholarships and Grant Programs Directorate (BİDEB) under the 2211-National Postgraduate Scholarship Program.

Project Number

TUBİTAK-224Z014, BAP-230D018

Ethical Statement

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare regarding the content of this article.

Thanks

The authors thank Bursa Technical University Central Research Laboratory (MERLAB) and the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK) for their technical and financial support.

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Inorganic Chemistry (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

August 3, 2026

Submission Date

March 17, 2026

Acceptance Date

June 28, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 26 Number: 4

APA
Severgün, O., & Özen, M. (2026). Optimized sample preparation for reliable SEM and AFM analysis: A case-study of sol-gel synthesized TiO2 quantum dots. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 26(4), 862-870. https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.1908252
AMA
1.Severgün O, Özen M. Optimized sample preparation for reliable SEM and AFM analysis: A case-study of sol-gel synthesized TiO2 quantum dots. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;26(4):862-870. doi:10.35414/akufemubid.1908252
Chicago
Severgün, Olcay, and Murat Özen. 2026. “Optimized Sample Preparation for Reliable SEM and AFM Analysis: A Case-Study of Sol-Gel Synthesized TiO2 Quantum Dots”. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 26 (4): 862-70. https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.1908252.
EndNote
Severgün O, Özen M (August 1, 2026) Optimized sample preparation for reliable SEM and AFM analysis: A case-study of sol-gel synthesized TiO2 quantum dots. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 26 4 862–870.
IEEE
[1]O. Severgün and M. Özen, “Optimized sample preparation for reliable SEM and AFM analysis: A case-study of sol-gel synthesized TiO2 quantum dots”, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 862–870, Aug. 2026, doi: 10.35414/akufemubid.1908252.
ISNAD
Severgün, Olcay - Özen, Murat. “Optimized Sample Preparation for Reliable SEM and AFM Analysis: A Case-Study of Sol-Gel Synthesized TiO2 Quantum Dots”. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 26/4 (August 1, 2026): 862-870. https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.1908252.
JAMA
1.Severgün O, Özen M. Optimized sample preparation for reliable SEM and AFM analysis: A case-study of sol-gel synthesized TiO2 quantum dots. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;26:862–870.
MLA
Severgün, Olcay, and Murat Özen. “Optimized Sample Preparation for Reliable SEM and AFM Analysis: A Case-Study of Sol-Gel Synthesized TiO2 Quantum Dots”. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 26, no. 4, Aug. 2026, pp. 862-70, doi:10.35414/akufemubid.1908252.
Vancouver
1.Olcay Severgün, Murat Özen. Optimized sample preparation for reliable SEM and AFM analysis: A case-study of sol-gel synthesized TiO2 quantum dots. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026 Aug. 1;26(4):862-70. doi:10.35414/akufemubid.1908252