Determining surface water and bed sediment quality of Lake Kopa

Abstract

In this research, the results of a hydro-chemical study of Lake Kopa in Kazakhstan are described, in the context of the regional geography and aggravating ecological problems of the lake. Besides analyzing the concentrations of all major ions, heavy-metal ions and other pollutants, their vertical and horizontal distribution were also assessed. Moreover, water pollution indices (WPI) were calculated for individual ions, classes of pollutants, and total pollution, revealing serious overload of human- induced pollution within the lake’s ecosystem. Concentrations of major ions and WPI were monitored over 2009-2013 period, revealing a distinct seasonal pattern and a multi-year periodicity in respect to the measured parameters. In addition, studying ion exchange between lake water and bottom sediment showed complex non-equilibrium processes besides leaching out Ca2+ and its exchange for Na+. 

Keywords

• bottom sediment,major ions,pollution,water pollution index,water quality

Kopa Gölü'nün yüzey suyu ve yatak sediment kalitesinin belirlenmesi

Abstract

Bu araştırmada, Kazakistan'ın Kopa Gölü'nde yapılan hidro-kimyasal çalışmanın sonuçları gölün bölgesel coğrafyası ve ciddileşen ekolojik sorunları bağlamında anlatılmıştır. Tüm majör iyonların, ağır- metal iyonlarının ve diğer kirleticilerin yoğunluklarının analiz edilmesi yanında, bunların dikey ve düşey dağılımları da irdelenmiştir. Bununla beraber, su kalitesi indisleri (water quality indices-WPI) kullanılarak her bir iyon, kirlilik sınıfları ve toplam kirlilik üzerinde yapılan hesaplamalar, göl ekosisteminde insan-kaynaklı ciddi bir fazla yük kirliliği olduğu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Majör iyonların konsantrasyonları ve su kalitesi indisleri (WPI) 2009-2013 periyotu boyunca izlenmiş ve ölçülen parametreler için belirgin bir mevsimsel desen ile çok yıllık periyodiklik olduğu açığa çıkmıştır. Ayrıca, göl suyu ve yatak sedimenti arasındaki iyon alış-verişinin araştırılması, Ca+2'un yıkanması ve Na+ ile değişimi yanında karmaşık dengesizlik süreçleri de göstermiştir. 

Keywords

• bottom sediment,major ions,pollution,water pollution index

References

1. Alyokin OA (1970) Principles of hydrochemistry. Gydrometeoizdat, Leningrad (in Russian)
2. Arinushkina EV (1961) Handbook on chemical analysis of soils. Moscow State University Press, Moscow (in Russian)
3. Batalov I (1999) Kopa Lakes requires attention: March 22: World Water Day. Stepnoy mayak, March 19, p. 2. (in Russian)
4. Bazilevich NI (1985) Geochemistry of soda-salinated soils. Nauka, Moscow (in Russian)
5. Burlibayev M Zh, Tazhganbetov Ye A, Baymanov Zh N (2007) Comprehensive evaluation of surface water quality from hydrochemical parameters. Gylym Press, Almaty. (in Russian)
6. Charykov AK (1984) Mathematical processing of the chemical analysis results. Khimiya, Leningrad (in Russian)
7. Department of Ecology of Kazakhstan (2011) Informational-Analytical Report, p. 98. Ministry of Environmental Protection, Astana (in Russian).
8. GOST 17.1.4.01.-80 (2011) Environmental protection; Hydrosphere. General requirements to methods of determining oil products in natural and waste waters. Almaty (in Russian)

