The Use of Medical Foods to Fight Chronic Diseases: A Narrative Review

Year 2024, Volume: 30 Issue: 3, 424 - 435, 23.07.2024

Hilal Meral Aslihan Demirdöven

https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1357154

Abstract

Chronic diseases cannot be treated completely, and, therefore, often require repeated treatments. This issue leads to long-term drug utilization. However, medical foods can offer alternative natural drugs in the management and treatment of chronic diseases. Medical foods are specially formulated food to meet the particular nutritional requirements of patients affected by certain diseases. They play an important role in nutritional support for patients in clinical applications such as deglutition, dyspepsia or eating disorders. Moreover, they considerably enhance the quality of living of patients by reducing drug usage, preventing complications that may arise through the overreliance of drugs, and reducing the expenses of treatments. The nutritive value of medical foods can be regulated and personalized depending on the disease. Since they are not drugs, they exempt from regulations applying to drugs. Each medical food is formulated specifically for the relevant chronic disease. However, there are no studies in the literature that provide examples of medical foods for different diseases available in the market. The examination and compilation of medical foods, including examples from the market, is vital both in terms of creating new products and filling the gap in the relevant literature. Consequently, the aim of this review is to explain the use of medical foods for Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, anxiety and sleep disorder, pain syndrome, cancer, congenital metabolic disorders, diabetes mellitus, and indicate why should be used as a nutritional supplement for these chronic diseases.

Keywords

food, Medical nutrition therapy, Disease, Treatment, Dietary management

References

• Aarsland D, Batzu L, Halliday G M, Geurtsen G J, Ballard C, Ray Chaudhuri K & Weintraub D (2021). Parkinson disease-associated cognitive impairment. Nature Reviews Disease Primers 7(1): 47. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-021-00280-3
• ADA- American Diabetes Association (2018). Updates to the standards of medical care in diabetes 2018. Diabetes Care 41(9): 2045-2047. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc18-su09
• Adell A (2004). Antidepressant properties of substance P antagonists: relationship to monoaminergic mechanisms? Current Drug Targets-CNS & Neurological Disorders 3(2): 113-121. https://doi.org/10.2174/1568007043482516
• Agrawal S, Millett C J, Dhillon P K, Subramanian S V & Ebrahim S (2014). Type of vegetarian diet, obesity and diabetes in adult Indian population. Nutrition Journal 13: 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-13-89
• Arenas D J, Thomas A, Wang J & DeLisser H M (2019). A systematic review and meta-analysis of depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders in US adults with food insecurity. Journal of General Internal Medicine 34: 2874-2882. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11606-019-05202-4
• Arends J, Bachmann P, Baracos V, Barthelemy N, Bertz H, Bozzetti F & Preiser J C (2017). ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients. Clinical Nutrition 36(1): 11-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2016.07.015
• Armstrong M J & Okun M S (2020). Diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson disease: a review. Jama 323(6): 548-560. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.22360
• Aslan S N & Karahalil B (2019). Oksidatif stres ve Parkinson Hastaliği. Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University 43: 94-116. https://doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.519964
• Atkinson M A, Eisenbarth G S & Michels A W (2014). Type 1 diabetes. The Lancet 383(9911): 69-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60591-7
• Atri A (2019). Current and Future Treatments in Alzheimer’s Disease, Seminars in Neurology 39(2): 227-240. https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0039-1678581
• Awuchi C G (2019). Medicinal plants: the medical, food, and nutritional biochemistry and uses. International Journal of Advanced Academic Research 5(11): 220-241
• Bagchi D (2019). Understanding medical foods under FDA regulations. In: D Bagchi (Eds.), Nutraceutical and Functional Food Regulations in the United States and Around the World, Academic Press, US, pp. 203-235.
• Bazan N G (2018). Docosanoids and elovanoids from omega-3 fatty acids are pro-homeostatic modulators of inflammatory responses, cell damage and neuroprotection. Molecular Aspects of Medicine 64: 18-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2018.09.003
• Bianchi V E, Rizzi L & Somaa F (2023). The role of nutrition on Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. Nutritional Neuroscience 26(7): 605-628. https://doi.org/10.1080/1028415X.2022.2073107.
