Sporda Beden İmajı ve Sosyal Medya Etkisi: Sosyal Karşılaştırma Kuramı Çerçevesinde Facebook Kullanımının Beden İmajına Etkileri Üzerine Bir Derleme

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, sosyal karşılaştırma kuramı çerçevesinde Facebook kullanımının beden imajı üzerindeki etkilerine ilişkin ilgili alan yazında yer alan bilgilerin gözden geçirilmesidir.  Beden imajı ve sosyal medya ilişkisini ortaya koyan birçok araştırma kuramsal olarak sosyal karşılaştırma kuramı çerçevesinde tasarlanmaktadır. Sosyal karşılaştırma kuramı bireyin kendisine sosyal ortamda var olan başka bir bireyle karşılaştırmasını temel alır. Bu bağlamda sosyal karşılaştırma kuramı beden imajı ve Facebook kullanımına ilişkin son derece açık bilgiler sunmaktadır. İlgili alan yazın incelendiğinde birçok araştırma Facebook kullanımının beden imajı üzerinde etkin bir role sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, Facebook kullanım sürecinde bireylerin bedenlerini farklı popülasyonlardan bireylerle karşılaştırarak ince-ideal beden algısına bağlı olarak beden tatminsizliği, yeme bozukluğu vb. olumsuz durumlarla karşı karşıya kaldıkları söylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sosyal medya,beden imajı,yeme bozuklukları

References

1. Anderson L. M., Reilly E. E., Gorrell S., Anderson D. A. (2016). Running to win or to be thin? an evaluation of body dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptoms among adult runners. Body Image. 17:43–47. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.02.003.[PubMed] [CrossRef]
2. Bissell, K. L., & Zhou, P. (2004). Must‐See TV or ESPN: entertainment and sports media exposure and body‐image distortion in college women. Journal of Communication, 54(1), 5-21.
3. De Bruin A. K., Oudejans R. R. D., Bakker F. C. (2007). Dieting and body image in aesthetic sports: a comparison of Dutch female gymnasts and non-aesthetic sport participants. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 8(4):507–520. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.10.002. [CrossRef]
4. De Bruin A. P., Oudejans R. R. D., Bakker F. C., Woertman L. (2011). Contextual body image and athletes' disordered eating: the contribution of athletic body image to disordered eating in high performance women athletes. European Eating Disorders Review. 19(3):201–215. doi: 10.1002/erv.1112. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
5. DiGioacchino DeBate R., Wethington H., Sargent R. (2002). Sub-clinical eating disorder characteristics among male and female triathletes. Eating and Weight Disorders. 7(3):210–220. doi: 10.1007/BF03327459. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
6. Fardouly, J., Diedrichs, P. C., Vartanian, L. R., & Halliwell, E. (2015). Social comparisons on social media: The impact of Facebook on young women's body image concerns and mood. Body Image, 13, 38-45.
7. Ferrand C., Magnan C., Rouveix M., Filaire E. (2007). Disordered eating, perfectionism and body-esteem of elite synchronized swimmers. European Journal of Sport Science. 7(4):223–230. doi: 10.1080/17461390701722168.[CrossRef]
8. Fortes L. D. S., Ferreira M. E. C., de Oliveira S. M. F., Cyrino E. S., Almeida S. S. (2015). A socio-sports model of disordered eating among Brazilian male athletes. Appetite. 92:29–35. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.05.005. [PubMed] [CrossRef]

