Genç Triatloncularda Akut Eksantrik Egzersiz Sonrası Uygulanan Perküsif Terapi ve Manuel Masajın Ağrı, Eklem Hareket Açıklığı, Kas Gerginliği ve Dikey Sıçrama Yüksekliği Üzerine Etkisi

Abstract

Çalışmanın amacı, sporculara eksantrik egzersiz protokolü uygulandıktan sonra uygulanan perküsif terapi ve manuel masajın ağrı, eklem hareket açıklığı, kas gerginliği ve dikey sıçrama yüksekliği üzerine etkilerini araştırmaktır. Çalışmaya haftada 6 gün düzenli antrenman yapan 15-18 yaş arası erkek triatloncular katıldı. Katılımcılardan kontrol (KG), manuel grup (MG) ve perküsif grup (PG) olmak üzere 3 grup olışturuldu. Sporcuların istirahatte bazal algılanan ağrı skoru, kas gerginliği, dikey sıçrama yüksekliği ve ayak bileği eklem hareket aralığı (ROM) ölçüldü. Daha sonra, 6 günlük Alfredson eksantrik egzersiz protokolü her 3 gruba da uygulandı ve tüm ölçümler egzersiz sonrası dönemde tekrarlandı. Alfredson egzersiz protokolünü takiben manuel masaj uygulaması, algılanan ağrı ve kas gerginliğini azalttı ve eklem hareket açıklığını artırdı. Sporcularda, Alfredson egzersiz protokolünden sonra perküsif terapi uygulaması, algılanan ağrı derecesini azalttı ve dikey sıçrama yüksekliği ile eklem hareket açıklığını artırdı. Sonuç olarak, hem manuel masaj hem de perküsif terapi, eksantrik egzersizden sonra ortaya çıkabilecek ağrı, eklem hareket genişliğinde kısıtlılık, kas geriminde artış gibi olumsuz etkileri ortadan kaldırmada etkili yöntemlerdir ve triatlonculara antrenman sonrası dönemde önerilebilir.

Keywords

• manuel masaj
• Alfredson protokolü
• perküsif terapi
• kas gerginliği

Effects of Percussive Therapy and Manual Massage on Pain, Range of Motion, Muscle Tension and Countermovement Jump Height After Acute Eccentric Exercise in Young Triathletes

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of percussive therapy and manual massage applied to athletes following an eccentric exercise protocol on pain, range of motion, muscle tension, and vertical jump height. Male triathletes aged 15-18 years who trained regularly 6 days a week participated in the study. Participants were assigned to one of the following groups: control (CG), manual group (MG), and percussive group (PG). Athletes' baseline perceived pain score, muscle tension, ankle joint range of motion (ROM), and vertical jump height were measured at rest. A 6-day Alfredson eccentric exercise protocol was then applied to all 3 groups, and all measurements were repeated post-exercise. Manual massage following the Alfredson exercise protocol reduced perceived pain and muscle tension and increased joint range of motion. In athletes, percussive therapy following the Alfredson exercise protocol reduced perceived pain and increased vertical jump height and joint range of motion. In conclusion, both manual massage and percussive therapy are effective methods to eliminate the negative effects such as pain, limited range of motion, and increased muscle tension that may occur after eccentric exercise and can be recommended to triathletes in the post-training period.

Keywords

• manual massage
• Alfredson protocol
• percussive therapy
• muscle tension

References

1. Aksakoğlu, G. (2001). Sağlıkta araştırma teknikleri ve analiz yöntemleri. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Yayınları.
2. Alfredson, H., Pietilä, T., Jonsson, P., & Lorentzon, R. (1998). Heavy-load eccentric calf muscle training for the treatment of chronic Achilles tendinosis. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 26(3), 360-366. doi: 10.1177/03635465980260030.
3. Allen, D. G., Lamb, G. D., & Westerblad, H. (2008). Skeletal muscle fatigue: cellular mechanisms. Physiological Reviews, 88(1), 287-332. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00015.200.
4. Al-Nakhli, H. H., Petrofsky, J. S., Laymon, M. S., & Berk, L. S. (2012). The use of thermal infra-red imaging to detect delayed onset muscle soreness. Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE, (59), 3551. doi: 10.3791/3551.
5. Bilgin, G., Hindistan, İ. E., Özkaya, Y. G., Köklükaya, E., Polat, Ö., & Çolak, Ö. H. (2015). Determination of fatigue following maximal loaded treadmill exercise by using wavelet packet transform analysis and MLPNN from MMG-EMG data combinations. Journal of Medical Systems, 39(10), 108. doi: 10.1007/s10916-015-0304-5.
6. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Akgün, Ö. E., Demirel, F., Karadeniz, Ş., & Çakmak, E. K. (2024). Eğitimde bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Pegem Akademi, 35. Baskı, Ankara. Doi: 10.14527/9789944919289.
7. Cheatham, S. W., Baker, R. T., Behm, D. G., Stull, K., & Kolber, M. J. (2021). Mechanical percussion devices: a survey of practice patterns among healthcare professionals. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 16(3), 766. doi: 10.26603/001c.23530.
8. Cortis, C., Tessitore, A., D’Artibale, E., Meeusen, R., & Capranica, L. (2010). Effects of post-exercise recovery interventions on physiological, psychological, and performance parameters. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 31(05), 327-335. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1248242

