Kamu Hizmeti Motivasyonunu Şekillendiren Faktörler ve Sektör Tercihi

Year 2019, Volume: 21 Issue: 4, 1261 - 1277, 30.12.2019

Mustafa Arslan

https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.534032

Abstract

Kamu Hizmeti Motivasyonu (KHM), kamu görevlilerinin içsel motive
edicilerle güdülenme düzeylerinin özel sektör çalışanlarından daha yüksek
olduğunu ileri süren bir motivasyon yaklaşımıdır ve “politikaya ilgi”,
“merhamet”, “fedakârlık” ve “kamu yararı” olmak üzere dört boyutu vardır.
Literatürde, cinsiyet, yaş, eğitim düzeyi, eğitim gördüğü alan, sosyo-kültürel
çevre, dindarlık düzeyi, ebeveynlerin kamu görevlisi olması gibi faktörlerin
KHM düzeyini şekillendirdiği yönünde bulgulara ulaşıldığı görülmüştür. KHM’nin
bireylerin performansı, kurumsal bağlılığı, sektör tercihi, ihbar davranışı, iş
doyumu, hesap verebilirlik, etik davranış gibi örgütsel değerleri etkilediği de
literatürde elde edilen bulgular arasındadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı üniversite
öğrencilerinin KHM düzeylerinin şekillenmesinde eğitim düzeyleri, eğitim
gördükleri alan, cinsiyet, yaş ve ebeveynlerin kamu görevlisi olması
faktörlerinin etkisini ve KHM’nin sektör tercihi üzerindeki etkisini ortaya
koymaktır. Araştırmanın örneklemini beş devlet üniversitesinin İktisadi ve
İdari Bilimler Fakültelerinin öğrencileri arasından rastgele örneklem metoduyla
seçilen 967 kişi oluşturmaktadır. 
Araştırmanın verileri Perry (1996) tarafından geliştirilen 24 maddeli
KHM ölçeği ile sektör tercihine ilişkin 5 maddeli anket formu kullanılarak
toplanmıştır. Çalışmanın bulguları cinsiyet ve eğitim görülen alan
faktörlerinin KHM düzeyinin şekillenmesinde etki yarattığını göstermektedir.
Ancak eğitim düzeyi, yaş ve ebeveynlerin kamu görevlisi olması faktörlerinin
KHM’nin şekillenmesinde istatistik olarak anlamlı bir etki yaratmadığı
bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Diğer bir bulgu ise KHM’nin bireylerin sektör
tercihinde belirleyici bir faktör olduğudur.

Keywords

Kamu hizmeti motivasyonu, kamu yönetimi disiplini, sektör tercihi

Factors Driving Public Service Motivation and Sector Preference

Abstract

The aim of this study
is to determine the effect of education level, education branch, gender, age,
and public servant-role of parents in shaping PSM levels of university students
and the effect of PSM on sector preference. The sample of the study consisted
of 967 people selected by random sampling method among the students of the
Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences of five state universities.
The data of the study were collected by using a 24-item PSM scale of Perry
(1996) and a five-item questionnaire for sector preferences. The findings of
the study show that gender and education branch effect PSM level of individuals.  However, education level, age and public
employee-roles of parents do not affect the PSM level. Another finding is that
of PSM is a determining factor in the sector preferences of individuals. Public Service Motivation is a motivation
approach that asserts that motivating by intrinsic motivators level of public
officials is higher than that of private sector employees and it has four
dimensions such as Attraction to Policy Making, Compassion, Self-Sacrifice, and
Commitment to Public Interest. According to the PSM literature, gender,
age, the level and branch of the education, socio-cultural environment,
religiousness, and having public employee parents shape PSM level of
individuals. It is also found in the literature that PSM influences
organizational values such as personnel performance, organizational commitment,
sector preferences, whistle-blowing, job satisfaction, accountability, and
ethical behavior.

