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Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus and Meal Consumption Frequency

Year 2024, , 217 - 224, 31.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.46237/amusbfd.1246720

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic health problem that continues to threaten human health. Nutrition plays an important role in the etiology of this disease. In addition to the nutrient content consumed, the frequency of meals also affects this disease in many ways. Studies have shown that different eating frequency patterns can increase or decrease the need for food consumption by changing the feelings of hunger-satiety and the levels of some hormones that regulate these sensations. Due to this effect, body weight may increase or decrease and type 2 diabetes can be triggered indirectly. Changing meal frequencies may show this effect directly in individuals with type 2 diabetes through blood parameters associated with the disease or indirectly through body weight and appetite. The purpose of this review is to provide information about the relationship between meal frequency and diabetes, taking into account the complex disease process in type 2 diabetes, and to bring together studies that examine this relationship.

References

  • 1. Petersmann, A., Nauck, M., Müller-Wieland, D., Kerner, W., Müller, U. A., Landgraf, R., … Heinemann, L. (2018). Definition, classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology and Diabetes, 126(7), 406–410.
  • 2. WHO. (2016). Global Report on Dıabetes. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/204871/9789241565257_eng.pdf
  • 3. Tao, Z., Shi, A., & Zhao, J. (2015). Epidemiological perspectives of diabetes. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics, 73(1), 181–185.
  • 4. Zheng, Y., Ley, S. H., & Hu, F. B. (2018). Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Vol. 14, pp. 88–98.
  • 5. IDF Diabetes Atlas 9th edition (2019).
  • 6. American Diabetes Association. (2018). 2. classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care 41(Suppl 1), 13-27
  • 7. Pippitt, K., Li, M., & Gurgle, H. E. (2016). Diabetes mellitus: Screening and diagnosis. American family physician, 93(2), 103-109.
  • 8. Ding, L., Xu, Y., Liu, S., Bi, Y., & Xu, Y. (2018, May). Hemoglobin A1c and diagnosis of diabetes. Journal of Diabetes, Vol. 10, pp. 365–372.
  • 9. Boles, A., Kandimalla, R., & Reddy, P. H. (2017, May). Dynamics of diabetes and obesity: Epidemiological perspective. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Basis of Disease, Vol. 1863, pp. 1026–1036.
  • 10. Malone, J. I., & Hansen, B. C. (2019, February). Does obesity cause type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)? Or is it the opposite? Pediatric Diabetes, Vol. 20, pp. 5–9.
  • 11. Golbidi, S., Daiber, A., Korac, B., Li, H., Essop, M. F., & Laher, I. (2017, December). Health Benefits of Fasting and Caloric Restriction. Current Diabetes Reports, Vol. 17, p. 123.
  • 12. DeFronzo, R. A., Ferrannini, E., Groop, L., Henry, R. R., Herman, W. H., Holst, J. J., … Weiss, R. (2015). Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 1(1), 15019.
  • 13. Evert, A. B., Boucher, J. L., Cypress, M., Dunbar, S. A., Franz, M. J., Mayer-Davis, E. J., … Yancy, W. S. (2014). Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care, Vol. 37, pp. S120–S143.
  • 14. Forouhi, N. G., Misra, A., Mohan, V., Taylor, R., & Yancy, W. (2018). Dietary and nutritional approaches for prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. BMJ (Online), 361, k2234.
  • 15. Ponzo, V., Rosato, R., Tarsia, E., Goitre, I., De Michieli, F., Fadda, M., … Bo, S. (2017). Self-reported adherence to diet and preferences towards type of meal plan in patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A cross-sectional study. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 27(7), 642–650.
  • 16. Gardner, C. D., Landry, M. J., Perelman, D., Petlura, C., Durand, L. R., Aronica, L., … Kim, S. H. (2022). Effect of a ketogenic diet versus Mediterranean diet on glycated hemoglobin in individuals with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The interventional Keto-Med randomized crossover trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 116(3), 640–652.
  • 17. Wang, L. L., Wang, Q., Hong, Y., Ojo, O., Jiang, Q., Hou, Y. Y., … Wang, X. H. (2018). The effect of low- carbohydrate diet on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutrients, 10(6).
  • 18. Ajala, O., English, P., & Pinkney, J. (2013). Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes1-3. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 97, pp. 505–516.
  • 19. Krishan, P., Bedi, O., & Rani, M. (2018, March). Impact of diet restriction in the management of diabetes: evidences from preclinical studies. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology, Vol. 391, pp. 235– 245.
