Research Article
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International Trade and Role of Electronic Bill of Lading (BOLERO)

Year 2020, , 171 - 178, 24.02.2020
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.573178

Abstract

The electronic bill of lading (BOLERO-Bill of Lading Electronic Registry Organisation) has been established by SWIFT and Transition Transfer Club (TT Club). This study aims to explain BOLERO established in 1994 with European Union finance and reasons why it is not widely used. Literature review shows the reasons as banks requesting traditional, original paper bill of lading for collateral and for payments, Rotterdam Rules, first rules defining electronic bill of lading did not enter into force yet and local legal systems are not updated for electronic bill of lading. Other reasons are that BOLERO’s being a closed membership system, not open to everybody and lastly having used original traditional paper bill of lading for centuries, the electronic bill of lading BOLERO is not found trustworthy by all parties yet.

References

  • Astle, W. E. (1983). Legal Developments in Maritime Commerce: Matters of General Interest and Importance Arising Out of Selected Legal Issues. Fairplay Publications.
  • Ateş, E. (2006). “1924 Brüksel (La Haye) Sözleşmesinin Türk Hukukuna Etkisi”, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kamu Hukuku Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul.
  • Bennett, W. P. (1914). The history and present position of the bill of lading as a document of title to goods (Vol. 58). CUP Archive.
  • Bensa, E. (1925). The early history of bills of lading. Genoa: Stabilimento d’Arti Grafiche. Berlingieri, F. (2009). A comparative analysis of the Hague-Visby Rules, the Hamburg Rules and the Rotterdam Rules. UNCITRAL Working Groups Document, 1, 2-25.
  • Bolero Association. (2009). Electronic Bills of Lading (eBL). (Erişim: 10/05/2019), http://www.bolero.net/home/electronic-bills-lading/
  • Bolero Association. (2017) Digitisation will help delete the fraudsters from the trade finance system (Erişim: 10/05/2019), http://www.bolero.net/digitisation-will-help-delete-the-fraudsters-from-the-trade-finance-system/
  • BOLERO Final Report. (1995). TEDIS programme of the European Commission.
  • Bowen, L. J. (1883). Sanders v. Maclean.
  • Brunner, R. (2007). Electronic transport documents and shipping practice not yet a married couple, L.L.M. Shipping Law Thesis, Zürich, Switzerland.
  • Caplehorn, R. (1999). Bolero. net-The Global Electronic Commerce Solution for International Trade. Butterworths Journal of International Banking and Financial Law, 14(10), 421-424.
  • Civelek, M. E., and Sözer, E. G. (2003). İnternet Ticareti Yeni Ekososyal Sistem ve Ticaret Noktaları. İSTANBUL: BETA YAYINLARI.
  • Clift, J. (1999). Electronic Commerce: The UNCITRAL Model Law and Electronic Equivalents to Traditional Bills of Lading. Int'l Bus. Law., 27, 311.
  • Comitime Maritime International. (2018). Rotterdam Rules and E Commerce, (Erişim 13.08.2019). (https://uncitral.un.org/sites/uncitral.un.org/files/media-documents/EN/Colloquia/rotterdam_rules_and_e-commerce_-_may_2018.pdf)
  • Çağa, T., & Kender, R. (2009). Deniz ticareti hukuku: Giriş, gemi, donatan ve kaptan. XII Levha.
  • Debattista, C. (1990). Sale of goods carried by sea. Lexis Law Publishing (Va).
  • Debattista, C. (2008). Bills of lading in export trade. Tottel Publishing.
  • Deniz Ticaret Odası. (2017). ‘Rakamlarla Denizcilik Sektörü ve İstatistikler’. (Erişim: 10/05/2019), http://www.denizticaretodasi.org.tr/Shared%20Documents/Deniz%20Ticareti%20Dergisi/subat_ek_2017.pdf)
  • Dubovec, M. (2005). The problems and possibilities for using electronic bills of lading as collateral. Ariz. J. Int'l & Comp. L., 23, 437.
  • Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific -ESCAP. (2018). Trade Facilitation and Paperless Trade Implementation in CAREC Countries, (Erişim: 13.08.2019 https://www.unescap.org/resources/trade-facilitation-and-paperless-trade-implementation-carec-countries)
  • Giermann, H. (2004). The Evidentiary Value of Bills of Lading and Estoppel, LIT Verlag, Muenster. Goldby, M. (2008). “Electronic Bills of Lading and Central Registries: What is Holding Back Progress?”, Information & Communications Technology Law, Vol. 17, No.2, June 2008.