Keywords

Public service motivation, public administration discipline, sector preference

References

• Akıllı, H. S. ve Cingöz, A. (2015). The Relationship Between Organizational Trust and Job Performance: The Mediating Effect of Public Service Motivation, EGPA Annual Conference, 26-28 August, Toulouse, France.
• Anderfuhren-Biget, S. (2012). Profiles of Public Service-Motivated Civil Servants: Evidence from a Multicultural Country, International Journal of Public Administration, 35(1): 5-18.
• Anderfuhren-Biget, S., Varone, F.E. ve Giauque, D. (2014). Policy Environment and Public Service Motivation, Public Administration, 92(4): 807–825.
• Andersen, L.B., Jørgensen, T.B., Kjeldsen, A.M., Pedersen, L.H. ve Vrangbæk, K. (2013). Public Values and Public Service Motivation: Conceptual and Empirical Relationships, American Review of Public Administration, 43(3): 292-311.
• Andersen, L. B. ve Pedersen, L. H. (2012). Public Service Motivation and Professionalism, International Journal of Public Administration, 35(1): 46-57.
• Arslan, M. ve Karacaoğlu, K. (2018). Kamu Çalışanlarının Kurumsal İtibar Algılarının Onların Kamu Hizmet Motivasyonuna Etkileri: Nevşehir İlçe Belediyeleri Örneği, Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(1): 14-29.
• Arslan, M. (2018). Kamu Hizmeti Motivasyonu, Ankara: Akademisyen Yayınevi.
• Aydın, İ., Demirkasımoğlu, N., Demir, T. G. ve Sıldıroğlu, Ö. E. (2017). Kamu Hizmeti Motivasyonu Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi, Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 50(2): 105-125.
• Bellè, N. ve Cantarelli, P. (2010). Public Service Motivation: The State Of The Art, Paper Prepared for the Conference. Reforming the Public Sector: How to Make the Difference?, December 2-3, 2010, Rome Italy.
• Bellé, N. ve Ongaro, E. (2014). NPM, Administrative Reforms and Public Service Motivation: Improving The Dialogue between Research Agendas, International Review of Administrative Sciences, 80: 382-400.
• Brænder, M. ve Andersen, L. B. (2013). Does Deployment to War Aff ect Public Service Motivation? A Panel Study of Soldiers before and after Their Service in Afghanistan, Public Administration Review, 73(3): 466-477.
• Brewer, G. A. (2010). Public Service Motivation and Performance, (ed.) Richard M. Walker, George A. Boyne, Gene A. Brewer, Public Management and Performance: Research Directions: 152-178.
• Brewer, G.A, Ritz, A. ve Vandenabeele, W. (2012). Introduction to a Symposium on Public Service Motivation: An International Sampling of Research, International Journal of Public Administration, 35(1): 1-4.
• Brewer, G. A. ve Selden, S.C. (1998). Whistle Blowers in the Federal Civil Service: New Evidence of the Public Service Ethic, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 8(3): 413-439.
• Brewer, G.A., Selden S.C. ve Facer II R.L. (2000). Individual Conceptions of Public Service Motivation, Public Administration Review, 60(3): 254-264.
• Bright, L. (2005). Public Employees With High Levels of Public Service Motivation: Who Are They, Where Are They, and What do They Want?, Review of Public Personnel Administration, 25(2): 138-154.
• Bright L. (2007). Does Person-Organization Fit Mediate the Relationship between Public Service Motivation and the Job Performance of Public Employees?, Review of Public Personnel Administration, 27(4): 361-379.
• Bright, L. (2008). Does Public Service Motivation Really Make a Difference on the Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intentions of Public Employees?, American Review of Public Administration, 38(2): 149- 166.
• Bright, L. (2009). Why Do Public Employees Desire Intrinsic Non-Monetary Workplace Opportunities?, Public Personnel Management, 38(3): 15-37.
• Buchanan, B. (1974). Government Managers, Business Executives, and Organizational Commitment, Public Administration Review, 34(4): 339-347.
• Buchanan, B. (1975). Red Tape and the Service Ethic, Administration and Society, 6(4): 423-444.
• Buelens, M. ve Van Den Broeck, H. (2007). An Analysis of Differences in Work Motivation between Public and Private Sector Organizations, Public Administration Review, 67(1): 65-74.