  • 20. Mattson, M. P. (2005). The need for controlled studies of the effects of meal frequency on health. Lancet, Vol. 365, pp. 1978–1980.
  • 21. Leiva, T., Basfi-fer, K., Rojas, P., Carrasco, F., & Ruz O, M. (2016). Efecto del fraccionamiento de la dieta y cantidad de hidratos de carbono en el control metabólico en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, sin terapia con insulina. Revista Médica de Chile, 144(10), 1247–1253.
  • 22. St-Onge, M. P., Ard, J., Baskin, M. L., Chiuve, S. E., Johnson, H. M., Kris-Etherton, P., & Varady, K. (2017). Meal Timing and frequency: Implications for cardiovascular disease prevention: A scientific statement from the american heart association. Circulation, Vol. 135, pp. e96–e121.
  • 23. Lee, S.-K. (2008). Acculturation, meal frequency, eating-out, and body weight in Korean Americans. Nutrition Research and Practice, 2(4), 269.
  • 24. Belew, A. K., Ali, B. M., Abebe, Z., & Dachew, B. A. (2017). Dietary diversity and meal frequency among infant and young children: A community based study. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 43(1), 73.
  • 25. Paoli, A., Tinsley, G., Bianco, A., & Moro, T. (2019). The Influence of Meal Frequency and Timing on Health in Humans: The Role of Fasting. Nutrients, 11(4), 719.
  • 26. Leidy, H. J., & Campbell, W. W. (2011). The effect of eating frequency on appetite control and food intake: Brief synopsis of controlled feeding studies. The Journal of Nutrition, 141(1), 154–157.
  • 27. Stote, K. S., Baer, D. J., Spears, K., Paul, D. R., Harris, G. K., Rumpler, W. V., … Mattson, M. P. (2007). A controlled trial of reduced meal frequency without caloric restriction in healthy, normal-weight, middle-aged adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 85(4), 981–988.
  • 28. Kim, S., Park, G. H., Yang, J. H., Chun, S. H., Yoon, H. J., & Park, M. S. (2014). Eating frequency is inversely associated with blood pressure and hypertension in Korean adults: Analysis of the third korean national health and nutrition examination survey. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 68(4), 481–489.
  • 29. Farshchi, H. R., Taylor, M. A., & Macdonald, I. A. (2005). Beneficial metabolic effects of regular meal frequency on dietary thermogenesis, insulin sensitivity, and fasting lipid profiles in healthy obese women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 81(1), 16–24.
  • 30. Bellisle, F., McDevitt, R., & Prentice, A. M. (1997). Meal frequency and energy balance. British Journal of Nutrition, 77(S1), S57–S70.
  • 31. Kahleova, H., Lloren, J. I., Mashchak, A., Hill, M., & Fraser, G. E. (2017). Meal frequency and timing are associated with changes in body mass ındex in adventist health study 2. The Journal of Nutrition, jn244749.
  • 32. McCrory, M. A., & Campbell, W. W. (2011). Effects of eating frequency, snacking, and breakfast skipping on energy regulation: Symposium overview. The Journal of Nutrition, 141(1), 144–147.
  • 33. Perrigue, M. M., Drewnowski, A., Wang, C.-Y., & Neuhouser, M. L. (2016). Higher eating frequency does not decrease appetite in healthy adults. The Journal of Nutrition, 146(1), 59–64.
  • 34. Jennings, A., Cassidy, A., Van Sluijs, E. M. F., Griffin, S. J., & Welch, A. A. (2012). Associations between eating frequency, adiposity, diet, and activity in 9-10 year old healthy-weight and centrally obese children. Obesity, 20(7), 1462–1468.
  • 35. Yildiran, H., & Mercanligil, S. M. (2019). Does increasing meal frequency improve weight loss and some biochemical parameters in overweight/obese females? Nutricion Hospitalaria, 36(1), 66–72.
  • 36. Schoenfeld, B. J., Aragon, A. A., & Krieger, J. W. (2015). Effects of meal frequency on weight loss and body composition: A meta-analysis. Nutrition Reviews, 73(2), 69–82.
  • 37. Stensel, D. (2011, February). Exercise, appetite and appetite-regulating hormones: Implications for food intake and weight control. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, Vol. 57, pp. 36–42.
  • 38. Thom, G., Dombrowski, S. U., Brosnahan, N., Algindan, Y. Y., Rosario Lopez-Gonzalez, M., Roditi, G., … Malkova, D. (2020). The role of appetite-related hormones, adaptive thermogenesis, perceived hunger and stress in long-term weight-loss maintenance: a mixed-methods study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 74(4), 622–632.
  • 39. Austin, J., & Marks, D. (2009). Hormonal Regulators of Appetite. International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology, 9.
  • 40. Palmer, M. A., Capra, S., & Baines, S. K. (2009, July). Association between eating frequency, weight, and health. Nutrition Reviews, Vol. 67, pp. 379–390.
  • 41. Vilela, S., Severo, M., Moreira, T., Oliveira, A., Hetherington, M. M., & Lopes, C. (2019). Association between eating frequency and eating behaviours related to appetite from 4 to 7 years of age: Findings from the population-based birth cohort generation XXI. Appetite, 132, 82–90.