9. Informational Bulletins on the condition of environment, Republic of Kazakhstan Ministry of Environmental Protection. RGP Kazgidromet, Department of Ecological Monitoring (2010)- P.15-39; 2011.- P.14-28; 2012.- P.14-33; 2013.- P.16-49 (in Russian)
10. Kalashnikov S (2004) Ecological state of Lake Kopa. Ecologicheskii vestnik 5, 6-11. (in Russian)
11. Lavrenko EM (1964) Surface water resources in the regions of virgin and abandoned lands’ development. USSR Academy of Sciences Press, Мoscow–Leningrad (in Russian)
12. Malkovsky II, Toleubayeva LS, Akimzhanov Zh A (2007) Hydrogeological problems of Kazakhstan. Voprosy geographii i gidroekologii 1 (20), 31-40. (in Russian)
13. Methodical Recommendations on comprehensive inspection and evaluation of environmental pollution in regions of intense anthropogenic impact – Rules on hydrometheorology (2010) Kazgidromet, Almaty. (in Russian)
14. Methodical Recommendations of formal comprehensive evaluation of the quality of surface waters from hydrochemical parameters. Standarty, Moscow (1988) (in Russian)
15. Mukhamedzhanov EB (Ed.) (2008) Kopa, our pain: hydrology. Ecologicheskii vestnik 3, 2. (in Russian)
16. Mustaphina A (2005) Once more on the condition of Lake Kopa. Ecologicheskii vestnik 6, 6-8. (in Russian)
17. Nikanorov AM, Stradomskaya AG (2006) Chemical composition of organic and mineral substances in silt bottom sediments. Water Resources, 33, 64-70.
18. Pashkov Ye V, Fomin GS, Krasniy DV (1997) International standards. ISO 14000. Basics of ecological management. Мoscow VNII Standart. (in Russian)
19. Rin’kis T Ya (1983) Express methods of colorimetric determination of microelements in biological samples. Latvian Academy of Sciences, Riga.
20. Romanova SM (2007) Practical hydrochemistry . Almaty, Kazakh University Press (in Russian)
21. Romanova SM (2008) Closed water bodies of Kazakhstan. Vol. 1. Hydrochemical regimes. Almaty, Kazakh University press (in Russian)
22. Romanova SM, Preisner L (2011) The Theoretical Basis and Methodology of Reseach of Antropogenic Transformation of Hydrochemical Regime of Reservoirs of Arid Zones – Case of Kazakhstan // Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, Ed. Hard Olsztyn, Vol. 19, No. 3A, pp. 331-335.
23. Romanova SM, Kazangapova NB (2013) Quality of Kazakhstan lakes water in contemporaneous period. // Int. J. Biol. Chem., vol. 6, No. 2, 65-70.
24. Ryabtsev AD (2008) Solution to water problems of Kazakhstan: Vodnoe khozyaistvo Kazakhstana 2, 26-28. (in Russian)
25. Serikova L (2001) Protection of the environment as universal duty. Vysshaya shkola Kazakhstana 3, 156-163. (in Russian)
26. Statistical data of the Centre for Protection of Subsoil, Surface and Subterranian Waters of the Territorial Directorate for Environmental Protection of the Akmola Province (2009) Kokshetau. (in Russian).
27. Unificirovannye metody issledovaniya kachestva vod.Ch. I. Metody khimicheskogo analiza vod (1977) Мoskva. (in Russian)
28. Khusainov А (2005) Why Kopa is is turning into silt? - Lake Kopa. Ecologicheskii vestnik 5, 5. (in Russian)
29. Shatalov L (2009) Lake Kopa awaiting changes for the better – the lake problem. Akmolinskaya Pravda, June 4, p. 4. (in Russian)
30. Shaukharvayeva DS (2008) Luckless Kopa: ecological state of Lake Kopa. Stepnoy mayak, August 25, p. 9. (in Russian)
31. Shishkin OV (1974) Hydrochemistry. Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad. (in Russian).
32. Unified methods of water quality investigation. Part 1. Methods of chemical analysis of waters. Vol. 1. Basic methods. 4th ed. (1987) SEV, Moscow. (in Russian)
33. Veselov V (2000) Actual problems of the national water strategy. Nauka Kazakhstana 2, 8-12. (in Russian)