• Bivona G, Gambino C M, Iacolino G & Ciaccio M (2019). Vitamin D and the nervous system. Neurological Research 41(9): 827-835. https://doi.org/10.1080/01616412.2019.1622872
• Blasiak J, Chojnacki J, Pawlowska E, Szczepanska J & Chojnacki C (2020). Nutrition in cancer therapy in the elderly—an epigenetic connection? Nutrients 12(11): 3366. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113366
• Bloem B R, Okun M S & Klein C (2021). Parkinson's disease. The Lancet 397(10291): 2284-2303. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00218-X
• Camp K M, Lloyd-Puryear M A & Huntington K L (2012). Nutritional treatment for inborn errors of metabolism: indications, regulations, and availability of medical foods and dietary supplements using phenylketonuria as an example. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism 107(1-2): 3-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.07.005
• Chen C, Yin Q, Wu H, Cheng L, Kwon J I, Jin J & Che H (2020). Different effects of premature infant formula and breast milk on intestinal microecological development in premature infants. Frontiers in Microbiology 10: 3020. https://doi.org/10.3389/FMICB.2019.03020/FULL
• Chen H, Cao S, Pei B, Li Y & Wei H (2015). Effects of Enteral Nutrition Powder in Children with Phenylketonuria under One Year. China Pharmacy pp.4968-4970
• Chen Q H, Wu B K, Pan D, Sang L X & Chang B (2021). Beta-carotene and its protective effect on gastric cancer. World Journal of Clinical Cases 9(23): 6591. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v9.i23.6591
• Chiu T H, Huang H Y, Chiu Y F, Pan W H, Kao H Y, Chiu J P & Lin C L (2014). Taiwanese vegetarians and omnivores: dietary composition, prevalence of diabetes and IFG. PLoS One 9(2): e88547. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0088547
• Chong L, Kalvala J, Chadborn N & Ojha S (2022). Breastfeeding in infants diagnosed with phenylketonuria (Protocol). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2022(8). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD015243
• Dipasquale V, Serra G, Corsello G & Romano C (2020). Standard and specialized infant formulas in Europe: making, marketing, and health outcomes. Nutrition in Clinical Practice 35(2): 273-281. https://doi.org/10.1002/ncp.10261
• Domínguez Díaz L, Fernández-Ruiz V & Cámara M (2020). The frontier between nutrition and pharma: The international regulatory framework of functional foods, food supplements and nutraceuticals. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 60(10): 1738-1746. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2019.1592107
• Ellouze I, Sheffler J, Nagpal R & Arjmandi B (2023). Dietary patterns and Alzheimer’s disease: An updated review linking nutrition to neuroscience. Nutrients 15(14): 3204. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15143204
• España R A & Scammell T E (2004). Sleep neurobiology for the clinician. Sleep 27(4): 811-820. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/27.4.811
• Farooqui T, Farooqui A A (2017). Neuroprotective effects of phytochemicals in neurological disorders. In T Farooqui & A A Farooqui (Eds.), John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 561-580
• FDA (2016). Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Guidance for industry: frequently asked questions about medical foods. Retrieved in April, 18, 2023 from https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda guidance/documents/guidance-industry-frequently-asked-questions-about-medical-foods-second-edition/
• FDA (2022). Draft guidance for industry: frequently asked questions about medical foods. Retrieved in April, 18, 2023 from https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda guidance%20documents/guidance-industry-frequently-asked-questions-aboutmedical-foods-second-edition/
• Fung F, Wang H S & Menon S (2018). Food safety in the 21st century. Biomedical Journal 41(2): 88-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2018.03.003
• Gaenslen A, Gasser T & Berg D (2008). Nutrition and the risk for Parkinson’s disease: review of the literature. Journal of Neural Transmission 115: 703-713. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00702-007-0005-4