  • 42. Feinle-Bisset, C. (2014). Modulation of hunger and satiety: Hormones and diet. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, Vol. 17, pp. 458–464.
  • 43. Perry, B., & Wang, Y. (2012). Appetite regulation and weight control: The role of gut hormones. Nutrition and Diabetes, Vol. 2, pp. e26–e26.
  • 44. Leidy, H. J., Armstrong, C. L. H., Tang, M., Mattes, R. D., & Campbell, W. W. (2010). The influence of higher protein intake and greater eating frequency on appetite control in overweight and obese men. Obesity, 18(9), 1725–1732.
  • 45. Bachman, J. L., & Raynor, H. A. (2012). Effects of manipulating eating frequency during a behavioral weight loss intervention: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Obesity, 20(5), 985–992.
  • 46. Ceriello, A. (2010). The glucose triad and its role in comprehensive glycaemic control: current status, future management. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 64(12), 1705–1711.
  • 47. Khan, R. (2001). Postprandial blood glucose. Diabetes Care, Vol. 24, pp. 775–778.
  • 48. Kanaley, J. A., Heden, T. D., Liu, Y., & Fairchild, T. J. (2020). Alteration of postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations with meal frequency and composition. British Journal of Nutrition, 112, 1484–1493.
  • 49. Carlson, O., Martin, B., Stote, K. S., Golden, E., Maudsley, S., Najjar, S. S., … Mattson, M. P. (2007). Impact of reduced meal frequency without caloric restriction on glucose regulation in healthy, normal-weight middle- aged men and women. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 56(12), 1729–1734.
  • 50. Papakonstantinou, E., Kechribari, I., Mitrou, P., Trakakis, E., Vassiliadi, D., Georgousopoulou, E., … Dimitriadis, G. (2016). Effect of meal frequency on glucose and insulin levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomised trial. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 70(5), 588–594.
  • 51. Grangeiro, É. D., Trigueiro, M. S., Siais, L. D. O., Paiva, H. M., Sola-Penna, M., Alves, M. R., & Rosado, E. L. (2021). Hypocaloric diet with lower meal frequency did not affect weight loss, body composition and insulin responsiveness, but improved lipid profile: a randomized clinical trial. Food & Function, 12(24), 12594–12605.
  • 52. Holmstrup, M. E., Owens, C. M., Fairchild, T. J., & Kanaley, J. A. (2010). Effect of meal frequency on glucose and insulin excursions over the course of a day. E-SPEN, 5(6), e277–e280.
  • 53. Ohkawara, K., Cornier, M. A., Kohrt, W. M., & Melanson, E. L. (2013). Effects of increased meal frequency on fat oxidation and perceived hunger. Obesity, 21(2), 336–343.
  • 54. Mekary, R. A., Giovannucci, E., Willett, W. C., van Dam, R. M., & Hu, F. B. (2012). Eating patterns and type 2 diabetes risk in men: breakfast omission, eating frequency, and snacking. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 95(5), 1182–1189.
  • 55. Mekary, R. A., Giovannucci, E., Cahill, L., Willett, W. C., van Dam, R. M., & Hu, F. B. (2013). Eating patterns and type 2 diabetes risk in older women: breakfast consumption and eating frequency. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 98(2), 436–443.
  • 56. Hibi, M., Hari, S., Yamaguchi, T., Mitsui, Y., Kondo, S., & Katashima, M. (2019). Effect of short-term increase in meal frequency on glucose metabolism in individuals with normal glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose: A randomized crossover clinical trial. Nutrients, 11(9).
  • 57. Kahleova, H., Belinova, L., Malinska, H., Oliyarnyk, O., Trnovska, J., Skop, V., … Pelikanova, T. (2014). Eating two larger meals a day (breakfast and lunch) is more effective than six smaller meals in a reduced-energy regimen for patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomised crossover study. Diabetologia, 57(8), 1552–1560.
  • 58. Kahleova, H., Malinska, H., Kazdova, L., Belinova, L., Tura, A., Hill, M., & Pelikanova, T. (2016). The Effect of Meal Frequency on the Fatty Acid Composition of Serum Phospholipids in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 35(4), 317–325.
  • 59. Papakonstantinou, E., Kontogianni, M. D., Mitrou, P., Magriplis, E., Vassiliadi, D., Nomikos, T., … Dimitriadis, G. (2018). Effects of 6 vs 3 eucaloric meal patterns on glycaemic control and satiety in people with impaired glucose tolerance or overt type 2 diabetes: A randomized trial. Diabetes and Metabolism, 44(3), 226–234.
  • 60. Munsters, M. J. M., & Saris, W. H. M. (2012). Effects of meal frequency on metabolic profiles and substrate partitioning in lean healthy males. PLoS ONE, 7(6), e38632.
  • 61. Wang, X., Hu, Y., Qin, L. Q., & Dong, J. Y. (2021). Meal frequency and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study. The British Journal of Nutrition, 128(2), 273–278.
  • 62. Heden, T. D., Liu, Y., Sims, L. J., Whaley-Connell, A. T., Chockalingam, A., Dellsperger, K. C., & Kanaley, J. A. (2013). Meal frequency differentially alters postprandial triacylglycerol and insulin concentrations in obese women. Obesity, 21(1), 123–129.