9. Davis, H. L., Alabed, S., & Chico, T. J. A. (2020). Effect of sports massage on performance and recovery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 6(1). doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000614.
10. Doss, W. S., & Karpovich, P. V. (1965). A comparison of concentric, eccentric, and isometric strength of elbow flexors. Journal of Applied Physiology, 20(2), 351-353. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1965.20.2.351
11. Farr, T., Nottle, C., Nosaka, K., & Sacco, P. (2002). The effects of therapeutic massage on delayed onset muscle soreness and muscle function following downhill walking. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 5(4), 297-306. doi: 10.1016/S1440-2440(02)80018-4
12. Germann, D., El Bouse, A., Shnier, J., Abdelkader, N., & Kazemi, M. (2018). Effects of local vibration therapy on various performance parameters: a narrative literature review. The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association, 62(3), 170. PMID: 30662072; PMCID: PMC6319432.
13. Kaçoğlu, C., & Yıldırım, U. (2017). İzometrik önkondisyonlanma kontraksiyonunun sıçrama performansına akut etkileri. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(3), 183-194. doi: 10.17155/omuspd.281754.
14. Kaplan, A. K., Uğurlu, S., Pamuk, Ö., Özdemir, Ö., Hindistan, E., & Özkaya, G. (2014). Effect of sport massage on pressure pain threshold and tolerance in athletes under eccentric exercise. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science, 2(Special Issue 2), 136-146. doi: 10.14486/IJSCS185.
15. Konrad, A., Glashüttner, C., Reiner, M. M., Bernsteiner, D., & Tilp, M. (2020). The acute effects of a percussive massage treatment with a hypervolt device on plantar flexor muscles’ range of motion and performance. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 19(4), 690. PMC7675623 PMID: 33239942
16. Lau, W. Y., Muthalib, M., & Nosaka, K. (2013). Visual analog scale and pressure pain threshold for delayed onset muscle soreness assessment. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain, 21(4), 320-326. doi: 10.3109/10582452.2013.848967.
17. Martin, J. (2021). A critical evaluation of percussion massage gun devices as a rehabilitation tool focusing on lower limb mobility: A literature review. SportRxiv Preprints.
18. Meeusen, R., Duclos, M., Foster, C., Fry, A., Gleeson, M., Nieman, D., ... & Urhausen, A. (2013). Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: Joint consensus statement of the European College of Sport Science (ECSS) and the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). European Journal of Sport Science, 13(1), 1-24. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2012.730061.
19. Minghelli, B., Jesus, C., Martins, I., & Jesus, J. (2020). Triathlon-related musculoskeletal injuries: a study on a Portuguese Triathlon Championship. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira, 66(11), 1536-1541. doi: 10.1590/1806-9282.66.11.1536
20. Nédélec, M., McCall, A., Carling, C., Legall, F., Berthoin, S., & Dupont, G. (2013). Recovery in soccer: part II—recovery strategies. Sports Medicine, 43(1), 9-22. doi: 10.1007/s40279-012-0002-0.
21. Özdemir, Ö., Özdem, S., & Özkaya, Y. G. (2013). Melatonin administration does not alter muscle glycogen concentration during recovery from exhaustive exercise in rats. European Journal of Sport Science, 13(2), 174-182. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2011.589475
22. Özer, K. (1993). Antropometri sporda morfolojik planlama. İstanbul: Kazancı Matbaacılık, 34.
23. Poppendieck, W., Wegmann, M., Ferrauti, A., Kellmann, M., Pfeiffer, M., & Meyer, T. (2016). Massage and performance recovery: a meta-analytical review. Sports Medicine, 46(2), 183-204. doi: 10.1007/s40279-015-0420-x.
24. Sifaq, A., Nurhasan, N., Wahjuni, E. S., Hariyanto, A., Muhammad, H. N., Rahmasari, D., ... & During the current research, the "Higher Education Institutions Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Directive" was followed.
25. Martha, P. O. A. (2025). Effect of sport massage and reflexology on decreases heart rate and blood pressure after training. Health, Sport, Rehabilitation, 11(1), 70-84. doi: 10.58962/HSR.2025.11.1.70-84.
26. Van der Plas, A., de Jonge, S., de Vos, R. J., Van Der Heide, H. J. L., Verhaar, J. A. N., Weir, A., & Tol, J. L. (2012). A 5-year follow-up study of Alfredson's heel-drop exercise programme in chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 46(3), 214-218. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2011-090035.