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The Moral Element (Mens Rea) of the Crime of Genocide and Approaches to the Interpretation of the Moral Element with respect to International Criminal Law

Year 2022, , 635 - 679, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.47136/asbuhfd.1172588

Abstract

Within the framework of the definition of the crime of genocide in international law, the moral element (mens rea) of the crime, which occurs in the form of “intention to destroy in whole or in part” of a national, ethnic, racial or religious group, stands out from other elements. Because, the moral element is the element that distinguishes the crime of genocide from murder or other crimes that can be examined under crimes against humanity. Due to its importance; the crime of genocide is also referred to as the "mens rea crime" in the doctrine. However, proving the moral element in a concrete case is often difficult as it requires revealing the purpose of the perpetrator at the time of committing the crime, in other words, his mental state. In addition, in terms of the crime of genocide, which requires the participation of the perpetrators from all levels within a certain organization and structure by its nature, the content and intensity of the “intent to destroy” that the perpetrator should carry requires the interpretation of the moral element in terms of the standard to be accepted for this perpetrator. Various approaches have been put forward in practice and theory on this subject. In this study, the moral element, which is undoubtedly the most distinctive feature of the crime of genocide, and the approaches to the interpretation of this element have been examined more closely in the context of international law.

References

  • Akün, Neslihan Verda. “Uluslararası Hukukta ve Türk Hukuku’nda Soykırım (Jenosid) Suçu”, Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni 24, no. 1 (2004): 53-70.
  • Alonzo-Maizlish, David. “In Whole or in Part: Group Rights, the Intent Element of Genocide, and the ‘Quantitative Criterion’”. New York University Law Review 77, no. 5 (2002): 1369-1403.
  • Ambos, Kai. “What does ‘intent to destroy’ in genocide mean?”, International Review of the Red Cross 91, no. 876 (2009): 833-858. doi: 10.1017/S1816383110000056.
  • Ateş Ekşi, Canan. Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesinin İnsanlığa Karşı Suçlar Üzerindeki Yargı Yetkisi. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2004.
  • Aydın, Devrim. “The Interpretation of Genocidal Intent under the Genocide Convention and the Jurisprudence of International Courts.” The Journal of Criminal Law 78, (2014): 423-441. doi: 10.1350/jcla.2014.78.5.943.
  • Clark, Roger S. “Elements of Crimes in Early Decisions of Pre-Trial Chambers of the International Criminal Court.” New Zealand Yearbook of International Law 209, (2008).
  • Çoban, Ebru. “Uluslararası Hukukta Soykırım Suçu ve Suça Zemin Hazırlayan Toplumsal Yapılar: Ruanda Örneği.” Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 5, no. 17 (2008): 47-72.
  • Değirmenci, Olgun. “Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemelerinin Kararları Işığında Mukayeseli Hukukta ve Türk Hukukunda Soykırım Suçu (TCK m. 76).” TBB Dergisi, no. 70 (2007): 50-111.
  • Greenawalt, Alexander. “Rethinking Genocidal Intent: The Case for a Knowledge-Based Interpretation.” Columbia Law Review, no. 99 (1999): 2259-2994.
  • Jones, Adam. Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. London: Routledge, 2006. https://www.mcvts.net/cms/lib07/NJ01911694/Centricity/Domain/155/Textbook.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.09.2022).
  • Jones, John R. W. D. “Whose intent is it anyway? - Genocide and the Intent to Destroy a Group.” Man’s Inhumanity to Man - Essays on International Law in Honour of Antonio Cassese, eds. Lal Chand Vohrah et al., 467-480. The Hauge: Brill | Nijho f, 2003.
  • Kim, Sangkul. “Rethinking the ‘Crime of Mens Rea’.” Torkel Opsahl Academic Epublisher (TOAEP) FICHL Policy Brief Series, no. 59 (2016): 1-4.
  • Kress, Claus. “The Crime of Genocide under International Law.” International Criminal Law Review 6, no. 4 (2006): 461-502.
  • Kress, Claus. “The Darfur Report and Genocidal Intent.” Journal of International Criminal Justice 3, no. 3 (2005): 562-578.
  • Legal Information Institute. “Actus Reus”. Erişim Tarihi Eylül 4, 2022. https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/actus_reus.
  • Legal Information Institute. “Mens Rea”. Erişim Tarihi Eylül 4, 2022. https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/mens_rea.
  • Lemkin, Raphael. Acts Constituting a General (Transnational) Danger Considered as Offences Against the Law of Nations, Special Report Presented to the 5th Conference for the Unification of Penal Law in Madrid (14-20 October 1933). http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/madrid1933-english.htm, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.09.2022). (Lemkin, Special Report)
  • Lemkin, Raphael. Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation - Analysis of Government - Proposals for Redress, Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (1944): 79 – 95. http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/AxisRule1944-1.htm, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.09.2022). (Lemkin, Axis Rule)
  • Neth, Chantima. “The Issue of Mens Rea in the Crime of Genocide and Why It Needs to be Amended?” Legal Issues Journal 7, no. 1 (2019): 15-28.
  • Nişancı, Dilaver. “Uluslararası Ceza Hukuku ve Türk Ceza Kanunu Düzenlemesinde Soykırım Suçu.” Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi (ASEAD) 8, no. 2 (2021): 228-249.
  • Schabas, William A. Genocide In International Law: The Crime of Crimes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  • Sokullu Akıncı, Füsun. “Ceza Hukukunda Kusurluluk.” Ceza Hukuku Günleri-70. Yılında Türk Ceza Kanunu Genel Hükümler. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları, 1998.
  • Stannard, David. “Three Responses to ‘Can There Be Genocide Without the Intent to Commit Genocide?’” Journal of Genocide Research 10, no. 1 (2008): 111-133.
  • Szpak, Agnieszka. “National, Ethnic, Racial, and Religious Groups Protected against Genocide in the Jurisprudence of the ad hoc International Criminal Tribunals,” European Journal of International Law 23, no. 1 (2012): 155-173.
  • Tezcan, Durmuş, Mustafa Ruhan Erdem ve R. Murat Önok. Uluslararası Ceza Hukuku. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2017.
  • Triffterer, Otto. “Genocide, its particular intent to destroy in whole or in part the group as such.” Leiden Journal of International Law (LJIL), no. 14 (2001): 399– 408.
  • Töner Şen, Semin. Uluslararası Hukukta Soykırım, Etnik Temizlik ve Saldırı. İstanbul: On İki Levha Yayıncılık, 2010.
  • United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. “Momčilo Krajišnik Sentenced to 20 Years by Appeals Chamber.” Erişim Tarihi Eylül 6, 2022. https://www.icty.org/en/press/momčilo-krajišnik-sentenced-20-years-appeals-chamber.
  • Vest, Hans. “A Structure-Based Concept of Genocidal Intent.” Journal of International Criminal Justice 5, no. 4 (2007): 781–797.