Tip-2 Diabetes Mellitus ve Öğün Tüketim Sıklığı

Year 2024, , 217 - 224, 31.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.46237/amusbfd.1246720

Abstract

Tip 2 diyabet, insan sağlığını tehdit etmeye devam eden kronik bir sağlık sorunudur. Beslenme, bu hastalığın etiyolojisinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Tüketilen besin içeriğinin yanı sıra öğün sıklığı da bu hastalığı birçok yönden etkilemektedir. Çalışmalar, farklı yeme sıklığı kalıplarının, açlık-tokluk hissini ve bu hisleri düzenleyen bazı hormonların seviyelerini değiştirerek gıda tüketimi ihtiyacını artırabileceğini veya azaltabileceğini göstermiştir. Bu etki nedeniyle vücut ağırlığı artabilir veya azalabilir ve dolaylı olarak tip 2 diyabet tetiklenebilir. Değişen yemek sıklıkları, bu etkiyi tip 2 diyabetli bireylerde doğrudan hastalıkla ilişkili kan parametreleri yoluyla veya dolaylı olarak vücut ağırlığı ve iştah yoluyla gösterebilir. Bu derlemenin amacı, tip 2 diyabette karmaşık hastalık sürecini dikkate alarak yemek sıklığı ve diyabet arasındaki ilişki hakkında bilgi vermek ve bu ilişkiyi inceleyen çalışmaları bir araya getirmektir.

