Basic Welfare Problems in Broiler Chicken

Abstract

In broiler chickens, selection and management practices that support growth have been caused by selection, in terms of growth rate and carcass yield, and some welfare problems. The main welfare problems in broiler chickens are caused by genetic and environmental problems. We can classify high growth rate, diseases, contact dermatitis, skeletal problems and locomotor activity as genetic problems, and stocking density, litter, air quality, light, feeding, feed management and breeding equipment as environmental problems. The latest study on the implementation of the 2007/43/EC directive on broiler chickens and the care and management practices addressing welfare-health issues were reported in the European Parliament council in 2018. The report found that controls based on foot pad dermatitis monitoring and scoring in chickens were the most effective method for improving animal welfare. It has been reported that more technical applications such as ventilation, which particularly affect the welfare of broilers, are still a problem. As a result; In order to improve the health of broiler chickens and the quality and biosafety of livestock products, the issue of welfare should not be underestimated and the most appropriate standards should be provided. Turkey must be made as soon as possible solutions to the problem of the welfare of broilers and standards. Otherwise, it may result in problems related to food safety, the integration of the broiler industry to international standards, and a new obstacle in the export of related products. This review was made to give information about studies on the purpose of determining the genetic and environmental problems affecting welfare conditions in broiler chickens and bringing standards to welfare problems.

Keywords

• Broiler chicken
• welfare
• management
• leg problems

Etlik Piliçlerde Temel Refah Sorunları

Abstract

Etlik piliçlerde, büyüme oranı ve karkas verimi bakımından seleksiyona tabii tutulma ile büyümeyi destekleyen beslenme ve yönetim uygulamaları bazı refah sorunlarının ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Etlik piliçlerde temel refah sorunları genetik ve çevresel sorunlardan kaynaklanmaktadır. Yüksek büyüme hızı, hastalıklar, kontakt dermatitis, iskelet problemleri ve lokomotor aktivite genetik sorunlar olarak, yerleşim sıklığı, altlık, hava kalitesi, ışık, besleme, yem yönetimi ve yetiştirme ekipmanlarını ise çevresel sorunlar olarak sınıflandırabiliriz. Etlik piliçlerde 2007/43/EC direktifinin uygulanması ve refah-sağlık sorunlarının ele alındığı bakım ve yönetim uygulamaları ile ilgili en son çalışma 2018 yılında Avrupa Parlamentosu konseyinde rapor edilmiştir. Raporda piliçlerde ayak pedi dermatitinin izlenmesine ve skorlanmasına dayanan kontrollerin, hayvan refahını iyileştirmede en etkili yöntem olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Özellikle piliçlerin refahını etkileyen havalandırma gibi daha teknik uygulamaların halen bir sorun olarak devam ettiği bildirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak; etlik piliçlerin sağlığını, hayvancılık ürünlerinin kalite ve biyogüvenliğini iyileştirmek için refah konusu hafife alınmamalı ve buna yönelik en uygun standartlar sağlanmalıdır. Türkiye'de de en kısa zamanda etlik piliçlerin refah sorununa çözüm ve standart getirilmelidir. Aksi halde gıda güvenliği ile ilgili sorunların ortaya çıkmasına, etlik piliç endüstrisinin uluslararası standartlara entegrasyonunun etkilenmesine, ilgili ürünlerin ihracatında yeni bir engelin ortaya çıkmasına neden olabilir. Bu derleme etlik piliçlerde refah koşullarını etkileyen genetik ve çevresel sorunların belirlenmesi, refah sorunlarına standart getirilmesi amacıyla yapılan çalışmalar hakkında bilgi vermek amacıyla yapılmıştır.