ULUSLARARASI CEZA HUKUKU BAKIMINDAN SOYKIRIM SUÇUNUN MANEVİ UNSURU (MENS REA) VE MANEVİ UNSURUN YORUMLANMASINA DAİR YAKLAŞIMLAR

Year 2022, , 635 - 679, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.47136/asbuhfd.1172588

Abstract

Soykırım suçunun uluslararası hukukta kabul edilen tanımı çerçevesinde, ulusal, etnik, ırksal veya dini bir grubu “tamamen veya kısmen yok etme kastı” şeklinde ortaya çıkan suçun manevi unsuru (mens rea), diğer unsurlardan bir adım öne çıkmaktadır. Zira manevi unsur, soykırım suçunun adam öldürme suçundan veya insanlığa karşı suçlar altında incelenebilecek diğer suçlardan ayrılmasını sağlayan öğesidir. Bu öneminden dolayıdır ki; öğretide soykırım suçu “mens rea suçu” olarak da anılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte manevi unsurun somut olayda ispat edilmesi; failin suç işlediği sırada taşıdığı amacın, diğer bir deyişle zihinsel durumunun, ortaya konulmasını gerektirdiğinden çoğu zaman son derece güçtür. Buna ek olarak, niteliği gereği belli bir organizasyon ve belli bir yapılanma dahilinde her seviyeden failin katılımını gerektiren soykırım suçu açısından, ilgili failin taşıması gereken grubu yok etme kastının içerik ve yoğunluğu da bu fail için kabul edilecek standart bakımından manevi unsurun yorumlanmasını gerektirmekte olup, uygulama ve öğretide bu konuda çeşitli yaklaşımlar ortaya konulmuştur. Bu çalışmada, soykırım suçunun şüphesiz en ayırıcı özelliği olan manevi unsura ve bu unsurun yorumlanmasına dair yaklaşımlara uluslararası hukuk bağlamında daha yakından bakılmıştır.