References

  • 1. Petersmann, A., Nauck, M., Müller-Wieland, D., Kerner, W., Müller, U. A., Landgraf, R., … Heinemann, L. (2018). Definition, classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology and Diabetes, 126(7), 406–410.
  • 2. WHO. (2016). Global Report on Dıabetes. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/204871/9789241565257_eng.pdf
  • 3. Tao, Z., Shi, A., & Zhao, J. (2015). Epidemiological perspectives of diabetes. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics, 73(1), 181–185.
  • 4. Zheng, Y., Ley, S. H., & Hu, F. B. (2018). Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, Vol. 14, pp. 88–98.
  • 5. IDF Diabetes Atlas 9th edition (2019).
  • 6. American Diabetes Association. (2018). 2. classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care 41(Suppl 1), 13-27
  • 7. Pippitt, K., Li, M., & Gurgle, H. E. (2016). Diabetes mellitus: Screening and diagnosis. American family physician, 93(2), 103-109.
  • 8. Ding, L., Xu, Y., Liu, S., Bi, Y., & Xu, Y. (2018, May). Hemoglobin A1c and diagnosis of diabetes. Journal of Diabetes, Vol. 10, pp. 365–372.
  • 9. Boles, A., Kandimalla, R., & Reddy, P. H. (2017, May). Dynamics of diabetes and obesity: Epidemiological perspective. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Basis of Disease, Vol. 1863, pp. 1026–1036.
  • 10. Malone, J. I., & Hansen, B. C. (2019, February). Does obesity cause type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)? Or is it the opposite? Pediatric Diabetes, Vol. 20, pp. 5–9.
  • 11. Golbidi, S., Daiber, A., Korac, B., Li, H., Essop, M. F., & Laher, I. (2017, December). Health Benefits of Fasting and Caloric Restriction. Current Diabetes Reports, Vol. 17, p. 123.
  • 12. DeFronzo, R. A., Ferrannini, E., Groop, L., Henry, R. R., Herman, W. H., Holst, J. J., … Weiss, R. (2015). Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 1(1), 15019.
  • 13. Evert, A. B., Boucher, J. L., Cypress, M., Dunbar, S. A., Franz, M. J., Mayer-Davis, E. J., … Yancy, W. S. (2014). Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care, Vol. 37, pp. S120–S143.
  • 14. Forouhi, N. G., Misra, A., Mohan, V., Taylor, R., & Yancy, W. (2018). Dietary and nutritional approaches for prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. BMJ (Online), 361, k2234.
  • 15. Ponzo, V., Rosato, R., Tarsia, E., Goitre, I., De Michieli, F., Fadda, M., … Bo, S. (2017). Self-reported adherence to diet and preferences towards type of meal plan in patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A cross-sectional study. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 27(7), 642–650.
  • 16. Gardner, C. D., Landry, M. J., Perelman, D., Petlura, C., Durand, L. R., Aronica, L., … Kim, S. H. (2022). Effect of a ketogenic diet versus Mediterranean diet on glycated hemoglobin in individuals with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The interventional Keto-Med randomized crossover trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 116(3), 640–652.
  • 17. Wang, L. L., Wang, Q., Hong, Y., Ojo, O., Jiang, Q., Hou, Y. Y., … Wang, X. H. (2018). The effect of low- carbohydrate diet on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutrients, 10(6).
  • 18. Ajala, O., English, P., & Pinkney, J. (2013). Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes1-3. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 97, pp. 505–516.
  • 19. Krishan, P., Bedi, O., & Rani, M. (2018, March). Impact of diet restriction in the management of diabetes: evidences from preclinical studies. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology, Vol. 391, pp. 235– 245.
  • 20. Mattson, M. P. (2005). The need for controlled studies of the effects of meal frequency on health. Lancet, Vol. 365, pp. 1978–1980.
  • 21. Leiva, T., Basfi-fer, K., Rojas, P., Carrasco, F., & Ruz O, M. (2016). Efecto del fraccionamiento de la dieta y cantidad de hidratos de carbono en el control metabólico en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, sin terapia con insulina. Revista Médica de Chile, 144(10), 1247–1253.
  • 22. St-Onge, M. P., Ard, J., Baskin, M. L., Chiuve, S. E., Johnson, H. M., Kris-Etherton, P., & Varady, K. (2017). Meal Timing and frequency: Implications for cardiovascular disease prevention: A scientific statement from the american heart association. Circulation, Vol. 135, pp. e96–e121.
  • 23. Lee, S.-K. (2008). Acculturation, meal frequency, eating-out, and body weight in Korean Americans. Nutrition Research and Practice, 2(4), 269.
  • 24. Belew, A. K., Ali, B. M., Abebe, Z., & Dachew, B. A. (2017). Dietary diversity and meal frequency among infant and young children: A community based study. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 43(1), 73.
  • 25. Paoli, A., Tinsley, G., Bianco, A., & Moro, T. (2019). The Influence of Meal Frequency and Timing on Health in Humans: The Role of Fasting. Nutrients, 11(4), 719.
  • 26. Leidy, H. J., & Campbell, W. W. (2011). The effect of eating frequency on appetite control and food intake: Brief synopsis of controlled feeding studies. The Journal of Nutrition, 141(1), 154–157.
