Research Article

Copying and Forgery in Oil Paintings: Researching and Application Example of Identification of Authenticity by Scientific Analysis

Number: 31 February 28, 2025
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Copying and Forgery in Oil Paintings: Researching and Application Example of Identification of Authenticity by Scientific Analysis

Abstract

In this study, an unsigned oil painting from the Istanbul University Faculty of Letters collection, featuring an unknown painter and date, was subjected to dating and authentication processes. The painting exhibits a landscape on one surface and a nude female portrait on the other. Both surfaces were examined using visible light (VIS), raking light (RAK), ultraviolet (UV), and infrared (IR) light sources. For organic and inorganic pigment analyses, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) were employed. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was utilized for binder and primer layer analyses, and a stereo microscope was used for fiber analysis. Additionally, Dendrochronology analysis was conducted to determine the type of wood and age of the painting's chassis. Art historical research provided insights into the painting's stylistic and technical aspects, as well as the artistic features of the composition, despite the unknown artist and year. HPLC analysis within the scope of pigment research indicated the absence of organic pigments, while SEM-EDX analysis identified ultramarine, cadmium red, manganese oxide, guignet green, lead red (minium), zinc white, lead white, Verona green, ivory/bone black, lithopone, molybdate red, permanent white, Prussian blue, Brunswick green, zirconium oxide, and black iron oxide. FTIR analyses have determined that the binder used in the paints of the painting is linseed oil. Fiber analysis determined that the canvas was made of linen. Dendrochronology analysis of the chassis dated it to 1913, although it was noted that processed wood could not be precisely dated. All analytical results were evaluated to establish an approximate date for the painting. Additionally, comparisons were drawn with painters who produced similar works, providing further context for the painting's authentication.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul University

Project Number

37788

Ethical Statement

No ethics committee approval is required.

Thanks

This study was funded by the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul University, Project Number: 37788. The authors are deeply grateful to the Scientific Research Projects Coordination. Within the scope of the study, we would like to extend our gratitude to Prof. Dr. Ahmet Kamil Gören and Assistant Prof. Dr. Ahmet Özel for their contributions to art history examinations, to Prof. Dr. Ünal Akkemik, Head of the Department of Forest Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University, for performing and interpreting dendrochronology analyses, and to Prof. Dr. Recep Karadağ for sharing his expertise in conducting and interpreting scientific analyses such as HPLC, FTIR-ATR, SEM-EDX, and fiber analysis.

References

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  4. Çoban, İ. & Hasan I. (2019). Cumhuriyet Sonrası Türk Resminde Konya’yı Tema Edinen Sanatçılar ve Eserleri. İdil, 64, 1869-1894.
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  7. Feller, R. L., (Ed). (2012). Artist’s Pigments: A Handbook of Their History and Characterisctics, Volume 1, London: Washington Archetype Publications.
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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Art History

Journal Section

Research Article

Early Pub Date

February 25, 2025

Publication Date

February 28, 2025

Submission Date

January 7, 2025

Acceptance Date

February 15, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Number: 31

APA
Küçük, B., & Emre, G. (2025). Copying and Forgery in Oil Paintings: Researching and Application Example of Identification of Authenticity by Scientific Analysis. Anasay, 31, 80-106. https://doi.org/10.33404/anasay.1614702
AMA
1.Küçük B, Emre G. Copying and Forgery in Oil Paintings: Researching and Application Example of Identification of Authenticity by Scientific Analysis. Anasay. 2025;(31):80-106. doi:10.33404/anasay.1614702
Chicago
Küçük, Betül, and Gülder Emre. 2025. “Copying and Forgery in Oil Paintings: Researching and Application Example of Identification of Authenticity by Scientific Analysis”. Anasay, nos. 31: 80-106. https://doi.org/10.33404/anasay.1614702.
EndNote
Küçük B, Emre G (February 1, 2025) Copying and Forgery in Oil Paintings: Researching and Application Example of Identification of Authenticity by Scientific Analysis. Anasay 31 80–106.
IEEE
[1]B. Küçük and G. Emre, “Copying and Forgery in Oil Paintings: Researching and Application Example of Identification of Authenticity by Scientific Analysis”, Anasay, no. 31, pp. 80–106, Feb. 2025, doi: 10.33404/anasay.1614702.
ISNAD
Küçük, Betül - Emre, Gülder. “Copying and Forgery in Oil Paintings: Researching and Application Example of Identification of Authenticity by Scientific Analysis”. Anasay. 31 (February 1, 2025): 80-106. https://doi.org/10.33404/anasay.1614702.
JAMA
1.Küçük B, Emre G. Copying and Forgery in Oil Paintings: Researching and Application Example of Identification of Authenticity by Scientific Analysis. Anasay. 2025;:80–106.
MLA
Küçük, Betül, and Gülder Emre. “Copying and Forgery in Oil Paintings: Researching and Application Example of Identification of Authenticity by Scientific Analysis”. Anasay, no. 31, Feb. 2025, pp. 80-106, doi:10.33404/anasay.1614702.
Vancouver
1.Betül Küçük, Gülder Emre. Copying and Forgery in Oil Paintings: Researching and Application Example of Identification of Authenticity by Scientific Analysis. Anasay. 2025 Feb. 1;(31):80-106. doi:10.33404/anasay.1614702

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