Askerî Zaferlerden Diplomasiye: Eyyûbî Hükümdarı el-Melikü’l-Âdil’in Franklarla İlişkileri

Öz

Bu çalışma, Eyyûbî Devleti’nin önemli hükümdarlarından biri olan el-Melikü’l-Âdil’in (ö. 1218) Franklarla ilişkilerini kapsamlı bir şekilde analiz etmektedir. el-Melikü’l-Âdil, ağabeyi Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî’nin (1169-1193) Mısır naibi olarak görev yaptığı dönemde, Mısır’ın imkânlarından yararlanarak Franklara karşı verilen mücadelede askerî, lojistik ve diplomatik roller üstlenmiştir. Beytü’l-Ahzân kalesinin yıkılması, Beyrut kuşatması, Kızıldeniz zaferleri, Hıttin savaşı ve Kudüs’ün fethi gibi kritik harekatlarda etkin rol oynamıştır. Üçüncü Haçlı Seferi’nde İngiltere Kralı Aslan Yürekli Richard/Richard the Lionheart ile yürüttüğü müzakereler diplomatik yeteneklerini ortaya koymaktadır. Nâipliği döneminde savaşların yıkımını tecrübe etmiş bir hükümdar olarak el-Melikü’l-Âdil, tahta geçtikten sonra devletin ekonomik istikrarını ve güçlenmesini öncelemiş, yeni Haçlı seferlerini tetiklememek için diplomasi ağırlıklı bir politika benimsemiştir. 1205 antlaşması bu yaklaşımın somut örneğini teşkil etmektedir. Çalışmanın temel amacı, el-Melikü’l-Âdil’in Franklara karşı izlediği politikalarının evrimini kapsamlı bir şekilde analiz etmektir. Çalışmada, İmâdeddîn el-İsfahânî, İbn Şeddâd ve İbnü’l-Esîr gibi Eyyûbî tarihinin temel kaynaklarındaki verilerin Batılı kaynaklardan elde edilen verilerle mukayese edildiği tarihsel analiz yöntemi kullanılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İslam Tarihi
• Eyyûbîler
• el-Melikü’l-Âdil
• Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî
• Franklar
• Haçlı Seferleri

From Military Victories to Diplomacy: The Relations of the Ayyubid Ruler al-Malik al- ‘Ādil with the Franks

Abstract

This study comprehensively analyzes the relations of al-Malik al-‘Ādil (d. 1218), one of the prominent rulers of the Ayyūbid State, with the Franks. During the period he served as the deputy (nā’ib) of Egypt for his elder brother Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn al-Ayyūbī (1169–1193), al-Malik al-‘Ādil undertook military, logistical, and diplomatic roles in the struggle against the Franks by utilizing the resources of Egypt. He played an active role in critical operations such as the destruction of the fortress of Bayt al-Aḥzān, the siege of Beirut, the Red Sea victories, the Battle of Ḥaṭṭīn, and the conquest of Jerusalem. The negotiations he conducted with the King of England, Richard the Lionheart, during the Third Crusade demonstrate his diplomatic skills. As a ruler who experienced the devastation of wars during his deputyship, al-Malik al-‘Ādil prioritized the economic stability and strengthening of the state after ascending the throne and adopted a diplomacy-oriented policy in order not to trigger new Crusades. The Treaty of 1205 constitutes a concrete example of this approach. The primary objective of the study is to comprehensively analyze the evolution of the policies pursued by al-Malik al-‘Ādil against the Franks. In the study, the historical analysis method, in which data from primary sources of Ayyūbid history such as ‘Imād al-Dīn al-Iṣfahānī, Ibn Shaddād, and Ibn al-Athīr are compared with data obtained from Western sources, has been employed.

Keywords

• Islamic History
• Ayyūbids
• al-Malik al-‘Ādil
• Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn al-Ayyūbī
• Franks
• Crusades

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