Araştırma Makalesi

Optimized sample preparation for reliable SEM and AFM analysis: A case-study of sol-gel synthesized TiO2 quantum dots

Cilt: 26 Sayı: 4 3 Ağustos 2026
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Optimized sample preparation for reliable SEM and AFM analysis: A case-study of sol-gel synthesized TiO2 quantum dots

Öz

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) quantum dots represent a class of nanomaterials whose functional properties are strongly influenced by particle size and dispersion state. Despite advances in synthesis routes, their microscopic evaluation remains problematic because intense surface energy driven agglomeration often obscures primary particle features. In this work, anatase TiO₂ quantum dots were produced using a sol gel reflux condensation approach, and the role of post synthesis processing on SEM and AFM image quality was systematically examined. Structural and compositional verification was carried out using X ray diffraction and energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy, while morphological assessment relied on scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. Diffraction analysis verified the exclusive formation of the anatase phase, whereas compositional measurements demonstrated that thermal treatment at 450 °C is required to eliminate residual organic species and restore stoichiometric TiO₂. To address agglomeration during imaging, multiple sample preparation strategies combining mechanical size reduction and solvent assisted dispersion were evaluated. Water based dispersions resulted in pronounced re aggregation during drying, while nonpolar solvents generated surface artifacts that compromised image interpretation. In contrast, ultrasonic dispersion in ethanol following calcination produced the most uniform particle distribution. This protocol enabled consistent visualization of sub 10 nm crystallites assembled into nanoscale clusters and yielded reliable height measurements by AFM. The findings establish a practical preparation strategy for high resolution microscopic analysis of agglomeration prone oxide nanomaterials.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Destekleyen Kurum

This study was funded by the Bursa Technical University Scientific Research Projects Fund [Project No: BAP-230D018] and the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) [Project No: 224Z014]. The authors also acknowledge financial support provided by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) Science Scholarships and Grant Programs Directorate (BİDEB) under the 2211-National Postgraduate Scholarship Program.

Proje Numarası

TUBİTAK-224Z014, BAP-230D018

Etik Beyan

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare regarding the content of this article.

Teşekkür

The authors thank Bursa Technical University Central Research Laboratory (MERLAB) and the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK) for their technical and financial support.

Kaynakça

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Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

İnorganik Kimya (Diğer)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

3 Ağustos 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

17 Mart 2026

Kabul Tarihi

28 Haziran 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 26 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA
Severgün, O., & Özen, M. (2026). Optimized sample preparation for reliable SEM and AFM analysis: A case-study of sol-gel synthesized TiO2 quantum dots. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 26(4), 862-870. https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.1908252
AMA
1.Severgün O, Özen M. Optimized sample preparation for reliable SEM and AFM analysis: A case-study of sol-gel synthesized TiO2 quantum dots. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;26(4):862-870. doi:10.35414/akufemubid.1908252
Chicago
Severgün, Olcay, ve Murat Özen. 2026. “Optimized sample preparation for reliable SEM and AFM analysis: A case-study of sol-gel synthesized TiO2 quantum dots”. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 26 (4): 862-70. https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.1908252.
EndNote
Severgün O, Özen M (01 Ağustos 2026) Optimized sample preparation for reliable SEM and AFM analysis: A case-study of sol-gel synthesized TiO2 quantum dots. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 26 4 862–870.
IEEE
[1]O. Severgün ve M. Özen, “Optimized sample preparation for reliable SEM and AFM analysis: A case-study of sol-gel synthesized TiO2 quantum dots”, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 26, sy 4, ss. 862–870, Ağu. 2026, doi: 10.35414/akufemubid.1908252.
ISNAD
Severgün, Olcay - Özen, Murat. “Optimized sample preparation for reliable SEM and AFM analysis: A case-study of sol-gel synthesized TiO2 quantum dots”. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 26/4 (01 Ağustos 2026): 862-870. https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.1908252.
JAMA
1.Severgün O, Özen M. Optimized sample preparation for reliable SEM and AFM analysis: A case-study of sol-gel synthesized TiO2 quantum dots. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2026;26:862–870.
MLA
Severgün, Olcay, ve Murat Özen. “Optimized sample preparation for reliable SEM and AFM analysis: A case-study of sol-gel synthesized TiO2 quantum dots”. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 26, sy 4, Ağustos 2026, ss. 862-70, doi:10.35414/akufemubid.1908252.
Vancouver
1.Olcay Severgün, Murat Özen. Optimized sample preparation for reliable SEM and AFM analysis: A case-study of sol-gel synthesized TiO2 quantum dots. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 01 Ağustos 2026;26(4):862-70. doi:10.35414/akufemubid.1908252


 

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