9. Fredrickson B. L., Roberts T.-A. (1997). Objectification theory: toward understanding women's lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly. 21(2):173–206. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x.[CrossRef]
10. Grogan S. (2017). Body Image: Understanding Body Dissatisfaction in Men, Women and Children. 3rd. NY, USA: Routledge.
11. Kantanista A., Król-Zielińska M., Borowiec J., Osiński W. (2017). Is Underweight associated with more positive body image? results of a cross-sectional study in adolescent girls and boys. Spanish Journal of Psychology. 20 doi: 10.1017/sjp.2017.4. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
12. Karr T. M., Davidson D., Bryant F. B., Balague G., Bohnert A. M. (2013). Sport type and interpersonal and intrapersonal predictors of body dissatisfaction in high school female sport participants. Body Image. 10(2):210–219. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.11.001. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
13. Kong P., Harris L. M. (2015). The sporting body: body image and eating disorder symptomatology among female athletes from leanness focused and nonleanness focused sports. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied. 149(2):141–160. doi: 10.1080/00223980.2013.846291. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
14. Krane V., Waldron J., Michalenok J., Stiles-Shipley J. (2001) Body image concerns in female exercisers and athletes: a feminist cultural studies perspective. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal. 10(1):17–54. doi: 10.1123/wspaj.10.1.17. [CrossRef]
15. Krentz E. M., Warschburger P. (2011). Sports-related correlates of disordered eating in aesthetic sports. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 12(4):375–382. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.03.004. [CrossRef]
16. Loland N. W. (1999). Some contradictions and tensions in elite sportsmen's attitudes towards their bodies. International Review for the Sociology of Sport. 34(3):291–302. doi: 10.1177/101269099034003005. [CrossRef]
17. Petrie T. A., Greenleaf C. A. (2012). Eating disorders in sport , in The Oxford handbook of sport and performance. In: Murphy S., editor. in The Oxford handbook of sport and performance psychology. NY, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 635–659.Reel J. J., Petrie T. A., SooHoo S., Anderson C. M. (2013). Weight pressures in sport: Examining the factor structure and incremental validity of the weight pressures in sport - females. Eating Behaviors. 14(2):137–144. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.01.003. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
18. Robbeson J. G., Kruger H. S., Wright H. H. (2015). Disordered eating behavior, body image, and energy status of female student dancers. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 25(4):344–352. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0161. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
19. Russell K. M. (2004). On versus off the pitch: the transiency of body satisfaction among female rugby players, cricketers, and netballers. Sex Roles. 51(9-10):561–574. doi: 10.1007/s11199-004-5466-4.
20. Statcounter (2019). http://gs.statcounter.com/social-media-stats/all/turkey adresindeki bilgilere dayanmaktadır. (Erişim tarihi: 19.01.2019).
21. Statista (2019). https://www.statista.com/statistics/568859/forecast-of-facebook-user-numbers-in-the-turkey/ adresindeki bilgilere dayanmaktadır. (Erişim tarihi: 04.01.2019).
22. Stice E. (2002). Risk and maintenance factors for eating pathology: a meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin. 128(5):825–848. doi: 10.1037//0033-2909.128.5.825. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
23. Swami V., Steadman L., Tovée M. J. (2009). A comparison of body size ideals, body dissatisfaction, and media influence between female track athletes, martial artists, and non-athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 10(6):609–614. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.03.003. [CrossRef]
24. Szymanski D. M., Moffitt L. B., Carr E. R. (2011). Sexual objectification of women: advances to theory and research 1ψ7. The Counseling Psychologist. 39(1):6–38. doi: 10.1177/0011000010378402. [CrossRef]
25. Thompson R. A., Sherman R. T. (2011). Eating Disorders in Sport. NY, USA: Routledge.
26. Torstveit M. K., Rosenvinge J. H., Sundgot-Borgen J. (2008). Prevalence of eating disorders and the predictive power of risk models in female elite athletes: a controlled study. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 18(1):108–118. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00657.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
27. Van Durme K., Goossens L., Braet C. (2012). Adolescent aesthetic athletes: a group at risk for eating pathology? Eating Behaviors. 13(2):119–122. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2011.11.002. [PubMed] [CrossRef]
28. Varnes J. R., Stellefson M. L., Janelle C. M., Dorman S. M., Dodd V., Miller M. D. (2013). A systematic review of studies comparing body image concerns among female college athletes and non-athletes, 1997-2012. Body Image. 10(4):421–432. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.06.001. [PubMed] [CrossRef]