• Cable, D. M. ve Edwards, J. R. (2004). Complementary and Supplementary Fit: A Theoretical and Empirical Integration, Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(5): 822-834.
• Camilleri, E. (2006). Towards Developing an Organizational Commitment - PSM Model for the Maltese Public Service Employees, Public Policy and Administration, 21(1): 63-83.
• Camilleri, E. (2007). Antecedents Affecting Public Service Motivation, Personnel Review, 36(3): 356-377.
• Carpenter, J., Doverspike, D. ve Miguel, R.F. (2012). Public Service Motivation as a Predictor of Attraction to The Public Sector, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80: 509-523.
• Chatman, J.A. (1991). Matching People and Organizations, Selection and Socialization in Public Accounting Firms, Administrative Science Quarterly, 36(3): 459-484.
• Chatman, J. A. (1989). Improving Interactional Organizational Research: A Model of Person-Organization Fit, Academy of Management Review, 14(3): 333-349.
• Choi, D. L. (2004). Public Service Motivation and Ethical Conduct, International Review of Public Administration, 8: 99-106.
• Christensen, R. K. ve Wright, B. E. (2012). Does the Pool of Narcissus Reflect Public Service Motivation? Evidence from Municipal Employees. Paper presented at the 16th Annual Conference of the International Research Society for Public Management, April 11–13, Rome, Italy.
• Clerkin, R. M. ve Fotheringham, E. (2017). Exploring the Relationship between PSM and Formal and Informal Volunteering, Journal of Public and Nonprofit Affairs, 3(1): 23-29.
• Coşkun, S. (2015). Kamu Hizmetleri Motivasyonu Kuramı: Bir Literatür Taraması, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(1): 61-74.
• Crewson, P. E. (1997). Public-Service Motivation: Building Empirical Evidence of Incidence and Effect, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 7(4): 499-518.
• Gould-Williams, J. S.; Sayed Mostafa, A. M. ve Bottomley, P. (2015). Public Service Motivation and Employee Outcomes in the Egyptian Public Sector: Testing the Mediating Effect of Person-Organization Fit, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 25(2): 597–622.
• Grund, C. ve Thommes, K. (2017). The Role of Contract Types for Employees’ Public Service Motivation, Schmalenbach Business Review, 2(6): 1-22.
• Güğerçin, U. (2017). 25. Ulusal Yönetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, İçinde: Formelleşmenin Kamu Hizmet Motivasyonuna Etkisinde İşe Yabancılaşmanın Aracılık Etkisi, Ankara: Başkent Üniversitesi.
• Kim, S. (2006). Public Service Motivation and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Korea, International Journal of Manpower, 27(8): 722-740.
• Kim, S. (2012). Does Person-Organization Fit Matter in the Public Sector? Testing the Mediating Effect of Person-Organization Fit in The Relationship between Public Service Motivation and Work Attitudes, Public Administration Review, 72: 830-840.
• Kjeldsen, A. M. ve Jacobsen, C. B. (2012). Public Service Motivation and Employment Sector, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 23(4): 899-921.
• Kristof-Brown, A. L., Zimmerman, R. D. ve Johnson, E. C. (2005). Consequences of Individuals’ Fit at Work: A Meta-Analysis of Person-Job, Person-Organization, Person- Group, and Person-Supervisor Fit, Personnel Psychology, 58(2): 281-320.
• Krogsgaard, J.A., Thomsen, P. ve Andersen, L.B. (2013). Only If We Agree? How Value Conflict Moderates the Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Public Service Motivation, 2013 IRSPM Conference,10-12 April, Prague.
• Leisink, P. ve Steijn, B. (2009). Public Service Motivation and Job Performance of Public Sector Employees in the Netherlands, International Review of Administrative Sciences, 75(1): 35-52.
• Liu, B., Du, L., Wen, H. ve Fan, B. (2012). Public Service Motivation of Public- Versus Private-Sector Employees in a Chinese Context, Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 40: 1409-1418.
• Moynihan, D. P. ve Pandey, S. K. (2006). Creating Desirable Organizational Characteristics: How Organizations Create a Focus on Results and Managerial Authority, Public Management Review, 8(1): 119- 140.