• Gao L, Lin L, Shan N, Ren C Y, Long X, Sun Y H & Wang L (2020). The impact of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on glycemic control in patients with gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 33(10): 1767-1773. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2018.1526916
• Giuliano C, Cerri S & Blandini F (2021). Potential therapeutic effects of polyphenols in Parkinson’s disease: In vivo and in vitro pre-clinical studies. Neural Regeneration Research 16(2): 234. https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.290879
• Glenn J M, Madero E N & Bott N T (2019). Dietary protein and amino acid intake: links to the maintenance of cognitive health. Nutrients 11(6): 1315. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061315
• Gonzalez-Latapi P, Bayram E, Litvan I & Marras C (2021). Cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: epidemiology, clinical profile, protective and risk factors. Behavioral Sciences 11(5): 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs11050074
• Gotadki R (2023). Global Medical Foods Market Overview. Retrieved in April, 25, 2023 from https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/medical-foods-market-4915/
• Groff M L, Choi B, Lin T, Mcllraith I, Hutnik C & Malvankar-Mehta M S (2022). Anxiety, depression, and sleep-related outcomes of glaucoma patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjo.2022.02.010
• Grossman S, Nathan J P, Siuzdak A, Liang J & Sprycha C (2022). Prevagen®: Analysis of Clinical Evidence and Its Designation as a “# 1 Pharmacist Recommended Brand”. The Senior Care Pharmacist 37(8): 335-338
• Guariguata L, Whiting D R, Hambleton I, Beagley J, Linnenkamp U & Shaw J E (2014). Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2013 and projections for 2035. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 103(2): 137-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2013.11.002
• Holmes J L, Biella A, Morck T, Rostorfer J & Schneeman B (2021). Medical foods: Science, regulation, and practical aspects. Summary of a workshop. Current Developments in Nutrition 5(1): 172. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa172
• Hoscheidt S, Sanderlin A H, Baker L D, Jung Y, Lockhart S, Kellar D & Craft S (2022). Mediterranean and Western diet effects on Alzheimer's disease biomarkers, cerebral perfusion, and cognition in mid‐life: A randomized trial. Alzheimer's & Dementia 18(3): 457-468. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12421
• Hughes K C, Gao X, Kim I Y, Rimm E B, Wang M, Weisskopf M G & Ascherio A (2016). Intake of antioxidant vitamins and risk of Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders 31(12): 1909-1914. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.26819
• Imran M, Ghorat F, Ul-Haq I, Ur-Rehman H, Aslam F, Heydari M & Rebezov M (2020). Lycopene as a natural antioxidant used to prevent human health disorders. Antioxidants 9(8): 706. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080706
• Ishihara L & Brayne C (2005). A systematic review of nutritional risk factors of Parkinson's disease. Nutrition Research Reviews 18(2): 259-282. https://doi.org/10.1079/NRR2005108
• Kaur R, Dahiya L & Kumar M (2017). Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase inhibitors: a new valid approach for management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 141: 473-505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.029
• Kaya D & Soyukibar T E (2022). Parkinson Hastalığı ve Parkinsonizm. The Journal of Turkish Family Physician 13(4): 182-192. https://doi.org/10.15511/tjtfp.22.00482
• Lange K W, Guo J, Kanaya S, Lange K M, Nakamura Y & Li S (2019a). Medical foods in Alzheimer’s disease. Food Science and Human Wellness 8(1): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2019.02.002
• Lange K W, Nakamura Y, Chen N, Guo J, Kanaya S, Lange K M & Li S (2019b). Diet and medical foods in Parkinson’s disease. Food Science and Human Wellness 8(2): 83-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2019.03.006
