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ULUSLARARASI HUKUKTA BARIŞI KORUMA FAALİYETLERİ VE SİBER BARIŞI KORUMA KAVRAMI

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 4, 907 - 931, 18.10.2023

Abstract

Uluslararası hukukta barış ve güvenliğin korunması kavramı, özellikle Birleşmiş Milletler Örgütünün kuruluşunun ardından en temel kurallardan biri olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Devletlerin uluslararası alanda varlığına bağlı olarak sahip oldukları egemenlik yetkilerinden kaynaklanan kuvvete başvurma hakkının, gelinen süreçte hukuka aykırı bir davranış haline gelmesi, barış ve güvenlik kavramı ile barışın korunması meselesini daha da önem arz eden bir konuma getirmektedir. Birleşmiş Milletler, kurucu anlaşmasından kaynaklanan ayrıcalıklı yetkiler sayesinde uluslararası alanda kuvvete başvurma yetkisini kendi uhdesine almıştır. Bu çerçevede barışı koruma ve sağlama amacıyla kurucu anlaşmasından aldığı yetkilerle etkili tedbirlere zaman içerisinde sıklıkla başvurmuştur. Barışı koruma faaliyetleri ise Birleşmiş Milletler sisteminde kuruluş aşamasında öngörülmeyen ve düzenlenmeyen bir faaliyet alanı olarak dikkat çekici bir uygulama örneği teşkil etmektedir. Buna rağmen doktrinde ve uygulamada hukuki altyapısı ve meşruiyeti bakımından tartışmalar yapılsa da, hukuki dayanak açısından gerekli meşruiyeti yine kurucu anlaşmadan aldığı kabul edilmektedir. Teknoloji ise gündelik yaşamda çok yaygın kullanılan bir unsur olarak aynı zamanda devletlerin ve uluslararası örgütlerin de ilgi duyduğu bir alan haline gelmiştir. Buna göre siber teknolojiler aracılı ile siber uzayda yürütülen faaliyetler, bugün için barışı koruma faaliyetleri bakımından da uygulama alanı bulmaya başlamıştır. Çok farklı görevler içeren barışı koruma faaliyetlerinin siber teknolojiler ile yürütülmeye başlanması, siber barışı koruma adı verilen yeni bir kavramı da doğurmaktadır. Söz konusu çalışma, gerek klasik barış gücü uygulamaları gerekse siber barışı koruma faaliyetleri hakkında merak edilen sorulara cevap bulma amacını taşımaktadır.

