Akışkan Modern Dünyada Öfke Toplumu ve Türkiye'deki Televizyon Ana Haber Bültenlerinde Öfkeye Bağlı Suçların Temsili

Öz

Televizyon haber formatları içerisinde ana haber bültenlerinde mutlak gerçekliğe sadık kalındığı iddia edilmektedir. Dünya ölçeğinde ülkelerin öfke durumları ölçen tek ve güncel çalışma (Gallup) Türkiye’nin bu anlamda öfkeli bir ülke olduğunu savlamıştır. Zygmunt Bauman’ın öfke toplumu üzerine görüşlerinin ortaya konduğu bu çalışmada televizyon ana haber bültenlerinde öfke toplumunun ne şekilde temsil edildiği açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada içerik analizi yöntemine başvurularak bu topluma özgü temsillerin anlaşılır hale gelmesi amacı güdülmüş; bu maksatla da çalışmaya özgü içerik analizi dizaynı (analiz kategorisi ve analiz birimleri) oluşturulmuştur. Bu doğrultuda Türkiye’de altı ulusal kanalın (TRT-1, Show, Star, ATV, Kanal D, NOW) 7 günlük ana haber bültenlerinde öfke sonucu ortaya çıkan suç haberlerinin içerikleri ayrıntılı bir şekilde analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma örnekleminde öfke ile ilgili haberlerin toplam haberlerin yüzde 23’üne, süre olarak ise yüzde 19’una karşılık geldiği sonucuna varılmıştır. Ana haber bültenlerinde sunulan 12 ana konu başlığı göz önünde bulundurulduğunda bu oranların oldukça yüksek olduğu yani öfke ile ilişkili suçların ve süre yoğunluğunun diğer haberlere nazaran daha baskın olduğu neticesine ulaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Öfke Toplumu
• Akışkan Modern Dünya
• Temsil
• Televizyon
• Türkiye

Anger Society in the Liquid Modern World and The Representation of Anger-Related Crimes in Television Main News Bulletins in Türkiye

Abstract

The main news bulletins are claimed to be faithful to absolute reality within television news formats. The only current study (Gallup) measuring countries’ anger on a world scale has argued that Türkiye is an angry country. In this study, where Zygmunt Bauman’s views on the anger society are put forward, how the anger society is represented in main news bulletins is tried to be explained. The content analysis method was used to make the representations specific to this society comprehensible; for this purpose, a content analysis design (analysis category and analysis units) was created for the study. Accordingly, the contents of the news on crimes resulting from anger in the seven-day main news bulletins of six national channels (TRT-1, Show, Star, ATV, Kanal D, NOW) were analysed in detail. In the sample, anger-related news was concluded to correspond to 23 per cent of the total news items and 19 per cent in terms of duration. When considering the 12 main topics presented in the main news bulletins, these rates are concluded to be quite high, that is, the crimes related to anger and the duration intensity are more than other news items.

Keywords

• Anger Society
• Liquid Modern World
• Representation
• Television
• Türkiye

References

1. Altheide, D.L. (1987). Reflections ethnographic content analysis. Qualitative Sociology 10(1), Spring. 65-77. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00988269
2. Arendt, H. (1997). Şiddet üzerine (On violence). (Trans. Bülent Peker). İletişim.
3. Aziz, A. (2015). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma ve yöntem teknikleri (Research and methodological techniques in the social sciences). Nobel Akademi.
4. Bakhtin, M. (1984). Rabelais and his world. (Trans. Helene Iswolsky). Indiana University Press.
5. Baudrillard, J. (2003). Simülakrlar ve simülasyon (Simulacra and simulation). (Trans. Oğuz Adanır). Doğubatı.
6. Baudrillard, J. (2015). İlahi sol (The divine left). (Trans. Oğuz Adanır). Boğaziçi.
7. Baudrillard, J. (2021a). Cool anılar (Cool memories) III-IV. (Trans. Yaşar Avunç). Ayrıntı.
8. Baudrillard, J. (2021b). Çaresiz stratejiler (Fatal strategies). (Trans. Oğuz Adanır). Doğubatı.