Keywords

• Etlik piliç
• refah
• yönetim
• bacak problemleri

References

1. Akbaş, Y. Yalçın, S. Özkan, S. Kırkpınar, F. Takma, Ç. Gevrekçi, Y. Güler, H. C. Türkmut, L. (2009). Heritability estimates of tibial dyschondroplasia, valgus-varus, foot-pad dermatitis and hock burn in broiler. Archiv für Geflügelkunde, 73, 1–6.
2. Albright L.D. (1990). Environment control for animals and plants. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, Mich., USA pp. 167.
3. Anonim. (2000). Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare. The welfare of chickens kept for meat production (broilers). European Commission, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General Brussels. https://ec.europa.eu/food/sites/food/files/animals/docs/aw_arch_2005_broilers_scientific_opinion_en.pdf.p. 1-149.
4. Anonim. (2007). Council Directive 2007/43/EC of 28 June 2007 laying down minimum rules for the protection of chickens kept for meat production. Erişim: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32007L0043. Erişim Tarihi: 05.05.2020. OJ L 182, 12.7.2007, p. 19-28.
5. Anonim. (2018). Report from the commission to the European Parliament and the council on the application of directive 2007/43/EC and its influence on the welfare of chickens kept for meat production, as well as the development of welfare indicators. Erişim: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52018DC0181. Erişim Tarihi: 21.04.2020. Brussels, 13.4.2018.
6. Anonim. (2020). Lokomotorium nedir? https://www.tipterimlerisozlugu.com/locomotorium.html. Erişim tarihi: 03.03.2020.
7. Apeldoorn, E.J. Schrama, J.W. Mashaly, M.M. Parmentier, H.K. (1999). Effect of melatonin and lighting schedule on energy metabolism in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 78, 223-229.
8. Başer, E. Yetişir, R. (2010). Farklı aydınlatma programlarının etlik piliç performansı ve refahı üzerine etkisi. Hayvansal Üretim. 51(2), 68-76.

