A Study on Recognizing the Value of Chestnut (Castanea sativa) Blossom Waste

Year 2024, Volume: 30 Issue: 1, 79 - 89, 09.01.2024

Hüseyin Şahin , Sevgi Kolaylı , Yakup Kara , Zehra Can , Halil İbrahim Güler , Aslı Özkök , Ümit Serdar

https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1172677

Abstract

Chestnut (Castanea sativa) blossoms are natural resources that are not put to economic use. They are completely mixed with soil as waste. Thus, this extensive study was designed and remarkable results were found showing the potential usefulness of chestnut blossoms. In addition to the phenolic capacity and antioxidant capacity of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of dried chestnut flowers, the anti-urease activity of these extracts was studied to demonstrate their therapeutic value. The binding interaction of phenolic substances present in chestnut blossom with urease was shown using molecular docking research. The aqueous extract, with most effect, had total phenolic content of 46.67 ± 0.37 mg GAE/g and total flavonoid content of 6.14 ± 0.40 mg QUE/g. The antioxidant activity was determined by FRAP (648.47 ± 5.27 μmol FeSO4.7H2O/g for aqueous extract and 347.53 ± 2.09 μmol FeSO4.7H2O/g for ethanolic extract) and DPPH (0.05 ± 0.01 mg/mL for SC50 of aqueous extract and 0.11 ± 0.01 mg/mL for SC50 of ethanolic extract) assays, and rutin was found to be the dominant phenolic compound according to HPLC. IC50 values for urease in aqueous and ethanolic extracts were 2.55 ± 0.09 mg/mL and 4.57 ± 0.24 mg/mL, respectively. According to the docking experiments, which were important to support the hypothesis of anti-urease activity, myricetin and luteolin showed different and effective bonding degrees to the target protein when compared with the reference molecule acetohydroxamic acid. In summary, chestnut flowers are rich in phenolic compounds which are responsible for a wide range of biological activities including antioxidant features and urease inhibition. These blossoms could be evaluated as potentially important raw materials for food.

Keywords

Chestnut, blossom, antioxidant, phenolics, molecular docking, anti-urease

Thanks

We would like to thank Avni Haliloğlu (Fanus Gıda A.Ş., Türkiye) for the original idea for the current study.

