Ebû Hayyân el-Endelüsî’nin Usûlu’n-Nahv İlmindeki Yeri

Öz

Gramer çalışmalarında doğuşundan günümüze kadar birçok Arap dilci birbirinden farklı görüş ve yorumlarda bulunmuşlardır. Bu görüşlerin farklı olmasındaki temel ve en önemli etken kullanılan dil metodudur. Bir nahiv meselesinde bir dilci nahiv delillerinden birine dayanarak bir görüş ortaya koyarken başka bir dilci diğer bir nahiv deliline dayanarak farklı bir görüşte bulunmuştur. Bunun sonucunda ise gramerle alakalı farklı yorumlar meydana gelmiştir. Bu dilcilerden biri de Ebû Hayyân el-Endelüsî’dir. (ö. 745/1344) O, kimi zaman nahiv imamlarından ve ekollerinden farklı olarak özgün, kimi zaman da bu imam ve ekollerden birinin görüşünü tercih şeklinde görüşlerde bulunmuştur. Nahiv delillerinden bazılarını diğerlerine göre daha önemsemiş ve görüşlerini bu doğrultuda ortaya koymuştur. Ebû Hayyân ilk dil bilginlerinden farklı olarak Kuran'ın bütün kıraatlerini, kendi görüşleri için delil olarak kullanmış, İbn Mâlik’in (ö. 672/1275) yaygınlaştırdığı hadisle istişhad yöntemini reddetmiştir. Bu makalede Ebû Hayyân’ın usûlu’n-nahv ilmine olan katkısı, görüşlerini ortaya koyarken benimsediği dil metodu ve usûlu’n-nahv ilminde kullandığı nahiv delilleri gösterilmeye çalışılacaktır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Arap Dili,Gramer,Ebû Hayyân el-Endelüsî,Usûl,Delil

The Place of Abu Hayyân al-Andalusî in the Methodology of Syntax (Usûlu'n-Nahw) Science

Abstract

The Methodology of Syntax (Usûlu’n-Nahw) Science means the evidence that is used in determining the rules of a language. This evidence, which is also called Nahw evidence, consist of four elements which are; Semâ (i.e. Sensation) Icma, Comparison and Istishâbü’l-hal. The language scholars used these to determine the rules of language. The source of the first and the most important one of these is the Qur'an, the Hadiths and poetry. The Quran is recited not only with one single recitation method, but with many different methods. Some linguists relied on the ones that were Mutevatir (Reliable) of these Qara’ats (recitation method), while others determined linguistic rules by relying on other Qara’ats other than the Mutevatir. One of these linguists was Abu Hayyân al-Andalusî (d. 745/1344), who is the subject of our article.

Abu Hayyân, who was an important linguist of the eighth century A.H., was influenced by the viewpoints of the predecessor linguists, and acquired different viewpoints on Arabic language studies with his own knowledge making important contributions with his works. Whether Mutevatir or not, Abu Hayyân used all Qara’ats as an evidence for his viewpoints and applied a method that was different from early language scholars. He rejected the method of placing the rules on the non-fluent Arabic dialects and Hadiths which were proposed by Ibn Malik (d. 672/1275) and tried to protect the Nahw method of the early-period language scholars, especially those who were from Basra. When he established his viewpoints on Nahw, he relied on all the reciting methods and the fluent (i.e. fasih) Arabic poetry, and in this way, introduced a unique Nahw methodology.

Abu Hayyân used all Nahw evidences, which consisted of Sema, Comparison, Icma and Istishâbu’l-hâl; and paid more importance to Sema than any other. According to him, firstly the Quran recitation methods are referred to, and whether there is any use that is heard from the Arabs is checked in any Nahw issue. If there is a usage, then the other evidences are considered. If not, these Nahw evidences do not make sense, and cannot be respected. Also, a Nahw rule cannot be produced. Even if a rule is proposed, such a rule will be weak and invalid.

Sometimes there may be conflicts between Nahw evidences. According to Abu Hayyân, when Sema and Comparison evidence are in conflict, Sema is preferred; if there is no Sema, no Comparison can be made. In case there is a conflict between different dialects on any subject, Abu Hayyân argued that there was a use for each dialect, and one of them could not be compared to the other. Again, in case there is a conflict between the original and the common one, he argued that the original use must be preferred.

Among the language scholars, the most influential linguist was Sîbeveyhi (d. 180/796) on Abu Hayyân. He accepted the viewpoints and method of Nahw of Sîbeveyhi as a basis and criticized the scholars who opposed him in some Nahw issues. It was Ibn Malik, the linguist, who was criticized mostly by Abu Hayyân due to his viewpoints. He wrote commentaries on the works of Ibn Malik and abbreviated some of them. The focus of his criticism on Ibn Malik was that he used Hadiths for Istishad (using the Hadiths as evidence), he trusted some weak Arabic dialects, and preferred the viewpoints of Kufa school in some Nahw issues. In this sense, Abu Hayyân enabled the following generations recognize Ibn Malik and make evaluations on his viewpoints.

Abu Hayyân did not use the Hadiths as evidence for Nahw issues like the early language scholars in Istishad with the Hadiths. on this subject, he criticized Ibn Malik because he made Istishad with the Hadiths and stated that most of the Hadiths were narrated spiritually, that a Nahw rule could not be established based on them, and that the Hadith could not be used as evidence for a v rule. In this sense, Abu Hayyân became the pioneer of the scholars who defended the idea that Istishad could not be made with hadiths together with his teacher Ibn Dâi (d. 680/1283). About the issue of making Istishad with the Hadiths, some linguists agreed to Abu Hayyân, while others criticized him and others followed a middle course. According to Abu Hayyân, there is no harm in using the Hadiths as an example of a Nahw issue in terms of representation or explaining the meaning of a word. When his works are examined, it is possible to see that he also included many hadiths; however, he did not use hadiths in this sense.

In making Istishad with poetry, Abu Hayyân made Istishad with the poems of the first three poets who were adopted by people; and did not make Istishad with the poems of other poets. Again, he preferred using fluent Arabic dialects, which were used to collect the language materials, and criticized the Kufa school, and sometimes Ibn Malik, who agreed to them because of making Istishad with non-fluent dialects.

Abu Hayyân also had preferential viewpoints and comments in addition to his original viewpoints on Nahw. He made original interpretations by using his unique Nahw method, and sometimes preferred the viewpoints of any Nahw imam or school. When the Nahw viewpoints of Abu Hayyân are examined, it is seen that he sometimes preferred the Basra language school, and sometimes Kufa or other Nahw schools. Although it is seen that he is closer to the Basra language school among other Nahw schools, he determined a Nahw method that was unique to him and evaluated Nahw issues in the light of this method.

Keywords

• Arabic language,Grammar,Abu Hayyân al-Andalusî,Methodology,Evidence

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