  • ICC. (2002). eUCP-The Supplement to the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits for Electronic Presentation. ICC. (1990). International Chamber of Commerce. Incoterms, 1990. ICC Publishing. International Chamber of Commerce. (2006). ICC Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, 2007 revision. Paris, France: ICC Services Publications Department.
  • Ivamy, E. R. H., and Payne, W. (1989). Payne and Ivamy's carriage of goods by sea. Lexis Pub. Karan, H. (2004). Elektronik Konişmento, Turhan Kitabevi.
  • Kaya, M. (2006). Elektronik Veri Değişiminin Özel Bir Uygulaması Olarak Elektronik Konişmento, Yeditepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Hukuk Yüksek Lisansı, İstanbul.
  • Kindred, H. M. (1988). Modern methods of processing overseas trade. J. World Trade, 22, 5.
  • Kozolchyk, B. (1992). Evolution and present state of the Ocean Bill of Lading from a Banking Law Perspective. J. Mar. L. & Com., 23, 161.
  • Kubilay, H. ve Akıntürk, E. (2001). Elektronik Konişmento, Prof. Dr. Hayri Domaniç’e 80. Yaş Günü Armağanı, C. I, Beta, İstanbul.
  • Kula Değirmenci, N. (2012). Çoklu Taşıma İşleticisi Olarak Taşıma İşleri Komisyoncusunun Sorumluluklarına ve Sorumluluk Sigortası Himayesine İlişkin Bir İnceleme. Dokuz Eylül Yayınları
  • Marusic, M. (2012). A Gateway to Electronic Transport Documentation in International Trade: The Rotterdam Rules in Perspective, Lund University, Faculty of Law, Maritime Law, Master Thesis.
  • McLaughlin, C. B. (1926). The evolution of the ocean bill of lading. The Yale law journal, 35(5), 548-570.
  • Meral, Y. (2018). Documentary Risk in International Trade. In Strategic Design and Innovative Thinking in Business Operations (pp. 413-431). Springer, Cham.
  • Mo, J. (2015). International commercial law (Sixth edition). LexisNexis Butterworths, Chatswood NSW
  • Murray, C.et al. (2007). Schmitthoff's export trade: the law and practice of international trade (Vol. 11). London: Sweet & Maxwell.
  • P and I Clubs. (2019). P&I clubs provides Protection and Indemnity insurance in respect of third party liabilities and expenses arising from owning ships or operating ships as principals. (Erişim: 10/05/2019), https://www.ukpandi.com/about-us/
  • Proctor, C. (1996). The legal role of the bill of lading, sea waybill and multimodal transport document in financing international sales contracts (Doctoral dissertation).
  • Sassoon, D. (1995). C.I.F. and F.O.B. Contracts, 4th ed., Sweet & Maxwell, London.
  • Senekal, J.H. (2010). The Electronic Bill of Lading a Legal Perspective, Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree Magister Legum in Import and Export Law at the North -West University.
  • Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Transactions. (2019). History. (Erişim: 10/05/2019), https://www.swift.com/
  • Süzel, C. (2013). “Deniz Ticareti Hukukunda Taşıtan ve Yükleten Kavramları: Hakları, Borçları ve Sorumlulukları”, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul.
  • Süzel, C. (2013). “Deniz Ticareti Hukukunda Taşıtan ve Yükleten Kavramları: Hakları, Borçları ve Sorumlulukları”, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul.
  • Tan, Star, Wu. (2017). Legal Briefing, Sharing the Club’s legal expertise and experience. Electronic Bills of Lading. (Erişim: 13.08.2019). https://www.ukpandi.com/fileadmin/uploads/uk-pi/Documents/2017/Legal_Briefing_e_bill_of_Lading_WEB.pdf
  • Thomsen, H. B., & Wheble, B. S. (1989). Trading with EDI: The legal issues. IBC Financial Books.
  • TT Club (2019) Cover for global transport and logistics, (Erişim: 10/05/2019), www.ttclub.com
  • Van Der Ziel, G. (2008). Chapter 10 of the Rotterdam rules: control of goods in transit. Tex. Int'l LJ, 44, 375.
  • United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Secretariat. (1971). Bills of lading;. New York : United Nations
  • Williams, S. M. (1991). Something old, something new: The bill of lading, in the days of EDI. Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, 1(2), 555.
  • Williams, R. (2010). The Rotterdam Rules: Winners and Losers / Richard Williams. Journal of International Maritime Law, 191 – 209.
  • Wilson, J. F. (2008). Carriage of goods by sea. Pearson Education.
  • Yancey, B. W. (1982). Carriage of Goods: Hague, Cogsa, Visby, and Hamburg. Tul. L. Rev., 57, 1238.