9. Bauman, Z. (1987). Legislators and interpreters. Basil Blackwell.
10. Bauman, Z. (1995). Life in fragments essays in postmodern morality. Basil Blackwell.
11. Bauman, Z. (1996). Thinking sociologically. Basil Blackwell.
12. Bauman, Z. (1997). Postmodernity and its discontents. Polity.
13. Bauman, Z. (1999). In search of politics. Polity.
14. Bauman, Z. (2001). The individualized society. Polity.
15. Bauman, Z. (2002). Society under siege. Polity.
16. Bauman, Z. (2003). Liquid love. Polity.
17. Bauman, Z. (2004a). Identity. Polity.
18. Bauman, Z. (2004b). Wasted lives. Polity.
19. Bauman, Z. (2005). Liquid life. Polity.
20. Bauman, Z. (2006). Liquid fear. Polity.
21. Bauman, Z. (2008a). Does ethics have a chance in a world of consumers? Harvard University Press.
22. Bauman, Z. (2008b). The art of life. Polity.
23. Bauman, Z. (2009). Living on borrowed time. Polity.
24. Bauman, Z. (2010). 44 letters from the liquid modern world. Polity.
25. Bauman, Z. (2011a). Collateral damage: Social inequalities in a global age. Polity.
26. Bauman, Z. (2011b). Socialism the active utopia. Routledge.
27. Bauman, Z. (2012a). Liquid modernity. Polity.
28. Bauman, Z. (2012b). On education. Polity.
29. Bauman, Z. (2012c). This is not a diary. Polity.
30. Bauman, Z. (2013a). Community: Seeking safety in an insecure world. Polity.
31. Bauman, Z. (2013b). Does the richness of the few benefit us all? Polity.
32. Bauman, Z. (2014). What use is sociology? Polity.
33. Bauman, Z. (2016). Strangers at our door. Polity.
34. Bauman, Z. (2017). Retrotopia. Polity.
35. Bauman, Z. & Bordoni C. (2014). State of crisis. Polity.
36. Bauman, Z. & Donskis, L. (2013). Moral blindness the loss of sensitivity in liquid modernity. Polity.
37. Bauman, Z. & Lyon, D. (2013). Liquid surveillance. Polity.
38. Bauman, Z. & Obirek S. (2015). On the world and ourselves. Polity.
39. Bauman, Z. & Raud, R. (2015). Practices of selfhood. Polity.
40. Bauman, Z. & Tester, K. (2001). Conversations with Zygmunt Bauman. Polity.
41. Beck, U. (1992). Risk Society: Towards a new modernity. Sage.
42. Berelson, B. (1952). Content analysis in communication research. Illinois Free Press.
43. Bourdieu, P. (1995), Sociology in question. (Trans. Richard Nice). Sage.
44. Dursun, Ç. (2013). İletişim kuram kritik (Communication theory criticism). İmge
45. Erzurum Bar Presidency. (2023). The offences related to anger. Letter numbered 2023/2088.
46. Erzurum Bar Presidency. (2024). Recording units and view units. Letter numbered 2024/45.
47. Gallup, (2024, 06 July). Global emotions report. https://www.gallup.com/analytics/349280/gallup-global-emotions-report.aspx, https://www.statista.com/chart/17842/share-of-the-population-that-experienced-a-lot-of-anger-yesterday/
48. Fields, E. E. (2018). Qualitative content analysis of television news: Systematic techniques. Qualitative Sociology, 11(3),183-193. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00988954
49. Garrett, P. M. (2012). ‘Solid modernity’ to ‘liquid modernity’? Zygmunt Bauman and social work. The British Journal of Social Work, 42(4), 634-651. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43771675
50. Geray, H. (2004). Toplumsal araştırmalarda nicel ve nitel yöntemlere giriş (Introduction to quantitative and qualitative methods in social research). Siyasal Kitabevi.
51. Golding, P., & Murdock, G. (2014). Kültür, iletişim ve ekonomi politik (Culture, communications, and political economy). S. İrvan (Ed.), Medya, Kültür, Siyaset ( Media, Culture, Politics) (Trans. N. Gürkan) içinde, (pp. 49-75). Pharmakon. Gökçe, B. (1988). Toplumsal bilimlerde araştırma (Research in the social sciences). Savaş Yayınları.
