Are There Any Differences in Clinicopathological Features of Thyroid Cancer Between Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients?

Year 2019, , 278 - 287, 28.06.2019

Fatma Dilek Dellal , Şefika Burçak Polat Mustafa Ömer Yazıcıoğlu Hayriye Tatlı Doğan Reyhan Ersoy Bekir Çakır

https://doi.org/10.17098/amj.581998

Abstract

Objectives: Although there are numerous studies about the relationship between
diabetes mellitus and thyroid cancer, there are few studies about the
clinicopathological features in diabetic patients with thyroid cancer. Our aim
is to evaluate whether ultrasonographic and cytopathological features of malignant
nodules and distribution of thyroid cancer and its variants are different in
diabetic and non-diabetic patients.

Materials and Methods: Data of
patients who underwent thyroidectomy between 2007-2014 were reviewed
retrospectively. Patients with cyto-histopathological data were included.
Hormonal, ultrasonographic, and cyto-histopathologic features of diabetic and
non-diabetic patients were compared.       

Results: Of 865 patients, 113 were
diabetic (13.06%). Median age was higher in diabetic patients [59 (25-81)
years, 48 (19-84) years; p<0.001]. TSH level, anti-TPO and anti-TG
autoantibody positivity and number of nodules were similar between groups
(p=0.849, 0.268, 0.168, 0.054). Frequency of multifocality was higher in
diabetics (45.13% vs 31.38%, p=0.004). The only patient with metastatic disease
was in diabetic group. In ultrasonographic evaluation of malignant nodules;
dimension, echogenity, texture, anteroposterior/transverse dimension, and
presence of halo were similar in two groups. Rates of macrocalcification and
presence of irregular margin were higher in diabetic patients (46% vs 31.8%,
p=0.01; 80.5% vs 61,5%, p=0.001; respectively). Rate of microcalcification was
in limit of significance (55.17% vs 43.88%, p=0.05). Frequency of suspicious
for malignancy was significantly lower, and rate of malignancy was two times
higher in cytologic evaluation of malignant nodules of diabetic patients
compared to those of non-diabetic ones. In histopathologic evaluation, there
was no difference in distribution of the type of thyroid cancer. Furthermore,
the most frequent thyroid cancer was papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) in two
groups. The classical variant of PTC was significantly higher, but follicular
variant of PTC was significantly lower in diabetic group. Microcarcinoma rate
was significantly higher in diabetic group (p=0.046). Rates of lymphovascular
invasion, capsular invasion and extrathyroidal extension were similar in both
groups. 

Conclusion: Distribution of the type
of thyroid cancer and histopathological features, except variants of PTC, were
similar in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Rate of multifocality and
microcarcinoma were higher in diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic ones.
Further researches with follow-up data are needed to evaluate the course of
thyroid cancer in diabetic patients.

Keywords

diabetes mellitus, thyroid cancer, ultrasonography, cytology, histopathology

Diyabetik Hastalarda Tiroid Kanserlerinin Klinikopatolojik Özellikleri Non-diyabetik Hastalardan Farklı mıdır?

Abstract

Amaç: Diyabetes mellitus ve tiroid kanseri arasında ilişki olup olmadığı ile ilgili yapılmış çok sayıda çalışma olmasına rağmen diyabetik hastalardaki tiroid kanserinin klinikopatolojik özellikleri ile ilgili çok az sayıda çalışma mevcuttur. Bu çalışmadaki amacımız diyabetik hastalarda malign nodüllerin ultrasonografik özellikler, sitolojik özellikler ve tiroid kanseri tiplerinin dağılımı açısından non-diyabetik hastalara göre farklılık olup olmadığının tespit edilmesidir.        
Materyal ve Metot: 2007-2014 yılları arasında tiroidektomi yapılan hastalar retrospektif olarak tarandı. Sitolojik ve histopatolojik verileri tam olan hastalar çalışmaya dahil edildi. Hastalar diyabetik ve non-diyabetik olarak ayrıldı. Demografik, hormonal, ultrasonografik, sitolojik ve histopatolojik özellikler karşılaştırıldı.

Bulgular: Toplam 865 hastanın 113’ü diyabetikti (% 13,06). Diyabetiklerde yaş ortancası daha fazlaydı [59 (25-81), 48 (19-84); p<0,001]. Tiroid stimülan hormon (TSH) düzeyi, anti-tiroid peroksidaz ve anti-tiroglobulin pozitifliği ve nodül sayısı benzerdi (sırasıyla p=0,849; p=0,268, p=0,168 ve p=0,054). Multifokalite oranı diyabetiklerde daha fazlaydı (% 45,13 ve % 31,38, p=0,004). Uzak metastazı olan tek hasta, diyabetik gruptaydı. Malign nodüllerin ultrasonografik incelemesinde; nodül boyutları, ekojenite, nodül yapısı, ön-arka çap/transvers çap oranı ve hipoekoik halo varlığı benzerdi. Makrokalsifikasyon ve sınır düzensizliği oranı diyabetiklerde daha fazlaydı (sırası ile; % 45,98 ve % 31,83, p=0,010; % 80,46 ve % 61,48, p=0,001). Mikrokalsifikasyon oranı anlamlılık sınırındaydı (% 55,17 ve % 43,88, p=0,050). Malign nodüllerin sitolojisi incelendiğinde diyabetiklerde non-diyabetiklere göre malignite şüphesi oranı belirgin az, malignite oranı 2 kat fazlaydı. Histopatolojide tiroid kanseri tipleri dağılımında farklılık yoktu ve her iki grupta da en sık kanser tipi papiller tiroid kanseri (PTK) idi. Diyabetik hastalarda klasik varyant PTK oranı belirgin yüksek, folliküler varyant oranı belirgin düşüktü. Mikrokarsinom oranı diyabetik grupta belirgin fazlaydı (p=0,046). Lenfovasküler invazyon, kapsüler invazyon, ekstratiroidal yayılım açısından fark yoktu.

Sonuç: Diyabetik hastalarda tiroid kanseri tiplerinin dağılımı non-diyabetik hastalarla benzerdir ve PTK varyant dağılımı dışındaki histopatolojik özellikler farklılık göstermemektedir. Multifokalite oranı diyabetik hastalarda non-diyabetiklere göre daha fazladır. Diyabetiklerde tiroid kanserinin seyrini değerlendirmek için takip verilerinin olduğu ileri çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.

Keywords

diabetes mellitus, tiroid kanseri, ultrasonografi, sitoloji, histopatoloji

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