Uluslararası Ticaret ve Elektronik Konişmentonun (BOLERO) Rolü

Year 2020, , 171 - 178, 24.02.2020
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.573178

Abstract

Elektronik ticaret ve elektronik belgelerin artışıyla, SWIFT ve Through Transport Club (TT Club) ortak girişimi ile elektronik konişmento, BOLERO (Bill of Lading Electronic Registry Organisation) sistemi kurulmuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, 1994’de Avrupa Birliği tarafından finanse edilen BOLERO projesinin, beklentilerin aksine yaygın kullanılmama nedenlerini tanımlamaktır. Literatür taraması sonucu, yaygın kullanımının önündeki engellerin başında bankacılık sektörünün teminat ve ödemelerde hala geleneksel orijinal kâğıt konişmento talep etmesi bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, elektronik konişmentoyu ilk kez tanımlayan uluslararası kurallar dizisi Rotterdam Kurallarının henüz yürürlüğe girmemiş olması, dolayısıyla ülkelerin yerel hukuki alt yapısının elektronik konişmentoya uygun olmamasının yanı sıra, BOLERO sisteminin, dışa kapalı, herkese açık bir sistem olmaması ve son olarak ise yüzlerce yıldır kullanılan orijinal kâğıt konişmento yerine elektronik konişmentonun, sektörün güvenini henüz kazanmaması olduğu görülmüştür.