  • 27. Stote, K. S., Baer, D. J., Spears, K., Paul, D. R., Harris, G. K., Rumpler, W. V., … Mattson, M. P. (2007). A controlled trial of reduced meal frequency without caloric restriction in healthy, normal-weight, middle-aged adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 85(4), 981–988.
  • 28. Kim, S., Park, G. H., Yang, J. H., Chun, S. H., Yoon, H. J., & Park, M. S. (2014). Eating frequency is inversely associated with blood pressure and hypertension in Korean adults: Analysis of the third korean national health and nutrition examination survey. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 68(4), 481–489.
  • 29. Farshchi, H. R., Taylor, M. A., & Macdonald, I. A. (2005). Beneficial metabolic effects of regular meal frequency on dietary thermogenesis, insulin sensitivity, and fasting lipid profiles in healthy obese women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 81(1), 16–24.
  • 30. Bellisle, F., McDevitt, R., & Prentice, A. M. (1997). Meal frequency and energy balance. British Journal of Nutrition, 77(S1), S57–S70.
  • 31. Kahleova, H., Lloren, J. I., Mashchak, A., Hill, M., & Fraser, G. E. (2017). Meal frequency and timing are associated with changes in body mass ındex in adventist health study 2. The Journal of Nutrition, jn244749.
  • 32. McCrory, M. A., & Campbell, W. W. (2011). Effects of eating frequency, snacking, and breakfast skipping on energy regulation: Symposium overview. The Journal of Nutrition, 141(1), 144–147.
  • 33. Perrigue, M. M., Drewnowski, A., Wang, C.-Y., & Neuhouser, M. L. (2016). Higher eating frequency does not decrease appetite in healthy adults. The Journal of Nutrition, 146(1), 59–64.
  • 34. Jennings, A., Cassidy, A., Van Sluijs, E. M. F., Griffin, S. J., & Welch, A. A. (2012). Associations between eating frequency, adiposity, diet, and activity in 9-10 year old healthy-weight and centrally obese children. Obesity, 20(7), 1462–1468.
  • 35. Yildiran, H., & Mercanligil, S. M. (2019). Does increasing meal frequency improve weight loss and some biochemical parameters in overweight/obese females? Nutricion Hospitalaria, 36(1), 66–72.
  • 36. Schoenfeld, B. J., Aragon, A. A., & Krieger, J. W. (2015). Effects of meal frequency on weight loss and body composition: A meta-analysis. Nutrition Reviews, 73(2), 69–82.
  • 37. Stensel, D. (2011, February). Exercise, appetite and appetite-regulating hormones: Implications for food intake and weight control. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, Vol. 57, pp. 36–42.
  • 38. Thom, G., Dombrowski, S. U., Brosnahan, N., Algindan, Y. Y., Rosario Lopez-Gonzalez, M., Roditi, G., … Malkova, D. (2020). The role of appetite-related hormones, adaptive thermogenesis, perceived hunger and stress in long-term weight-loss maintenance: a mixed-methods study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 74(4), 622–632.
  • 39. Austin, J., & Marks, D. (2009). Hormonal Regulators of Appetite. International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology, 9.
  • 40. Palmer, M. A., Capra, S., & Baines, S. K. (2009, July). Association between eating frequency, weight, and health. Nutrition Reviews, Vol. 67, pp. 379–390.
  • 41. Vilela, S., Severo, M., Moreira, T., Oliveira, A., Hetherington, M. M., & Lopes, C. (2019). Association between eating frequency and eating behaviours related to appetite from 4 to 7 years of age: Findings from the population-based birth cohort generation XXI. Appetite, 132, 82–90.
  • 42. Feinle-Bisset, C. (2014). Modulation of hunger and satiety: Hormones and diet. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, Vol. 17, pp. 458–464.
  • 43. Perry, B., & Wang, Y. (2012). Appetite regulation and weight control: The role of gut hormones. Nutrition and Diabetes, Vol. 2, pp. e26–e26.
  • 44. Leidy, H. J., Armstrong, C. L. H., Tang, M., Mattes, R. D., & Campbell, W. W. (2010). The influence of higher protein intake and greater eating frequency on appetite control in overweight and obese men. Obesity, 18(9), 1725–1732.
  • 45. Bachman, J. L., & Raynor, H. A. (2012). Effects of manipulating eating frequency during a behavioral weight loss intervention: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Obesity, 20(5), 985–992.
  • 46. Ceriello, A. (2010). The glucose triad and its role in comprehensive glycaemic control: current status, future management. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 64(12), 1705–1711.
  • 47. Khan, R. (2001). Postprandial blood glucose. Diabetes Care, Vol. 24, pp. 775–778.
  • 48. Kanaley, J. A., Heden, T. D., Liu, Y., & Fairchild, T. J. (2020). Alteration of postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations with meal frequency and composition. British Journal of Nutrition, 112, 1484–1493.
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There are 62 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Review Articles
Authors

Sergen Tuğgüm 0000-0002-0519-7039

Çiğdem Bozkır 0000-0002-1103-6290

Publication Date May 31, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Tuğgüm, S., & Bozkır, Ç. (2024). Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus and Meal Consumption Frequency. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(2), 217-224. https://doi.org/10.46237/amusbfd.1246720