• Moynihan, D. P. ve Pandey, S. K. (2007a). The Role of Organizations in Fostering PSM, Public Adinistration Review, 67(1): 40-53.
• Moynihan, D. P. ve Pandey, S. K. (2007b). Finding Workable Levers over Work Motivation: Comparing Job Satisfaction, Job Involve¬ment, and Organizational Commitment, Administration and Society, 39(7): 803-832.
• Muchinsky, P. M. ve Monahan, C. J. (1987). What is Person-Environ¬ment Congruence? Supplementary versus Complementary Models of Fit, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 31: 268-277.
• Naff, K. ve Crum, J. (1999). Working for America: Does Public Service Motivation Make a Difference?, Review of Public Personnel Admi¬nistration, 19(4): 5-16.
• Neumann, O. ve Ritz, A. (2015). PSM and Rati¬onal Choice Modelling, Public Money & Management, 35(5): 365- 370.
• Ostroff, C. ve Schulte, M. (2007). Multiple Perspectives of Fit in Orga¬nizations across Levels of Analysis, İçinde: Perspectives on Organizational Fit (Ed: C. Ostroff and T. A. Judge), New York: Law¬rence Erlbaum.
• O’reilly, C. A., Chatman, J. ve Caldwell, D. F. (1991). People and Or¬ganizational Culture: A Profile Comparison Approach to Assessing Person-Organization Fit, Academy of Management Journal, 34(3): 487-516.
• Ökmen, M. ve Demir, F. (2010). Kamu Hizmetinin Felsefi Temelleri ve Yeni Kamu Yönetiminde Geçirdiği Dönüşüm, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 15(3): 19-42.
• Paarlberg, L. ve Perry, J.L. (2007). Values Management: Aligning Emp¬loyee Values and Organization Goals, American Review of Public Ad¬ministration, 37(4): 387-408.
• Paine, J. R. (2009). Relating Public Service Motivation to Behavio¬ral Outcomes Among Local Elected Administrators, International Public Service Motivation Research Conference. June 7-9, Bloomington, Indiana.
• Palma, R. ve Sepe, E. (2017). Structural Equation Modelling: A Silver Bullet for Evaluating PSM, Qual Quant, 51: 729-744.
• Park, S. M. ve Rainey, H. G. (2007). Antecedents, Mediators, and Con¬sequences of Affective, Normative, and Continuance Commitment Empirical Tests of Commitment Effects in Federal Agencies, Review of Public Personnel Administration, 27:197-216.
• Pedersen, M.J. (2013). Public Service Motivation and Attraction to Public Versus Private Sector Employment Academic Field of Study as Moderator?, International Public Management Journal, 16(3): 357-385.
• Perry, J.L. (1996). Measuring Public Service Motivation: An Assessment of Construct Reliability and Validity, Journal of Public Administrati¬on Research and Theory: J-PART, 6(1): 5-22.
• Perry, J.L. (1997). Antecedents of Public Service Motivation, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 7(2): 181-197.
• Perry, J.L. (2011). The Growth of Public Service Motivation Research, The Korean Journal of Policy Studies, 26(3): 1-12.
• Perry, J. L. ve Hondeghem, A. (2008a). Motivation in Public Manage¬ment: the Call of Public Service. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Perry, J.L. ve Hondeghem, A. (2008b). Building Theory and Empirical Evidence about Public Service Motivation, International Public Ma¬nagement Journal, 11(1): 3-12.
• Perry, J. L., Hondeghem, A. ve Wise, L. R. (2010). Revisiting the Moti¬vational Bases of Public Service: Twenty Years of Research and an Agenda for the Future, Public Administration Review, 70(5): 681- 690.
• Perry, J.L., Jeffrey L. B., Coursey, D. ve Littlepage, L. (2008). What Drives Morally Committed Citizens? A Study of the Antecedents of Public Service Motivation, Public Administration Review, 68(3): 445-458.
• Perry, J.L. ve Wise, R.L. (1990). The Motivational Bases of Public Servi¬ce, Public Administration Review, 50(3): 367-373.
• Piatak, J.S. (2016). Public Service Motivation, Prosocial Behaviors, and Career Ambitions, International Journal of Manpower, 37(5): 804-821.
• Rainey, H. G. (1979), Perceptions of Incentives in Business and Gover¬nment: Implications for Civil Service Reform, Public Administration Review, 39(5): 440-448.