9. Berg, C.C. (1998). Foot-pad dermatitis in broilers and turkeys-prevalence, risk factors and prevention. PhD Diss., Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Upsala, Sweden.
10. Bessei, W. (2006). Welfare of broilers: A Review. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 62, 455–466.
11. Bessei, W. (2018). Impact of animal welfare on worldwide poultry production. World’s Poultry Science Journal 74, 211–224.
12. Bradshaw, R.H. Kirkden, R.D. Broom, D.M. (2002).A review of the aetiology and pathology of leg weakness in broilers in relation to welfare. Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews, 13, 45–103.
13. Brake, J. Keeley, T.P. Jones, R.B. (1994). Effect of age and presence of perches during rearing on tonic immobility fear reactions of broiler breeder pullets. Poultry Science 73, 1470–1474.
14. Capps, S.G. (1998). Effect of tibial dyschondroplasia on broiler growth and cancellous bone mechanical properties. Avian Diseases, 42, 162-167,
15. Cisar, C.R. Balog, J.M. Anthony, N.B. Donoghue, A.M. (2005). Differential expression of cardiac muscle mitochondrial matrix proteins in broilers from ascites-resistant and susceptible lines. Poultry Science, 84, 704-708.
16. Cornetto, T. Estevez, I. (2001b). Influence of vertical panels on use of space by domestic fowl. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 71, 141– 153.
17. Cornetto, T. Estevez, I. (2001a). Behavior of the domestic fowl in the presence of vertical panels. Poultry Science, 80, 1455–1462.
18. Davis, N. Prescott, N. Savory, C. Wathes, C. (1999). Preferences of growing fowls for different light intensities in relation to age, strain and behaviour. Animal Welfare, 8, 193-203.
19. Dawkins, M.S. Layton. R. (2012). Breeding for better welfare: genetic goals for broiler chickens and their parents. Animal Welfare, 21, 147–155.
20. Dawkins, M.S., Donelly, S. Jones, T.A. (2004). Chicken welfare is influenced more by housing conditions than by stocking density. Nature, 427, 342-344.
21. Deeb, N. Shlosberg, A. Cahaner, A. (2002). Genotype-by-environment interaction with broiler genotypes differing in growth rate. 4. Association between responses to heat stress and to cold-induced ascites. Poultry Science, 81, 1454-1462.
22. Deep, A. Raginski, C. Schwean-Lardner, K. Fancher, B. Classen, H. (2013). Minimum light intensity threshold to prevent negative effects on broiler production and welfare. British Poultry Science, 54, 686-694.
23. Edwards, H.M. (1984). Studies on the etiology of in chicks. Journal Nutrition, 114, 1001-1013.
24. Farguharson, C. Jefferies, D. (2000). Chondrocytes and longitudinal bone growth: The devolopment of tibial dyschondroplasia. Poultry Science, 79 (7), 994-1004.
25. Feizi, A. Bijanzad, P. Kaboli, K. Moghaddam, A.R.J. (2012). Comparative survey of ascites syndrome ıncidence rate ın various strains of broiler chickens. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 6 (13), 185-191.
26. Ferrante, V. Lolli, S. Marelli, S. Vezzoli, G. Sirri, F. Guidobono Cavalchini, L. (2006). Effect of light programmes, bird densities and litter types on broilers welfare. ID 10583 in Proc. 12th Europ. Poult. Conf. on CD-Rom, Verona, Italy.
27. Gardiner, E.E. Hunt, J.R. Newberry, R.C. Hall, J.W. (1988). Relationships between age, body weight, and season of the year and the incidence of sudden death syndrome in male broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 67, 1243-1249.
28. Grashorn, M. Bessei, W. Thiele, H.A. Seemann, G. (1998). Inheritance of troponin T levels in meat-type chicken. Archiv für Geflügelkunde, 62, 283-286.
29. Güler, H.C. Yalçın, S. (2004). Etlik piliçlerde aydınlatmanın ve hareketliliğin tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) oluşumu ve kemik özellikleri üzerine etkileri. 4. Ulusal Zootekni Bilim Kongresi. 01.09.2004, Isparta. p. 112-119.
30. Hartcher, K.M. Lum, H.K. (2019). Genetic selection of broilers and welfare consequences: a review. World's Poultry Science Journal, 76, (1), 154-167.
31. Hartung, J. (1994). The effect of airborne particulates on livestock health and production. In: I. AP Dewi, R. F. E. Axford, I. Fayez, M. Marai, H. Omed (eds.): Pollution in Livestock Production Systems. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 55-69.
32. Havenstein, G.B. Ferket, P.R. Scheideler, S.E, Larson, BT. (1994). Growth, livability, and feed conversion of 1957 vs 1991 broilers when fed "typical" 1957 and 2001 broiler diets. Poultry Science, 73, 1785–1794.
33. Homidan, A.A. Robertson, J.F. Petchey, A.M. (1998). Effect of enviromental factors on ammonia and dust production broiler performance. British Poultry Science, 39, Suppl. 9-10.
34. Hulan, H.M. Groote, G. Fontaine, G. Munter, G. (1985). The effect of different totals and ratios of dietary calcium and phosphorus on the performance and incidence of leg abnormalities of male and female broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 64, 1157-1169.
35. Jones, R. B., 1996. Fear and adaptability in poultry: Insights, implications and imperatives. Worlds. Poult. Sci. J. 52:131–174