• Lewis C A, Jackson M C (2019). In Nutraceutical and Functional Food Regulations in the United States and Around the World. In J R Bailey (Eds.), Academic Press, US, 203 pp
• Li S, Ho C T & Lange K W (2021). Medical foods in USA at a glance. Journal of Future Foods 1(2): 141-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfutfo.2022.01.003
• Li X, Jiang X, Sun J, Zhu C & Bai W (2018). Recent advances of medical foods in China: The opportunities and challenges under standardization. Food and Chemical Toxicology 119: 342-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.024
• Liu Z, Ren Z, Zhang J, Chuang C C, Kandaswamy E, Zhou T & Zuo L (2018). Role of ROS and nutritional antioxidants in human diseases. Frontiers in Physiology 9: 477. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPHYS.2018.00477/FULL
• Lubbe W (2018). Clinicians guide for cue‐based transition to oral feeding in preterm infants: An easy‐to‐use clinical guide. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 24(1): 80-88. https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.12721
• Lynch R, Burke A, Byrne J & Buckin V (2020). Osmolality and molar mass of oligosaccharides in breast milks and infant formula during hydrolysis of lactose. Application of high-resolution ultrasonic spectroscopy. Food Chemistry 322: 126645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126645
• MacDonald A, Van Wegberg A M J, Ahring K, Beblo S, Bélanger-Quintana A, Burlina A & Van Spronsen F J (2020). PKU dietary handbook to accompany PKU guidelines. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 15(1): 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13023-020-01391-Y
• Mao X Y, Jin M Z, Chen J F, Zhou H H & Jin W L (2018). Live or let die: Neuroprotective and anti-cancer effects of nutraceutical antioxidants. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 183: 137-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.10.012
• Markowitz J S, Gurley P C & Gurley B J (2020). Medical foods—A closer look at the menu: A brief review and commentary. Clinical Therapeutics 42(7): 1416-1423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.05.011
• Martikainen I K, Hagelberg N, Jääskeläinen S K, Hietala J & Pertovaara A (2018). Dopaminergic and serotonergic mechanisms in the modulation of pain: In vivo studies in human brain. European Journal of Pharmacology 834: 337-345.
• McCandless S, Frederick S R, William B J, Cara M, Benjamin S (2021). Laboratory Diagnosis of Inborn Errors of Liver Metabolism. In F J Suchy, R J Sokol & W F Balistreri (Eds.), Liver Disease in Children, Cambridge University Press, UK, pp. 401 - 416
• Md W E S, Md L A M, Crc D H B B C & Md D S S (2012). Sentra PM (a medical food) and trazodone in the management of sleep disorders. Journal of Central Nervous System Disease 4 pp. https://doi.org/10.4137/JCNSD.S9381
• Meletis C D & Zabriskie N (2007). Common nutrient depletions caused by pharmaceuticals. Alternative & Complementary Therapies 13(1): 10-17. https://doi.org/10.1089/act.2006.13102
• Miclea A, Bagnoud M, Chan A & Hoepner R (2020). A brief review of the effects of vitamin D on multiple sclerosis. Frontiers in Immunology 11: 781. https://doi.org/10.3389/FIMMU.2020.00781/FULL
• Molsberry S, Bjornevik K, Hughes K C, Healy B, Schwarzschild M & Ascherio A (2020). Diet pattern and prodromal features of Parkinson disease. Neurology 95(15): 2095-2108. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000010523
• Moore M D (2018). Food as medicine: diet, diabetes management, and the patient in twentieth century Britain. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 73(2): 150-167. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/jry008
• Morley J E, Farr S A & Nguyen A D (2018). Alzheimer disease. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 34(4): 591-601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2018.06.006
• Mtewa A G, Kasali M F, Bekele T, Obura B (2020). Medical Foods and Infant Formulas. In: C Egbuna, G Dable Tupas (Eds.), Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Springer, Switzerland, pp. 509-525. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42319-3_23.