• Rainey, H. G. (1982). Reward Preferences among Public and Private Managers: In Search of the Service Ethic, American Review of Public Administration, 16(4): 288-302.
• Rainey, H. G., Backoff, R. W. ve Levine, C. H. (1976). Comparing Pub¬lic and Private Organizations, Public Administration Review, 36(2): 182-201.
• Rosenhan, D. (1970). The Natural Socialization of Altruistic Autonomy, İçinde: Altruism and Helping Behavior (Ed. J. Macaulay and L. Berkowitz), New York: Academic Press.
• Scherer, R.F., Wiebe, F.A., Luther, D.C. ve Adams, J.S. (1988). Dimensionality of Coping: Factor Stability Using the Ways of Coping Questionnaire, Psychological Reports, 62(3): 763–770.
• Schneider, B. (1987). The People Make the Place, Personnel Psychology, 40: 437-453.
• Schwarz, G., Newman, A., Cooper, B. ve Eva, N. (2016). Servant Leader¬ship and Follower Job Performance: The Mediating Effect of PSM, Public Administration, 94(4): 1025-1041.
• Scott, P. G. ve Pandey, S. K. (2005). Red Tape and Public Service Moti¬vation: Findings from a National Survey of Managers in State Health and Human Services Agencies, Review of Public Personnel Administ¬ration, 25(2): 155-180.
• Shahda E.A. (2016). The Effects of Political Factors on Public Service Motivation: Evidence from the Lebanese Civil Service, Journel of Political Science and Public Affairs, 4: 2-8.
• Stazyk, E.C. ve Davis, R. (2015). Taking the High Road: Does Public Service Motivation alter Ethical Decision Making Processes?, Public Administration, 93(3): 627-645.
• Steijin, B. (2006). Public Service Motivation in the Netherlands. Annual Conference of the EGPA, 6–9 September, Milan, Italy.
• Tabachnick, B. ve Fidell, L. (2012). Using Multivariate Statistics, USA: Pearson.
• Taylor, J. (2007). The Impact of Public Service Motives on Work Outco¬mes in Australia: A Comparative Multi-Dimensional Analysis, Pub¬lic Administration, 85(4): 931-959.
• Taylor, J. (2008). Organizational Influences, Public Service Motivation and Work Outcomes: An Australian Study, International Public Ma¬nagement Journal, 11(1): 67-88.
• Taylor, J.K. ve Clerkin, R.M. (2011). PSM and Political Action in Un¬dergraduates, Politics & Policy, 39(5): 715-740.
• Taylor, J. ve Taylor, R. (2011). Working Hard for More Money or Working Hard to Make a Difference? Efficiency Wages, Public Service Motivation and Effort, Review of Public Personnel Administration, 31(1): 67-86.
• Tonin, M. ve Vlassopoulos, M. (2015). Are Public Sector Workers Different? Cross-European Evidence from Elderly Workers and Retirees, IZA Journal of Labor Economics, IZA Discussion Paper, (8238).
• Vandenabeele, W. (2007). Toward a Public Administration Theory of Public Service Motivation: An Institutional Approach, Public Ma¬nagement Review, 9(4): 545-556.
• Vandenabeele, W. (2008). Development of a Public Service Motivation Measurement Scale: Corroborating and Extending Perry’s Measure¬ment Instrument, International Public Management Journal, (11): 143- 167.
• Vandenabeele, W. (2011). Who Wants to Deliver Public Service? Do Institutional Antecedents of Public Service Motivation Provide an Answer?, Review of Public Personnel Administration, 31(1): 87-107.
• Vandenabeele, W., Scheepers, S. ve Hondeghem, A. (2006). Public Service Motivation in an International Comparative Perspective: The UK and Germany, Public Policy and Administration, 21(1): 13-31.
• Vandenabeele, W. ve Walle, S. (2007). International Differences in Public Service Motivation: Comparing Regions across the World, İçinde: Public Service Motivation: State of The Science and Art (Ed. Perry J.L. and Hondeghem, A.), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Wright, B. E. ve Christensen, R. K. (2011). The Effects of Public Service Motivation on Job Choice Decisions: Disentangling the Contributi¬ons of Person-Organization Fit and Person-Job Fit, Journal of Public Administra¬tion Research and Theory, 21(4): 723-743.
• Wright, B. E. ve Pandey, S. K. (2008). Public Service Motivation and the Assumption of Person-Organization Fit: Testing the Mediating Effect of Value Congruence, Administration & Society, (40): 502-521.