36. Jones, R.B. Carmichael, N.L. (1999). Responses of domestic chicks to selected pecking devices presented for varying durations. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 64, 125-140.
37. Jones, R.B. Carmichael, N.L. Rayner, E. (2000). Pecking Preferences and pre-dispositions in domestic chicks: Implications for the development of environmental enrichment devices. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 69, 291-312.
38. Julian, R.J. (1984). Valgus-varus deformities of the intertarsal joint in broiler chickens. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 25, 254-258.
39. Julian, R.J. (1998). Rapid growth problems: ascites and skeletal deformities in broilers. Poultry Science, 77, 1773–1780.
40. Julian, R.J. (2000). Physiological, management and environmental triggers of the ascites syndrome: A review. Avian Pathology, 22, 519-527.
41. Karaarslan, S. (2015). Etlik piliçlerde refah kriteri olarak bacak sağlığı, korku ve stres parametreleri üzerine aydınlatma, yerleşim sıklığı ve tünek kullanımının etkileri. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Zootekni Anabilim Dalı, VZO–D–2015–0001, Doktara Tezi. Aydın.
42. Karaarslan, S. Nazlıgül, A. (2018). Effect of lighting, stocking density, and access to erches on leg health variables as welfare indicators in broiler chickens. Livestock Science, 218, 31-36, 2018.
43. Karamüftüoğlu, Ş. Kocabağlı, N. (2001). Farklı kalsiyum düzeyleri ve anyonların broylerlerde kan asit-baz dengesi, besi performansı ve tibial diskondroplazi oluşumuna etkisi. The Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 25, 7-14.
44. Kells, A. Dawkins, M.S. Borja, M.C. (2001). The effect of a “freedom food” enrichment on the behaviour of broilers on commercial farms. Animal Welfare, 10, 347-356.
45. Knowles, T.G. Kestin, S. C. Haslam, S. M. Brown, S. N. Green, L. E. Butterworth, A. Pope, S. J. Pfeiffer, D. Nicol, C. J. (2008). Leg disorders in broiler chickens: prevalance, risk factors and prevention. PLoS ONE, 3 (2), e1545.
46. Kristensen, H.H., Wathes, C.M. (2000). Ammonia and poultry welfare: a review. World Poultry Science Journal, 56, 235-245.
47. Le Menec, M. (1987). La maitrise de l'ambiance dans les bâtiments d'élevages avicoles. Bull.Inf. Stn Exp. Avicult. Ploufragan, 27 (1), 3-36
48. Leach, R.M. Nesheim Jr, M.C. (1965). Nutritional, genetic and morphological studies of an abnormal cartilage formation in young chicks. Journal of Nutrition, 86, 236-244.
49. Lilburn, M.S. Lauterıo, T.S. Ngiam, R.K. Smith, J.H. (1989). Relationships among mineral balance in the diet, early growth manipulation and incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia in different strains of meat type chickens. Poultry Science, 68, 1263-1273.
50. Manfreda, G. Bertuzzi, S. Franchini, A. Franciosi, C. (1994). Immune response of chicken’s supplemented with vitamin E in diet and/or vaccine. Journal of Nutritional Immunology, 3, 51-57.
51. Martland, M.F. (1985). Ulcerative dermatitis dm broiler chickens: The effects of wet litter. Avian Pathology, 14 (3), 353-364.
52. Mellor, D.J. Webster, J.R. (2014). Development of animal welfare understanding drives change in minimum welfare standards. Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics), 33, 121–130.
53. Meluzzi, A. Sirri, F. (2009). Welfare of broiler chickens, Italian Journal of Animal Science, 8 (1), 161-173.
54. Newberry, R.C. (1995). Environmental enrichment − increasing the biological relevance of captive environments. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 44, 229–243.
55. Newberry, R.C. Hunt, J.R. Gardiner, E.E. (1988). The influence of light intensity on behaviour and performance of broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 67, 1020-1025.
56. Newberry, R.G. Gardıner, E.E. Hunt, J.R. (1987). Behaviour of chickens prior to death from sudden death syndrome. Poultry Science, 66, 1446-1450.
57. Onbaşılar, E.E. Poyraz, Ö. Erdem, E. Öztürk, H. (2008). Influence of lighting periods and stocking densities on performance, carcass characteristics and some stress parameters in broilers. Archiv für Geflügelkunde, 72, 193-200.
58. Petek, M. Çıbık, R. Yıldız, H. Sonat, F.A. Gezen, S.S. Orman, A. Aydın, C. (2010). The influence of different lighting programs, stocking densities and litter amounts on the welfare and productivity traits of a commercial broiler line. Veterinarija Ir Zootechnica, 51 (73), 36-43.
59. Petek, M. Sönmez, G. Yıldız, H. Başpınar, H. (2005). Effects of different management factors on broiler performance and incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia. British Poultry Science, 46 (1), 16-21.
60. Pines, M. Hasdai, A. Monsonego-Ornan, E. (2005). Tibial dyschondroplasia – tools, new insights and future prospects. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 61 (2), 285-297.
61. Praul, C.A. Ford, B.C. Gay, C.V. Pines, M. Leach, R.M. (2000). Gene expression and tibial dyschondroplasia. Poultry Science, 79, 1009-1013.
