Synthesis of PHEMA-Based Polymeric Particles for Gallic Acid Purification

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 20 - 32, 30.06.2022

Kardelen Cemek , Barış Can Anar , Okan Zenger , Gözde Baydemir Peşint

https://doi.org/10.55198/artibilimfen.1128003

Abstract

Gallic acid is commonly found in fungi and plants, particularly in thuja, oak bark, sumac, grapes, and tea leaves. Due to its antioxidant, anticancer, anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antifungal properties, it is widely used in the field of health, as well as in various fields such as cosmetics, food, printing and dyeing industries. Therefore, the purification of gallic acid is of great importance. In this study, VIM functionalized particles were synthesized for the purification of gallic acid. The synthesized particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), swelling studies and surface area measurements (Brauner-Emmet-Teller, BET). The polymerization efficiency of the particles was calculated as 94% and the swelling rate as 92.5%. The surface area of the particles was determined as 45 m2/g polymer by BET analysis and it can be clearly seen that particles have size approximately below 1 μm according to the SEM analysis. Maximum gallic acid adsorption was obtained as 54.5 mg/g particles under optimum conditions. The reusability of the particles was tested with repeated adsorption- desorption cycle and it was concluded that the particles retained approximately 94.5% of the gallic acid adsorption capacity at the end of 10 cycles.

Keywords

Phenolic acids, Gallic acid, Affinity chromatography, Polymeric particles, Purification

Gallik Asit Saflaştırılması için PHEMA Temelli Polimerik Partiküllerin Sentezlenmesi

Abstract

Gallik asit mantarlarda ve bitkilerde, özellikle mazı, meşe kabuğu, sumak, üzüm ve çay yapraklarında yaygın olarak bulunur. Sahip olduğu antioksidan, antikanser, anti-HIV, antiinflamatuar, antimikrobiyal ve antifungal özellikleri nedeniyle sağlık alanında; bunun yanı sıra kozmetik, gıda, baskı ve boyama endüstrileri gibi çeşitli alanlarda yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu yüzden, gallik asitin saflaştırılması büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada, gallik asidin saflaştırılması için VIM ile fonksiyonel hale getirilmiş partiküller sentezlenmiştir. Sentezlenen partiküller, taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM), şişme çalışmaları ve yüzey alanı ölçümleri (Brauner-Emmet-Teller; BET) ile karakterize edilmiştir. Partiküllerin polimerizasyon verimi %94, şişme oranı ise %92.5 olarak hesaplanmıştır. SEM analizi sonuçlarına göre yaklaşık 1 μm altında boyutlara sahip olduğu açıkça görülen partiküllerin yüzey alanı BET analizi ile 45 m2/g polimer olarak belirlenmiştir. Optimum koşullar altında maksimum gallik asit adsorpsiyonu 54.5 mg/g partikül olarak elde edilmiştir. Partiküllerin yeniden kullanılabilirliği tekrarlı adsorpsiyon-desorpsiyon döngüsü ile test edilmiş ve 10 döngü sonunda partiküllerin gallik asit adsorpsiyon kapasitesini yaklaşık %94.5 oranında koruduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Keywords

Fenolik asitler, Gallik asit, Afinite kromatografisi, Polimerik partiküller, Saflaştırma

References

• Thakur, M., Singh, K., Khedkar, R. (2020). Phytochemicals: Extraction process, safety assessment, toxicological evaluations, and regulatory issues. In Functional and Preservative Properties of Phytochemicals (pp. 341-361). Academic Press.
• Guan, R., Van Le, Q., Yang, H., Zhang, D., Gu, H., Yang, Y., Sonne, C., Lam, S.S., Zhong, J., Jianguang, Z., Liu, R., Peng, W. (2021). A review of dietary phytochemicals and their relation to oxidative stress and human diseases. Chemosphere, 271, 129499.
• Kahkeshani, N., Farzaei, F., Fotouhi, M., Alavi, S. S., Bahramsoltani, R., Naseri, R., Momtaz, S., Abbasabadi, Z., Rahimi, R., Farzaei, M.H., Bishayee, A. (2019). Pharmacological effects of gallic acid in health and diseases: A mechanistic review. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 22(3), 225.
• Fernandes, F. H. A., Salgado, H. R. N. (2016). Gallic acid: review of the methods of determination and quantification. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 46(3), 257-265.
• Pal, S. M., Avneet, G., Siddhraj, S. S. (2018). Gallic acid: Pharmacogical promising lead molecule: A review. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Research, 10, 132-138.
• Badhani, B., Sharma, N., Kakkar, R. (2015). Gallic acid: a versatile antioxidant with promising therapeutic and industrial applications. Rsc Advances, 5(35), 27540-27557.
• Ghaani, M., Nasirizadeh, N., Ardakani, S. A. Y., Mehrjardi, F. Z., Scampicchio, M., Farris, S. (2016). Development of an electrochemical nanosensor for the determination of gallic acid in food. Analytical Methods, 8(5), 1103-1110.
• Rajan, V. K., Muraleedharan, K. (2017). A computational investigation on the structure, global parameters and antioxidant capacity of a polyphenol, Gallic acid. Food Chemistry, 220, 93-99.
• Gao, J., Hu, J., Hu, D., Yang, X. (2019). A role of gallic acid in oxidative damage diseases: a comprehensive review. Natural Product Communications, 14(8), 1934578X19874174.
• Denizli, A. (2011). Purification of antibodies by affinity chromatography. Hacettepe Journal of Biology and Chemistry, 39(1), 1-18.
• Li, Z., Rodriguez, E., Azaria, S., Pekarek, A., Hage, D. S. (2017). Affinity monolith chromatography: A review of general principles and applications. Electrophoresis, 38(22-23), 2837-2850.
• Chaudhary, V., Sharma, S. (2019). Suspension polymerization technique: parameters affecting polymer properties and application in oxidation reactions. Journal of Polymer Research, 26(5), 1-12.
• Saylan, Y. (2011). Boronat afinite kromatografisi için monolitik HPLC kolonlarının hazırlanması (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
• Croitoru, C., Patachia, S. (2009). Molecularly imprinted poly (vinyl alcohol) for the selective absorption of gallic acid from aqueous solutions. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov. Engineering Sciences. Series I, 2, 109.
• Pardeshi, S., Dhodapkar, R., Kumar, A. (2014). Molecularly imprinted microspheres and nanoparticles prepared using precipitation polymerization method for selective extraction of gallic acid from Emblica officinalis. Food Chemistry, 146, 385-393.
• Hu, X., Xie, L. W., Guo, J. F., Li, H., Jiang, X. Y., Zhang, Y. P., Shi, S. Y. (2015). Hydrophilic gallic acid-imprinted polymers over magnetic mesoporous silica microspheres with excellent molecular recognition ability in aqueous fruit juices. Food Chemistry, 179, 206-212.
• Hao, Y., Gao, R., Liu, D., Tang, Y., Guo, Z. (2015). Selective extraction of gallic acid in pomegranate rind using surface imprinting polymers over magnetic carbon nanotubes. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 407(25), 7681-7690.
• Zhang, J., Li, B., Yue, H., Wang, J., Zheng, Y. (2017). Highly selective and efficient imprinted polymers based on carboxyl-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for the extraction of gallic acid from pomegranate rind. Journal of Separation Science, 41(2), 540–547.
• İnanan, T. (2021). Bitki örneklerinden seçici gallik asit ayrılması için gallik asit baskılanmış polimerlerin hazırlanması.Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 23(2), 560-576, (2021).