References

  • Akün, Neslihan Verda. “Uluslararası Hukukta ve Türk Hukuku’nda Soykırım (Jenosid) Suçu”, Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni 24, no. 1 (2004): 53-70.
  • Alonzo-Maizlish, David. “In Whole or in Part: Group Rights, the Intent Element of Genocide, and the ‘Quantitative Criterion’”. New York University Law Review 77, no. 5 (2002): 1369-1403.
  • Ambos, Kai. “What does ‘intent to destroy’ in genocide mean?”, International Review of the Red Cross 91, no. 876 (2009): 833-858. doi: 10.1017/S1816383110000056.
  • Ateş Ekşi, Canan. Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesinin İnsanlığa Karşı Suçlar Üzerindeki Yargı Yetkisi. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2004.
  • Aydın, Devrim. “The Interpretation of Genocidal Intent under the Genocide Convention and the Jurisprudence of International Courts.” The Journal of Criminal Law 78, (2014): 423-441. doi: 10.1350/jcla.2014.78.5.943.
  • Clark, Roger S. “Elements of Crimes in Early Decisions of Pre-Trial Chambers of the International Criminal Court.” New Zealand Yearbook of International Law 209, (2008).
  • Çoban, Ebru. “Uluslararası Hukukta Soykırım Suçu ve Suça Zemin Hazırlayan Toplumsal Yapılar: Ruanda Örneği.” Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 5, no. 17 (2008): 47-72.
  • Değirmenci, Olgun. “Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemelerinin Kararları Işığında Mukayeseli Hukukta ve Türk Hukukunda Soykırım Suçu (TCK m. 76).” TBB Dergisi, no. 70 (2007): 50-111.
  • Greenawalt, Alexander. “Rethinking Genocidal Intent: The Case for a Knowledge-Based Interpretation.” Columbia Law Review, no. 99 (1999): 2259-2994.
  • Jones, Adam. Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. London: Routledge, 2006. https://www.mcvts.net/cms/lib07/NJ01911694/Centricity/Domain/155/Textbook.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.09.2022).
  • Jones, John R. W. D. “Whose intent is it anyway? - Genocide and the Intent to Destroy a Group.” Man’s Inhumanity to Man - Essays on International Law in Honour of Antonio Cassese, eds. Lal Chand Vohrah et al., 467-480. The Hauge: Brill | Nijho f, 2003.
  • Kim, Sangkul. “Rethinking the ‘Crime of Mens Rea’.” Torkel Opsahl Academic Epublisher (TOAEP) FICHL Policy Brief Series, no. 59 (2016): 1-4.
  • Kress, Claus. “The Crime of Genocide under International Law.” International Criminal Law Review 6, no. 4 (2006): 461-502.
  • Kress, Claus. “The Darfur Report and Genocidal Intent.” Journal of International Criminal Justice 3, no. 3 (2005): 562-578.
  • Legal Information Institute. “Actus Reus”. Erişim Tarihi Eylül 4, 2022. https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/actus_reus.
  • Legal Information Institute. “Mens Rea”. Erişim Tarihi Eylül 4, 2022. https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/mens_rea.
  • Lemkin, Raphael. Acts Constituting a General (Transnational) Danger Considered as Offences Against the Law of Nations, Special Report Presented to the 5th Conference for the Unification of Penal Law in Madrid (14-20 October 1933). http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/madrid1933-english.htm, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.09.2022). (Lemkin, Special Report)
  • Lemkin, Raphael. Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation - Analysis of Government - Proposals for Redress, Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (1944): 79 – 95. http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/AxisRule1944-1.htm, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.09.2022). (Lemkin, Axis Rule)
  • Neth, Chantima. “The Issue of Mens Rea in the Crime of Genocide and Why It Needs to be Amended?” Legal Issues Journal 7, no. 1 (2019): 15-28.
  • Nişancı, Dilaver. “Uluslararası Ceza Hukuku ve Türk Ceza Kanunu Düzenlemesinde Soykırım Suçu.” Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi (ASEAD) 8, no. 2 (2021): 228-249.
  • Schabas, William A. Genocide In International Law: The Crime of Crimes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  • Sokullu Akıncı, Füsun. “Ceza Hukukunda Kusurluluk.” Ceza Hukuku Günleri-70. Yılında Türk Ceza Kanunu Genel Hükümler. İstanbul: Beta Yayınları, 1998.
  • Stannard, David. “Three Responses to ‘Can There Be Genocide Without the Intent to Commit Genocide?’” Journal of Genocide Research 10, no. 1 (2008): 111-133.
  • Szpak, Agnieszka. “National, Ethnic, Racial, and Religious Groups Protected against Genocide in the Jurisprudence of the ad hoc International Criminal Tribunals,” European Journal of International Law 23, no. 1 (2012): 155-173.
  • Tezcan, Durmuş, Mustafa Ruhan Erdem ve R. Murat Önok. Uluslararası Ceza Hukuku. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 2017.
  • Triffterer, Otto. “Genocide, its particular intent to destroy in whole or in part the group as such.” Leiden Journal of International Law (LJIL), no. 14 (2001): 399– 408.
  • Töner Şen, Semin. Uluslararası Hukukta Soykırım, Etnik Temizlik ve Saldırı. İstanbul: On İki Levha Yayıncılık, 2010.
  • United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. “Momčilo Krajišnik Sentenced to 20 Years by Appeals Chamber.” Erişim Tarihi Eylül 6, 2022. https://www.icty.org/en/press/momčilo-krajišnik-sentenced-20-years-appeals-chamber.
  • Vest, Hans. “A Structure-Based Concept of Genocidal Intent.” Journal of International Criminal Justice 5, no. 4 (2007): 781–797.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Law in Context
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Selin Başer 0000-0003-1267-6254

Publication Date December 31, 2022
Submission Date September 8, 2022
Acceptance Date December 26, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

Chicago Başer, Selin. “ULUSLARARASI CEZA HUKUKU BAKIMINDAN SOYKIRIM SUÇUNUN MANEVİ UNSURU (MENS REA) VE MANEVİ UNSURUN YORUMLANMASINA DAİR YAKLAŞIMLAR”. Ankara Sosyal Bilimler Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 4, no. 2 (December 2022): 635-79. https://doi.org/10.47136/asbuhfd.1172588.

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ASBÜ Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.