• Muscaritoli M, Arends J, Bachmann P, Baracos V, Barthelemy N, Bertz H & Bischoff S C (2021). ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical Nutrition in cancer. Clinical Nutrition 40(5): 2898-2913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2021.02.005
• Nikogosian A (2022). Functional Medicine, South West Functional Medicine. Retrieved in April, 21, 2023 from https://southwestfunctionalmedicine.com/about-functional-medicine/
• Ohnuma T, Toda A, Kimoto A, Takebayashi Y, Higashiyama R, Tagata Y & Arai H (2016). Benefits of use, and tolerance of, medium-chain triglyceride medical food in the management of Japanese patients with Alzheimer’s disease: a prospective, open-label pilot study. Clinical Interventions in Aging pp. 29-36. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S95362
• Omar S H (2019). Mediterranean and MIND diets containing olive biophenols reduces the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20(11): 2797. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20112797
• Özdemir H (2022). Parkinson Hastalığı "Geçmişten Geleceğe”. Turkey Clinics Publishing House, Turkey Parker F R (2005). Department of Health and Human Services, US Food and Drug Administration: Authority and Responsibility. In: F R Parker (Eds.), FDA Administrative Enforcement Manual, CRC Press, US, pp. 21-60
• Pawlak R (2017). Vegetarian diets in the prevention and management of diabetes and its complications. Diabetes Spectrum 30(2): 82-88. https://doi.org/10.2337/ds16-0057
• Postuma R B, Aarsland D, Barone P, Burn D J, Hawkes C H, Oertel W & Ziemssen T (2012). Identifying prodromal Parkinson's disease: pre‐motor disorders in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders 27(5): 617-626. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.24996
• Przyrembel H, Siani A, Turck D & Van A (2015). EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) on foods for special medical purposes in the context of Article 3 of Regulation (EU) No 609 EFSA Supporting Publications 12. https://doi.org/10.2903/sp.efsa.2015.EN-904
• Ravasco P (2019). Nutrition in cancer patients. Journal of Clinical Medicine 8(8): 1211. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8081211
• Rocha J C, Bausell H, Bélanger-Quintana A, Bernstein L, Gökmen-Özel H, Jung A & Heddrich-Ellerbrok M (2021). Development of a practical dietitian road map for the nutritional management of phenylketonuria (PKU) patients on pegvaliase. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism Reports 28: 100771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymgmr.2021.100771
• Rosenthal M D, Carrott P W, Patel J, Kiraly L & Martindale R G (2016). Parenteral or enteral arginine supplementation safety and efficacy. The Journal of Nutrition 146(12): 2594S-2600S. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.228544
• Rudy L, Carmen R, Daniel R, Artemio R & Moisés R O (2020). Anticonvulsant mechanisms of the ketogenic diet and caloric restriction. Epilepsy Research 168: 106499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106499
• Sääksjärvi K, Knekt P, Lundqvist A, Männistö S, Heliövaara M, Rissanen H & Järvinen R (2013). A cohort study on diet and the risk of Parkinson's disease: the role of food groups and diet quality. British Journal of Nutrition 109(2): 329-337. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512000955
• Sanadgol Nezami M, Feizbakhsh A & Bagheri Garmarudi A (2021). Detection of soybean powder and rice flour adulterations in premature formula by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions A: Science 45(3): 857-865. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40995-021-01072-W
• Satija A, Bhupathiraju S N, Rimm E B, Spiegelman D, Chiuve S E, Borgi L & Hu F B (2016). Plant-based dietary patterns and incidence of type 2 diabetes in US men and women: results from three prospective cohort studies. PLoS Medicine 13(6): e1002039. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PMED.1002039
• Scheltens, P, Kamphuis P J, Verhey F R, Rikkert M G O, Wurtman R J, Wilkinson D & Kurz A (2010). Efficacy of a medical food in mild Alzheimer's disease: A randomized, controlled trial. Alzheimer's & Dementia 6(1): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2009.10.003
• Seron-Arbeloa C, Zamora-Elson M, Labarta-Monzon L & Mallor-Bonet T (2013). Enteral nutrition in critical care. Journal of Clinical Medicine Research 5(1): 1. https://doi.org/10.4021/jocmr1210w
• Sharma A, Bemis M & Desilets A R (2014). Role of medium chain triglycerides (Axona®) in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias 29(5): 409-414. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533317513518650