References

• Basunia M A & Abe T (2001). Thin-layer solar drying characteristics of rough rice under natural convection. Journal of Food Engineering 47(4): 295-301
• Baltas, N., Karaoglu, S.A., Tarakci, C. & Kolayli, S. (2016). Effect of propolis in gastric disorders: inhibition studies on the growth of Helicobacter pylori and production of its urease. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry 31: 46–50.
• Barreira, J.C.M., Ferreira, I.C.F.R., Oliveira, M.B.P.P. & Pereira, J.A. (2008). Antioxidant activities of the extracts from chestnut flower, leaf, skins and fruit. Food Chemistry 107: 1106–1113.
• Benzie, I.F.F. & Strain, J.J. (1999). Ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay: Direct measure of total antioxidant activity of biological fluids and modified version for simultaneous measurement of total antioxidant power and ascorbic acid concentration. Methods in Enzymology 299: 15–27.
• Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M.E. & Berset, C. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT - Food Science and Technology 28: 25–30.
• Caleja, C., Barros, L., Prieto, M.A., Bento, A., Oliveira, M.B.P.P. & Ferreira, I.C.F.R. (2019). Development of a natural preservative obtained from male chestnut flowers: Optimization of a heat-assisted extraction technique. Food and Function 10: 1352–1363.
• Can, Z., Yildiz, O., Sahin, H., Akyuz Turumtay, E., Silici, S. & Kolayli, S. (2015). An investigation of Turkish honeys: Their physico-chemical properties, antioxidant capacities and phenolic profiles. Food Chemistry 180: 133–141.
• Carocho, M., Barreira, J.C.M., Barros, L., Bento, A., Cámara, M., Morales, P. & Ferreira, I.C.F.R. (2015). Traditional pastry with chestnut flowers as natural ingredients: An approach of the effects on nutritional value and chemical composition. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 44: 93–101.
• Comandini, P., Lerma-García, M.J., Simó-Alfonso, E.F. & Toschi, T.G. (2014). Tannin analysis of chestnut bark samples (Castanea sativa Mill.) by HPLC-DAD–MS. Food Chemistry 157: 290–295.
• Dudek-Makuch, M. & Studzińska-Sroka, E. (2015). Horse chestnut - efficacy and safety in chronic venous insufficiency: An overview. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 25: 533–541.
• Fukumoto, L.R. & Mazza, G. (2000). Assessing antioxidant and prooxidant activities of phenolic compounds. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48: 3597–3604.
• Gullón, B., Lú-Chau, T.A., Moreira, M.T., Lema, J.M. & Eibes, G. (2017). Rutin: A review on extraction, identification and purification methods, biological activities and approaches to enhance its bioavailability. Trends in Food Science & Technology 67: 220–235.
• Karkar, B., Şahin, S. & Güneş, M.E. (2021). Evaluation of antioxidant properties and determination of phenolic and carotenoid profiles of chestnut bee pollen collected from Turkey. Journal of Apicultural Research 60: 765–774.
• Kataria, R. & Khatkar, A. (2019a). Molecular docking, synthesis, kinetics study, structure–activity relationship and ADMET analysis of morin analogous as Helicobacter pylori urease inhibitors. BMC Chemistry 13: 45.
• Kataria, R. & Khatkar, A. (2019b). Molecular docking of natural phenolic compounds for the screening of urease inhibitors. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 20: 410–421.
• Kolayli, S., Can, Z., Yildiz, O., Sahin, H. & Karaoglu, S.A. (2016). A comparative study of the antihyaluronidase, antiurease, antioxidant, antimicrobial and physicochemical properties of different unifloral degrees of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) honeys. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry 31: 96–104.
• Malkoç, M., Çakir, H., Kara, Y., Can, Z. & Kolayli, S. (2019). Phenolic composition and antioxidant properties of Anzer honey from Black Sea Region of Turkey. Uludag Bee Journal 19: 143–151.
• Morris, G.M., Ruth, H., Lindstrom, W., Sanner, M.F., Belew, R.K., Goodsell, D.S. & Olson, A.J. (2009). AutoDock4 and AutoDockTools4: Automated docking with selective receptor flexibility. Journal of Computational Chemistry 30: 2785–2791.
• Mueller-Harvey, I. (2001). Analysis of hydrolysable tannins. Animal Feed Science and Technology 91: 3–20.
• Paun, G., Litescu, S.C., Neagu, E., Tache, A. & Lucian Radu, G. (2014). Evaluation of Geranium spp., Helleborus spp. and Hyssopus spp. polyphenolic extracts inhibitory activity against urease and α-chymotrypsin. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry 29: 28–34.
• Rodrigues, P., Ferreira, T., Nascimento-Gonçalves, E., Seixas, F., Gil Da Costa, R.M., Martins, T., Neuparth, M.J., Pires, M.J., Lanzarin, G., Félix, L., Venâncio, C., C.F.R. Ferreira, I., M.S.M. Bastos, M., Medeiros, R., Gaivão, I., Rosa, E. & Oliveira, P.A. (2020). Dietary supplementation with chestnut (Castanea sativa) reduces abdominal adiposity in FVB/n mice: A preliminary study. Biomedicines 8: 75.
• Sahin, H., Kaltalioglu, K., Erisgin, Z., Coskun‐Cevher, S. & Kolayli, S. (2019). Protective effects of aqueous extracts of some honeys against HCl/ethanol‐induced gastric ulceration in rats. Journal of Food Biochemistry 43: e13054.
• Singleton, V.L. & Rossi, J.A. (1965). Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 16: 144–158.
• Tuyen, P., Xuan, T., Khang, D., Ahmad, A., Quan, N., Tu Anh, T., Anh, L. & Minh, T. (2017). Phenolic compositions and antioxidant properties in bark, flower, inner skin, kernel and leaf extracts of Castanea crenata Sieb. et Zucc. Antioxidants 6: 31.
• Uddin, N., Siddiqui, B.S., Begum, S., Bhatti, H.A., Khan, A., Parveen, S. & Choudhary, M.I. (2011). Bioactive flavonoids from the leaves of Lawsonia alba (Henna). Phytochemistry Letters 4: 454–458.
• Weatherburn, M.W. (1967). Phenol-hypochlorite reaction for determination of ammonia. Analytical Chemistry 39: 971–974.