References

  • Astle, W. E. (1983). Legal Developments in Maritime Commerce: Matters of General Interest and Importance Arising Out of Selected Legal Issues. Fairplay Publications.
  • Ateş, E. (2006). “1924 Brüksel (La Haye) Sözleşmesinin Türk Hukukuna Etkisi”, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kamu Hukuku Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul.
  • Bennett, W. P. (1914). The history and present position of the bill of lading as a document of title to goods (Vol. 58). CUP Archive.
  • Bensa, E. (1925). The early history of bills of lading. Genoa: Stabilimento d’Arti Grafiche. Berlingieri, F. (2009). A comparative analysis of the Hague-Visby Rules, the Hamburg Rules and the Rotterdam Rules. UNCITRAL Working Groups Document, 1, 2-25.
  • Bolero Association. (2009). Electronic Bills of Lading (eBL). (Erişim: 10/05/2019), http://www.bolero.net/home/electronic-bills-lading/
  • Bolero Association. (2017) Digitisation will help delete the fraudsters from the trade finance system (Erişim: 10/05/2019), http://www.bolero.net/digitisation-will-help-delete-the-fraudsters-from-the-trade-finance-system/
  • BOLERO Final Report. (1995). TEDIS programme of the European Commission.
  • Bowen, L. J. (1883). Sanders v. Maclean.
  • Brunner, R. (2007). Electronic transport documents and shipping practice not yet a married couple, L.L.M. Shipping Law Thesis, Zürich, Switzerland.
  • Caplehorn, R. (1999). Bolero. net-The Global Electronic Commerce Solution for International Trade. Butterworths Journal of International Banking and Financial Law, 14(10), 421-424.
  • Civelek, M. E., and Sözer, E. G. (2003). İnternet Ticareti Yeni Ekososyal Sistem ve Ticaret Noktaları. İSTANBUL: BETA YAYINLARI.
  • Clift, J. (1999). Electronic Commerce: The UNCITRAL Model Law and Electronic Equivalents to Traditional Bills of Lading. Int'l Bus. Law., 27, 311.
  • Comitime Maritime International. (2018). Rotterdam Rules and E Commerce, (Erişim 13.08.2019). (https://uncitral.un.org/sites/uncitral.un.org/files/media-documents/EN/Colloquia/rotterdam_rules_and_e-commerce_-_may_2018.pdf)
  • Çağa, T., & Kender, R. (2009). Deniz ticareti hukuku: Giriş, gemi, donatan ve kaptan. XII Levha.
  • Debattista, C. (1990). Sale of goods carried by sea. Lexis Law Publishing (Va).
  • Debattista, C. (2008). Bills of lading in export trade. Tottel Publishing.
  • Deniz Ticaret Odası. (2017). ‘Rakamlarla Denizcilik Sektörü ve İstatistikler’. (Erişim: 10/05/2019), http://www.denizticaretodasi.org.tr/Shared%20Documents/Deniz%20Ticareti%20Dergisi/subat_ek_2017.pdf)
  • Dubovec, M. (2005). The problems and possibilities for using electronic bills of lading as collateral. Ariz. J. Int'l & Comp. L., 23, 437.
  • Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific -ESCAP. (2018). Trade Facilitation and Paperless Trade Implementation in CAREC Countries, (Erişim: 13.08.2019 https://www.unescap.org/resources/trade-facilitation-and-paperless-trade-implementation-carec-countries)
  • Giermann, H. (2004). The Evidentiary Value of Bills of Lading and Estoppel, LIT Verlag, Muenster. Goldby, M. (2008). “Electronic Bills of Lading and Central Registries: What is Holding Back Progress?”, Information & Communications Technology Law, Vol. 17, No.2, June 2008.
  • ICC. (2002). eUCP-The Supplement to the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits for Electronic Presentation. ICC. (1990). International Chamber of Commerce. Incoterms, 1990. ICC Publishing. International Chamber of Commerce. (2006). ICC Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, 2007 revision. Paris, France: ICC Services Publications Department.
  • Ivamy, E. R. H., and Payne, W. (1989). Payne and Ivamy's carriage of goods by sea. Lexis Pub. Karan, H. (2004). Elektronik Konişmento, Turhan Kitabevi.
  • Kaya, M. (2006). Elektronik Veri Değişiminin Özel Bir Uygulaması Olarak Elektronik Konişmento, Yeditepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Hukuk Yüksek Lisansı, İstanbul.
  • Kindred, H. M. (1988). Modern methods of processing overseas trade. J. World Trade, 22, 5.