52. Giddens, A. (2012). Sosyoloji (Sociology). Kırmızı Yayınları
53. Hall, S. (1997). The work of representation. In S. Hall (Ed.), Representation: Cultural representation and signifying practices (pp. 13-74). Sage.
54. Halperin, E., Russell, A. G., Dweck, C. S., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Anger, hatred, and the quest for peace: Anger can be constructive in the absence of hatred. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 55(2), 274-291. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1177/0022002710383670
55. Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277-1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
56. Jacobsen, M. H., & Poder, P. (2008). The sociology of Zygmunt Bauman: challenges and critique. Ashgate.
57. Karasar, Ş. (2015). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (Scientific Research Methods). Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
58. Krippendorf, K. (2019). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Sage.
59. Maigret, E. (2014). Medya ve iletişim sosyolojisi (Media and communication sociology). (Trans. Halime Yücel). İletişim.
60. Markoff, J., Shapiro, G., & Weitman S.R. (1975). Toward the integration of content analysis and general methodology. Sociological Methodology, 6, 1-58. https://doi.org/10.2307/270893
61. Mayring, P. (2014). Qualitative content analysis: Theoretical foundation, basic procedures and software solution. Klagenfurt.
62. Mcquail, D. (2009). McQuail’s mass communication theory. Sage.
63. Meriill, J.C. (1997). Journalism ethics: Philosophical fundations for news media. St. Martins Press.
64. Öğülmüş, S. (1991). İçerik çözümlemesi. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences (JFES), 24(1), 213-228. https://doi.org/10.1501/Egifak_0000000729
65. Özçağlayan, M. (2014). Türkiye’de televizyon yayıncılığının gelişimi. Selçuk Communication, 1(2), 41-52. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/josc/issue/19000/200911
66. Özdemir, M., & Yıldırım, Ş. (2020). Medya ve gerçeklik ilişkisini küresel biyopolitik dijital çağda yeniden düşünmek. Erciyes Communication, 7(1), 507-532. https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesiletisim.541652
67. Riffe, D., Lacy, S., Watson, B. R., & Lovejoy, J. (2023). Analyzing media messages: Using quantitative content analysis in research. Routledge.
68. Schubert, J. D. (2014). Suffering and symbolic violence. In M. Grenfell (Ed.), Pierre Bourdieu: Key Concepts. (pp. 179-194). Routledge. Sennett, R. (2017). Karakter aşınması: Yeni kapitalizmde işin kişilik üzerindeki etkileri (The corrosion of character: The personal consequences of work in the new capitalism). (Trans. Barış Yıldırım). Ayrıntı.
69. Silverman, D. (2011). Interpreting qualitative data. Sage.
70. Silverstone, R. (2005). The sociology of mediation and communication. In Craig Calhoun, Chris Rojek and Bryan S. Turner (Eds.), The sage handbook of sociology, (pp.188-208). Sage Publishing.
71. Stacey, M. (1970). Methods of social research. Pergamon.
72. Standing, G. (2014). Prekarya: Yeni tehlikeli sınıf (The precariat: The new dangerous class). (Trans. Ergin Bulut). İletişim Yayınları.
73. Tester, K. (2004). The social thought of Zygmunt Bauman. Palgrave Macmillan.
74. Türk, M. S. (2022). Medyanın gerçeklik inşası ve gerçeklik algısı (Media’s construction of reality and perception of reality). Düşünce Dünyasında Türkiz, 5(28), 9-32. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/turkiz/issue/77711/1306332
75. Wayne, M. (2003). Marxism and media studies. Pluto.
76. Windahl, S., & McQuail, D. (1994). Communication models for the study of mass communication. Routledge.