• Shell W E, Pavlik S, Roth B, Silver M, Breitstein M L, May L & Silver D (2016). Reduction in pain and inflammation associated with chronic low back pain with the use of the medical food theramine. American Journal of Therapeutics 23(6): e1353. https://doi.org/10.1097/MJT.0000000000000068
• Shell W, Bullias D, Charuvastra E, May L A & Silver D S (2010). A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of an amino acid preparation on timing and quality of sleep. American Journal of Therapeutics 17(2): 133-139. https://doi.org/10.1097/MJT.0b013e31819e9eab
• Shi C, Wang P, Airen S, Brown C, Liu Z, Townsend J H & Jiang H (2020). Nutritional and medical food therapies for diabetic retinopathy. Eye and Vision 7(1): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/S40662-020-00199-Y
• Shim H, Rose J, Halle S & Shekane P (2019). Complex regional pain syndrome: a narrative review for the practising clinician. British Journal of Anaesthesia 123(2): e424-e433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2019.03.030
• Simon D K, Tanner C M & Brundin P (2020). Parkinson disease epidemiology, pathology, genetics, and pathophysiology. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 36(1): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2019.08.002
• Singh A, Tripathi P, Yadawa A K & Singh S (2020). Promising polyphenols in Parkinson’s disease therapeutics. Neurochemical Research 45: 1731-1745. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11064-020-03058-3
• Soininen H, Solomon A, Visser P J, Hendrix S B, Blennow K, Kivipelto M & LipiDiDiet Clinical Study Group (2021). 36‐month LipiDiDiet multinutrient clinical trial in prodromal Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's & Dementia 17(1): 29-40. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12172.
• Spence J, Chintapenta M, Kwon H I & Blaszczyk A T (2017). A brief review of three common supplements used in Alzheimer's disease. The Consultant Pharmacist 32(7): 412-414. https://doi.org/10.4140/TCP.n.2017.412
• Taylor S S, Noor N, Urits I, Paladini A, Sadhu M S, Gibb C & Viswanath O (2021). Complex regional pain syndrome: a comprehensive review. Pain and Therapy 10(2): 875-892. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40122-021-00279-4
• TFC (2001). Communiqué on Dietary Foods for Special Medical Purposes. Retrieved in April, 25, 2023 from https://www.titck.gov.tr/mevzuat/turk-gida-kodeksi-ozel-tibbi-amacli-diyet-gidalar-tebligi-27122018172804/
• Torres N, Avila-Nava A, Medina-Vera I & Tovar A R (2020). Dietary fiber and diabetes. Science and Technology of Fibers in Food Systems 201-218. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38654-2_9
• Tümer G & Çolak R (2012). Tip 2 diabetes mellitusda tıbbi beslenme tedavisi. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 29(1): 12-15. https://doi.org/10.5835/jecm.omu.29.s1.004
• Valuck R J & Ruscin J M (2004). A case-control study on adverse effects: H2 blocker or proton pump inhibitor use and risk of vitamin B12 deficiency in older adults. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 57(4): 422-428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2003.08.015
• Van Calcar S (2022). Tetrahydrobiopterin Therapy for Phenylketonuria. In L E Bernstein, F Rohr & J R Helm (Eds.), Nutrition Management of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Springer, New York, pp. 127–151
• Weinstein D A, Steuerwald U, De Souza C F & Derks T G (2018). Inborn errors of metabolism with hypoglycemia: glycogen storage diseases and inherited disorders of gluconeogenesis. Pediatric Clinics 65(2): 247-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2017.11.005.
• WHO (2022). Diabetes. Retrieved in March, 12, 2023 from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/
• Xu R, Ding Z, Zhao P, Tang L, Tang X & Xiao S (2016). The effects of early post-operative soluble dietary fiber enteral nutrition for colon cancer. Nutrients 8(9): 584. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8090584
• Xu Lou I, Ali K & Chen Q (2023). Effect of nutrition in Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review. Frontiers in Neuroscience 17: 1147177. https://doi.org/10.3389
• Yeshokumar A K, Saylor D, Kornberg M D & Mowry E M (2015). Evidence for the importance of vitamin D status in neurologic conditions. Current Treatment Options in Neurology 17: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11940-015-0380-3
• Zhao M, Tuo H, Wang S & Zhao L (2020). The effects of dietary nutrition on sleep and sleep disorders. Mediators of Inflammation. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3142874