  • Kozolchyk, B. (1992). Evolution and present state of the Ocean Bill of Lading from a Banking Law Perspective. J. Mar. L. & Com., 23, 161.
  • Kubilay, H. ve Akıntürk, E. (2001). Elektronik Konişmento, Prof. Dr. Hayri Domaniç’e 80. Yaş Günü Armağanı, C. I, Beta, İstanbul.
  • Kula Değirmenci, N. (2012). Çoklu Taşıma İşleticisi Olarak Taşıma İşleri Komisyoncusunun Sorumluluklarına ve Sorumluluk Sigortası Himayesine İlişkin Bir İnceleme. Dokuz Eylül Yayınları
  • Marusic, M. (2012). A Gateway to Electronic Transport Documentation in International Trade: The Rotterdam Rules in Perspective, Lund University, Faculty of Law, Maritime Law, Master Thesis.
  • McLaughlin, C. B. (1926). The evolution of the ocean bill of lading. The Yale law journal, 35(5), 548-570.
  • Meral, Y. (2018). Documentary Risk in International Trade. In Strategic Design and Innovative Thinking in Business Operations (pp. 413-431). Springer, Cham.
  • Mo, J. (2015). International commercial law (Sixth edition). LexisNexis Butterworths, Chatswood NSW
  • Murray, C.et al. (2007). Schmitthoff's export trade: the law and practice of international trade (Vol. 11). London: Sweet & Maxwell.
  • P and I Clubs. (2019). P&I clubs provides Protection and Indemnity insurance in respect of third party liabilities and expenses arising from owning ships or operating ships as principals. (Erişim: 10/05/2019), https://www.ukpandi.com/about-us/
  • Proctor, C. (1996). The legal role of the bill of lading, sea waybill and multimodal transport document in financing international sales contracts (Doctoral dissertation).
  • Sassoon, D. (1995). C.I.F. and F.O.B. Contracts, 4th ed., Sweet & Maxwell, London.
  • Senekal, J.H. (2010). The Electronic Bill of Lading a Legal Perspective, Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree Magister Legum in Import and Export Law at the North -West University.
  • Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Transactions. (2019). History. (Erişim: 10/05/2019), https://www.swift.com/
  • Süzel, C. (2013). “Deniz Ticareti Hukukunda Taşıtan ve Yükleten Kavramları: Hakları, Borçları ve Sorumlulukları”, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul.
  • Süzel, C. (2013). “Deniz Ticareti Hukukunda Taşıtan ve Yükleten Kavramları: Hakları, Borçları ve Sorumlulukları”, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul.
  • Tan, Star, Wu. (2017). Legal Briefing, Sharing the Club’s legal expertise and experience. Electronic Bills of Lading. (Erişim: 13.08.2019). https://www.ukpandi.com/fileadmin/uploads/uk-pi/Documents/2017/Legal_Briefing_e_bill_of_Lading_WEB.pdf
  • Thomsen, H. B., & Wheble, B. S. (1989). Trading with EDI: The legal issues. IBC Financial Books.
  • TT Club (2019) Cover for global transport and logistics, (Erişim: 10/05/2019), www.ttclub.com
  • Van Der Ziel, G. (2008). Chapter 10 of the Rotterdam rules: control of goods in transit. Tex. Int'l LJ, 44, 375.
  • United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Secretariat. (1971). Bills of lading;. New York : United Nations
  • Williams, S. M. (1991). Something old, something new: The bill of lading, in the days of EDI. Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, 1(2), 555.
  • Williams, R. (2010). The Rotterdam Rules: Winners and Losers / Richard Williams. Journal of International Maritime Law, 191 – 209.
  • Wilson, J. F. (2008). Carriage of goods by sea. Pearson Education.
  • Yancey, B. W. (1982). Carriage of Goods: Hague, Cogsa, Visby, and Hamburg. Tul. L. Rev., 57, 1238.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Yurdagül Meral 0000-0001-9244-1994

Publication Date February 24, 2020
Acceptance Date September 2, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020

Cite

APA Meral, Y. (2020). Uluslararası Ticaret ve Elektronik Konişmentonun (BOLERO) Rolü. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(1), 171-178. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.573178

Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.