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Taraftar Profillerinin Çok Boyutlu İncelenmesi: Genişletilmiş Tipoloji Ölçeği

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 537 - 551, 28.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.1726012

Abstract

Bu araştırma, Halıcı ve Yetim (2024) tarafından geliştirilen “Taraftar Tipolojisi Ölçeğinin” geçerli ve güvenilir genişletilmiş versiyonunu oluşturmayı amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmaya katılan katılımcıların belirlenmesinde kolayda ulaşılabilir örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya takım sporlarından herhangi bir takımı destekleyen tüm taraftarlar dahil edilmiş, toplamda 828 gönüllü katılımcıya ulaşılmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin, 474 tanesi Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA), 354 tanesi Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) için kullanılmıştır. AFA sonucunda, 7 faktörlü bir yapı ortaya çıkarmıştır. DFA’dan elde edilen bulgulara göre modelin RMSEA değerinin .077 ve diğer uyum iyiliği indekslerinin de kabul edilebilir değerler arasında olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu bulgular ölçeğin 7 boyutlu yapısı altında toplanan 38 maddeden oluştuğunu ve bu yapının taraftar tipolojisi değişkeninin %69.12 gibi önemli bir varyansını açıkladığını ortaya koymuştur. Sonuç olarak, Taraftar Tipolojisi Ölçeği: Genişletilmiş Versiyon ‘un geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu söylenebilir.

Ethical Statement

Etik Kurul İzin Bilgileri Etik değerlendirme kurulu: Gazi Üniversitesi Etik değerlendirme belgesinin tarihi: 30.04.2025 Etik değerlendirme belgesinin sayı numarası: E-77082166-604.01-1228572

References

  • Bentler, P. M., & Chou, C. P. (1987). Practical issues in structural modeling. Sociological Methods & Research, 16(1), 78–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124187016001004
  • Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). Guilford.
  • Ding, L., Velicer, W. F., & Harlow, L. L. (1995). Effects of estimation methods, number of indicators per factor, and improper solutions on structural equation modeling fit indices. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2(2), 119–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519509540000
  • Dwyer, B., Greenhalgh, G. P., & LeCrom, C. W. (2015). Exploring fan behavior: Developing a scale to measure sport eFANgelism. Journal of Sport Management, 29(6), 642-656. https://doi.org/10.1123/JSM.2014-0201
  • Dwyer, B., Greenhalgh, G., & LeCrom, C. (2016). Niche-versus mainstream-sport spectators: An analysis of need for uniqueness and sport eFANgelism. International Journal of Sport Communication, 9(3), 364–383. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2016-0045
  • Erdoğan, A., Öztaş, M., & Şirin, E. F. (2021). Futbol taraftarlarının seyircilik durumları ile spor takımı evangelizm (efangelizm) ilişkisi üzerine ampirik bir araştırma. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(1), 476-484. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.681321
  • Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (4th ed.). Sage.
  • Fillis, I., & Mackay, C. (2014). Moving beyond fan typologies: The impact of social integration on team loyalty in football. Journal of Marketing Management, 30(3–4), 334–363. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2013.813575
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014), Multivariate data analysis. USA: Pearson.
  • Halıcı, A., & Yetim, Z. (2024). Investigation of football fans’ perceptions of event quality according to their typologies. Sage Open, 14(3), 21582440241271131.
  • Halıcı, A., Karacif, A., & Doğan, P. K. (2024). Futbol taraftarlarının EFANgelizm düzeylerinin değişkenlere göre incelenmesi. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(1), 32-39.
  • Harrington, D. (2009). Confirmatory factor analysis. Oxford University.