62. Rault, J.L. Clark, K. Groves, P.J., Cronin, G.M. (2017). Light intensity of 5 or 20 lux on broiler behavior, welfare and productivity. Poultry Science, 96, 779–787.
63. Riber, A.B. Van de Weers, H.A,. De Jong, I.C. Steenfeld,t S. (2018). Review of environmental enrichment for broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 97, 378–396.
64. Riddell, C. (1992). Non-infectious skeletal disorders of poultry: an overview. In: Whitehead, C.C. (Ed.), Bone Biology and Skeletal Disorders in Poultry, Poultry Science Symposium Series, vol. 23. Carfax Publishing Co., Abingdon, England.
65. Rutten, M. Leterrier, C. Constantin, P. Reiter, K. Bessei, W. (2002). Bone development and activity in chickens in response to reduced weight-load on legs. Animal Research, 51, 327–336.
66. Siddiqui, M.F.M.F. Patil, M.S. Khan, K.M. Khan, L.A. (2009). Sudden death syndrome-An Overview. Veterinary World, 2 (11), 444-447.
67. Sirri, F. Minelli, G. Folegatti, E. Lolli, S. Meluzzi, A. (2007). Foot dermatitis and productive traits in broiler chickens kept with different stocking densities, litter types and light regimen. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 6 (1), 734-736.
68. Skrbic, Z. Pavlovski, Z. Lukic, M. Petricevic, V. (2015). Incidence of footpad dermatitis and hock burns in broilers as affected by genotype, lighthing program and litter type. Annals of Animal Science, 15, 433-445.
69. Stevenson, S. Battaglia, D. Bullon, C. Carita, A. (2014). Review of animal welfare legislation in the beef, pork, and poultry industries. FAO Investment Centre, Directions in investment, Rome, Italy. Erişim: http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4002e.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 05.05.2020.
70. Swiatkiewicz, S. Arczewska-Wlosek, A. Jozefiak, D. (2017). The nutrition of poultry as a factor affecting litter quality and foot pad dermatitis – an updated review. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 101, e14–e20.
71. Şimşek, G.U. Dalkılıç, B. Çiftçi, M. Yüce, A. (2009). The influences of different stocking densities on some welfare indicators, lipid peroxidation (MDA) and antioxidane enzyme activities (GSH, GSH-Px, CAT) in broiler chickens. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 8, 1568-1572.
72. Tahamtani, F.M. Pedersen, İ.J. Riber, A.B. (2020). Effects of environmental complexity on welfare indicators of fast-growing broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 99, 21–29.
73. Taira, K. Nagai, T. Obi, T. Takase, K. (2014). Effect of litter moisture on the development of footpad dermatitis in broiler chickens. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 76 (4), 583–586.
74. Thomas, D.G. Ravindran, V. Thomas, D.V. Camden, B.J. Cottam, Y.H. Morel, P.C.H. Cook, C.J. (2004). Influence of stocking density on the performance, carcass characteristics and selected welfare indicators of broiler chickens. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 52, (2), 76-81.
75. Thorp, B.H. (1994). Skeletal disorders in the fowl: A review. Avian Pathology, 23, 2, 203-236.
76. Van Horne, P.L.M. Achterbosch, T.J. (2008). Animal welfare in poultry production systems: impact of EU standards on world trade. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 64 (1), 40-52.
77. Versteegen, M. Tamminga, S. Geers, R. (1994). The effect of gaseous pollutants on animals. In: AP Dewi, I. Axford, R.F.E. Fayez, I. Marai, M. Omed H. (eds.): Pollution in Livestock Production Systems. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 71-79.
78. Waldenstedt, L. (2006). Nutritional factors of importance for optimal leg health in broilers: A review. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 126, 291–307.
79. Wang, G. Ekstrand, C. Svedberg, J. (1998). Wet litter and perches as risk factors for the development of foot pad dermatitis in floor-housed hens. British Poultry Science, 39, 191–197.
80. Whitehead, C.C. Fleming, R.H. Julian, R.J. Sorensen, P. (2003). Skeletal problems associated with selection for increased production. In: Muir WM and Aggrey SE (Eds), Poultry Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology. UK: Cromwell Press. p. 29-52.
81. Wideman, R.F. Rhoads, D.D. Erf G.F. Anthony, N.B. (2013). Pulmonary arterial hypertension (ascites syndrome) in broilers: A review. Poultry Science, 92, 64–83.
82. Wilhelmsson, S. Yngvesson, J. Jönsson, L. Gunnarsson, S. Wallenbeck, A. (2019). “Welfare quality assessment of a fast-growing and a slower-growing broiler hybrid, reared until 10 weeks and fed a low-protein, high-protein or mussel-meal diet. Livestock Science, 219, 71–79.
83. Yardibi, M.E. (2005). (25OH)D3, fitaz ve kalsiyum ve fosfor seviyelerinin broylerlerin performans ve mineral emilimi üzerine etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Trakya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tekirdağ, Türkiye, 2005.
84. Zuidhof, M.J. Schneider, B.L. Carney, V.L. Korver, D.R. Robinson, F.E. (2014). Growth, Efficiency, and yield of commercial broilers from 1957, 1978, and 2005. Poultry Science, 93, 2970–2982.