  • Hinkin, T. R. (2005). Scale development principles and practices. In R. A. Swanson & E. F. Holton III (Eds.), Research in organizations: Foundations and methods of inquiry (pp. 161–179). San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: a Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
  • Hunt, K. A., Bristol, T., & Bashaw, R. E. (1999). A conceptual approach to classifying sports fans. Journal of Services Marketing, 13(6), 439–452. https://doi.org/10.1108/08876049910298720
  • İnternet: Akşar, T. (2008). Taraftar mı, müşteri mi? URL: https://www.dunya.com/kose-yazisi/taraftar-mi-musteri-mi/3163 adresinden 4 Nisan 2023’de alınmıştır.
  • Kearney, A. T. (2003). The new sports consumer. http://www. atkearney.com/shared_res/pdf/New_Sports_Consumer_S.pdf
  • Kestane, Ü. S. (2020). Pazarlama. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). Guilford.
  • Mahony, D.F., Madrigal, R., & Howard, D. (2000). Using the psychological commitment to team (PCT) scale to segment sport consumers based on loyalty. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 9(1), 15–24.
  • Matsuoka, H. (2001). Multidimensionality of fans' psychological commitment to sport teams: development of a scale. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, The Ohio State University, Columbus.
  • Mucuk, İ. (2001). Pazarlama İlkeleri. İstanbul: Türkmen Kitabevi.
  • Netemeyer, R. G., Bearden, W. O., & Sharma, S. (2003). Scaling procedures. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). McGrawHill
  • Park, S., Kim, S., & Chiu, W. (2021). Segmenting sport fans by eFANgelism: a cluster analysis of South Korean soccer fans. Managing Sport and Leisure, 28(2), 182-196. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2021.1873169
  • Quick, S. (2000). Contemporary sport consumer: Some implications of linking fan typology with key spectator variables. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 9(3), 149–155.
  • Raney, A. A. (2013). Reflections on communication and sport: On enjoyment and disposition. Communication & Sport, 1(1–2), 164–175. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479512467979
  • Salman, G. G. (2008). The relationship between service quality of professional soccer clubs and fan satisfaction and typology. PhD Dissertation, Marmara University Institute of Social Sciences, İstanbul.
  • Shuv-Ami, A., & Toder Alon, A. (2023). How do you categorize yourself as a sports fan? A new scale of sports fan social–personal identity salience (FSPIS) and its consequences. Communication & Sport, 11(1), 28–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479520967278
  • Smith, W. (1956). Product differentiation and market segmentation as alternative marketing strategies. Journal of Marketing, 21, 3-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224295602100102
  • Sutton, W. A., McDonald, M. A., Milne, G. R., & Cimperman, J. (1997). Creating and fostering fan identification in professional sports. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 6, 15-22.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidel, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
  • Taşmektepligil, M. Y., Çankaya, S., & Taner, T. (2015). Futbol taraftarı fanatiklik ölçeği. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 41–49. https://doi.org/10.17155/spd.73408
  • Thompson, B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications. American Psychological Association.
  • Wann, D. L., & Branscombe, N. R. (1990). Die-hard and fairweather fans: Effects of identification on BIRGing and CORFing tendencies. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 14(2), 103–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/019372359001400203
  • Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806–838. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006288127
  • Yüksekbilgili, Z. (2022). Pazarlama için ihtiyacınız olan tek kitap. İstanbul: Yüksekbilgili Yayınları.

Multidimensional Analysis of Fan Profiles: Extended Typology Scale

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 537 - 551, 28.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.1726012

Abstract

This research aims to create a valid and reliable extended version of the “Fan Typology Scale” developed by Halıcı and Yetim (2024). Participants were selected using the random convenience sampling method. All fans who support any team in team sports were included in the research, and 828 volunteer participants were reached. Four hundred seventy-four of the obtained data were used for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), and 354 for Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). As a result of EFA, a 7-factor structure was revealed. According to the findings obtained from CFA, it was determined that the RMSEA value of the model was .077, and other Goodness-of-fit indices were also within acceptable values. These findings revealed that the scale consisted of 38 items collected under the 7-dimensional structure and that this structure explained a significant variance of 69.12% of the fan typology variable. As a result, it can be said that the Fan Typology Scale: Extended Version is a valid and reliable measurement tool.

References

  • Bentler, P. M., & Chou, C. P. (1987). Practical issues in structural modeling. Sociological Methods & Research, 16(1), 78–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124187016001004
  • Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). Guilford.
  • Ding, L., Velicer, W. F., & Harlow, L. L. (1995). Effects of estimation methods, number of indicators per factor, and improper solutions on structural equation modeling fit indices. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 2(2), 119–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519509540000
  • Dwyer, B., Greenhalgh, G. P., & LeCrom, C. W. (2015). Exploring fan behavior: Developing a scale to measure sport eFANgelism. Journal of Sport Management, 29(6), 642-656. https://doi.org/10.1123/JSM.2014-0201
  • Dwyer, B., Greenhalgh, G., & LeCrom, C. (2016). Niche-versus mainstream-sport spectators: An analysis of need for uniqueness and sport eFANgelism. International Journal of Sport Communication, 9(3), 364–383. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2016-0045
  • Erdoğan, A., Öztaş, M., & Şirin, E. F. (2021). Futbol taraftarlarının seyircilik durumları ile spor takımı evangelizm (efangelizm) ilişkisi üzerine ampirik bir araştırma. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(1), 476-484. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.681321
  • Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (4th ed.). Sage.
  • Fillis, I., & Mackay, C. (2014). Moving beyond fan typologies: The impact of social integration on team loyalty in football. Journal of Marketing Management, 30(3–4), 334–363. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2013.813575
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014), Multivariate data analysis. USA: Pearson.
  • Halıcı, A., & Yetim, Z. (2024). Investigation of football fans’ perceptions of event quality according to their typologies. Sage Open, 14(3), 21582440241271131.
  • Halıcı, A., Karacif, A., & Doğan, P. K. (2024). Futbol taraftarlarının EFANgelizm düzeylerinin değişkenlere göre incelenmesi. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(1), 32-39.
  • Harrington, D. (2009). Confirmatory factor analysis. Oxford University.
  • Hinkin, T. R. (2005). Scale development principles and practices. In R. A. Swanson & E. F. Holton III (Eds.), Research in organizations: Foundations and methods of inquiry (pp. 161–179). San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: a Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
  • Hunt, K. A., Bristol, T., & Bashaw, R. E. (1999). A conceptual approach to classifying sports fans. Journal of Services Marketing, 13(6), 439–452. https://doi.org/10.1108/08876049910298720
  • İnternet: Akşar, T. (2008). Taraftar mı, müşteri mi? URL: https://www.dunya.com/kose-yazisi/taraftar-mi-musteri-mi/3163 adresinden 4 Nisan 2023’de alınmıştır.
  • Kearney, A. T. (2003). The new sports consumer. http://www. atkearney.com/shared_res/pdf/New_Sports_Consumer_S.pdf
  • Kestane, Ü. S. (2020). Pazarlama. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). Guilford.
  • Mahony, D.F., Madrigal, R., & Howard, D. (2000). Using the psychological commitment to team (PCT) scale to segment sport consumers based on loyalty. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 9(1), 15–24.
  • Matsuoka, H. (2001). Multidimensionality of fans' psychological commitment to sport teams: development of a scale. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, The Ohio State University, Columbus.
  • Mucuk, İ. (2001). Pazarlama İlkeleri. İstanbul: Türkmen Kitabevi.
  • Netemeyer, R. G., Bearden, W. O., & Sharma, S. (2003). Scaling procedures. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). McGrawHill
  • Park, S., Kim, S., & Chiu, W. (2021). Segmenting sport fans by eFANgelism: a cluster analysis of South Korean soccer fans. Managing Sport and Leisure, 28(2), 182-196. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2021.1873169
  • Quick, S. (2000). Contemporary sport consumer: Some implications of linking fan typology with key spectator variables. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 9(3), 149–155.
  • Raney, A. A. (2013). Reflections on communication and sport: On enjoyment and disposition. Communication & Sport, 1(1–2), 164–175. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479512467979
  • Salman, G. G. (2008). The relationship between service quality of professional soccer clubs and fan satisfaction and typology. PhD Dissertation, Marmara University Institute of Social Sciences, İstanbul.
  • Shuv-Ami, A., & Toder Alon, A. (2023). How do you categorize yourself as a sports fan? A new scale of sports fan social–personal identity salience (FSPIS) and its consequences. Communication & Sport, 11(1), 28–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479520967278
  • Smith, W. (1956). Product differentiation and market segmentation as alternative marketing strategies. Journal of Marketing, 21, 3-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224295602100102
  • Sutton, W. A., McDonald, M. A., Milne, G. R., & Cimperman, J. (1997). Creating and fostering fan identification in professional sports. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 6, 15-22.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidel, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
  • Taşmektepligil, M. Y., Çankaya, S., & Taner, T. (2015). Futbol taraftarı fanatiklik ölçeği. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 41–49. https://doi.org/10.17155/spd.73408
  • Thompson, B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications. American Psychological Association.
  • Wann, D. L., & Branscombe, N. R. (1990). Die-hard and fairweather fans: Effects of identification on BIRGing and CORFing tendencies. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 14(2), 103–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/019372359001400203
  • Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806–838. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006288127
  • Yüksekbilgili, Z. (2022). Pazarlama için ihtiyacınız olan tek kitap. İstanbul: Yüksekbilgili Yayınları.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sports Activity Management
Journal Section Arşiv
Authors

Alperen Halıcı 0000-0002-5480-4683

İsmail Aktaş 0000-0002-5471-5787

Early Pub Date September 26, 2025
Publication Date September 28, 2025
Submission Date June 24, 2025
Acceptance Date September 9, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Halıcı, A., & Aktaş, İ. (2025). Taraftar Profillerinin Çok Boyutlu İncelenmesi: Genişletilmiş Tipoloji Ölçeği. Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science, 8(3), 537-551. https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.1726012

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Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science (MJSS) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License CC BY-NC 4.0 .

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