References

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  • AKATYEV, N., James, J., “United Nations Digital Blue Helmets as a Starting Point for Cyber Peacekeeping”, ECCWS 2017 16th European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, 2017.
  • AVXHI, F., “Birleşmiş Milletlerin Barışı Koruma Misyonlarına, Örgütlenmelerine ve Operasyonları Üzerine Eleştirel Analiz”, Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Kocaeli, 2021.
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  • BAYRAKTAR, G., “Siber Savaş ve Ulusal Güvenlik Stratejisi”, İstanbul, Yeniyüzyıl, 2015.
  • BEHRMANN, L. S., “Peace-Keeping Operations of the United Nations”, in The United Nations-Law and Practice, Ed. by Franz Cede, Lilly Sucharipa Behrmann, The Hague, Kluwer Law International, 1999.
  • BOUTROS-GHALI, B., “An Agenda for Peace-Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peace-keeping”, Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to the statement adopted by the Summit Meeting of the Security Council on 31 January 1992, The United Nations, New York, 1992, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/145749, (Erişim: 13 Ağustos 2023).
  • CAMERON, L., “The Legal Basis for Peacekeeping/Peace Operations”, in The Privatization of Peacekeeping Exploring Limits and Responsibility under International Law, Ed. by. Lindsey Cameron, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2017.
  • DEMİRTÜRK DEMİRDÖĞEN, Ü., “Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma Operasyonları ve Güç Kullanma Olgusu (1946-1996)”, Akdeniz Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı 11, 2006.
  • DINSTEIN, Y. “Computer Network Attacks and Self-Defense”, International Law Studies, Vol. 76, 2002.
  • GROOM, A. J. R., “Peacekeeping: Perspectives and Progress”, International Affairs, Vol. 47, No. 2, 1971.
  • HATHAWAY, O. A., Crootof, R., Levitz, P., Nix, H., Nowlan, A., Perdue, W., Spiegel, J., “The Law of Cyber Attack”, California Law Review, Vol. 100, 2012.
  • HOFER, A., “The Suez Crisis— 1956”, in The Use of Force in International Law-A Case Based Approach, Ed. by Tom Ruys, Olivier Corten, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2018.
  • JAMES, A., “The Principle of Co-operation: United Nations Peacekeeping”, in The United Nations and the Principles of International Law, Ed. by Vaughan Lowe, Colin Warbrick, London, Routledge, 1994.
  • KARAOSMANOĞLU, A. L., “İç Çatışmaların Çözümü ve Uluslararası Örgütler”, İstanbul, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, 1981.
  • KARLSRUD, J., “Are UN Peacekeeping Missions Moving Toward “Chapter Seven and a Half” Operations?”, The Global Observatory, 12 February 2018, https://theglobalobservatory.org/2018/02/peacekeeping-chapter-seven-half/#_ftn1, (Erişim: 30 Ağustos 2023).
  • KESKİN, F., “Uluslararası Hukukta Kuvvet Kullanma: Savaş, Karışma ve Birleşmiş Milletler”, Ankara, Mülkiyeliler Birliği Vakfı Yayınları, 1998.
  • KLEFFNER, J. K., Dinniss, H. A. H., “Keeping the Cyber Peace: International Legal Aspects of Cyber Activitie s in Peace Operations”, International Law Studies, Vol. 89, 2013.
  • LEE, R. S., “United Nations Peacekeeping: Development and Prospects” Cornell International Law Journal, Vol. 28, Issue 3, 1995.
  • LETTS, D., “Peacekeepers in Post-Conflict Situations- Upholding the Rule of Law”, in The Challenge of Conflict: International Law Responds, Ed. by, Usitinia Dolgopol, Judith Gardam, Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2006.
  • NABEEL, F., “Cyber Peacekeeping: Critical Evaluation of Digital Blue Helmets Program”, NUST Journal of International Peace & Stability, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020.
  • ODMAN, M. T., “Barışı destekleme Operasyonları”, Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2004.
  • ÖNCÜ, M., “Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma Operasyonlarının Hukukî Temelleri”, Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika, Cilt 2, No. 6, 2006.
  • ROBINSON, M., Jonesa, K., Janickeb, H., Maglaras, L., “An Introduction to Cyber Peacekeeping”, Journal of Network and Computer Applications, Vol. 114, 2018.
  • ROBINSON, M., Jones, K., Janicke, H., Maglaras, L., “Developing Cyber Buffer Zones”, in Encyclopedia of Criminal Activities and the Deep Web, IGI Global, 2020.
  • SOANES, C., Hawker, S., “Compact Oxford English Dictionary”, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006.
  • SHAW, M. N., “Uluslararası Hukuk”, Çev. Yücel Acer, İbrahim Kaya, Turgut Demirtepe, G. Engin Şimşek, 8. Basım, Ankara, TÜBA, 2018.
  • The Department of Defence, “Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms”, January 2020, https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/pubs/dictionary.pdf?ver=2020-06-18-073638-727, (Erişim: 10 Eylül 2023).
  • The United Nations General Assembly Resolutions of 1st Emergency Special Suez, A/RES/997(ES-I), A/RES/998(ES-I), A/RES/1000(ES-I), 1956, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/037/44/PDF/NR003744.pdf?OpenElement, (Erişim: 15 Ağustos 2023).
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  • The US National Security Strategy Archive, “National Security Strategy Report 2010”, 27 May 2010, The White House, Washington, https://nssarchive.us/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/2010.pdf, (Erişim: 10 Eylül 2023).
  • TSAGOURIAS, N., Biggio, G., “Cyber-Peacekeeping and International Law”, in Research Handbook on International Law and Cyberspace, Ed. by Nicholas Tsagourias, Russell Buchan, 2nd Ed., Elgar, 2021, https://deliverypdf.ssrn.com/delivery.php? ID=552114115001088029014104127020088027046082018033091033077099127073112093107112088005034102023059043112038105094001111083092080053021092039027007087011004120098090004069013011124022087099085068098005081073025012021022083127113096095108087020067084121068&EXT=pdf&INDEX=TRUE, (Erişim: 10 Eylül 2023).
  • TSAGOURIAS, N., Biggio, G., “Cyber Peacekeeping Operations and the Regulation of the Use of Lethal Force”, International Law Studies, Vol. 99, 2022.
  • URQUHART, B. E., “United Nations Peace-Keeping in the Middle East”, The World Today, Vol. 36, No. 3, 1980.
  • WEDGWOOD, R., “The Evolution of United Nations Peacekeeping”, Cornell International Law Journal, Vol. 28, 1995.
  • WHITTAKER, J., “The Cyberspace Handbook”, New York, Routledge, 2004.
Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 4, 907 - 931, 18.10.2023

Abstract

References

  • “Certain Expenses of the United Nations”, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports, 1962, p. 16-17, https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/49/049-19620720-ADV-01-00-EN.pdf, (Erişim: 25 Ağustos 2023).
  • “Cybersecurity Strategy Republic of Estonia 2019-2022”, Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications, https://www.mkm.ee/sites/default/files/kyberturvalisuse_strateegia_2022_eng.pdf, (Erişim: 10 Eylül 2023).
  • “Developments in the field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security”, The United Nations General Assembly Resolution, A/RES/66/24, 2011, Preamble, https://undocs.org/en/%20A/RES/66/24, (Erişim: 10 Eylül 2023).
  • “International Strategy for Cyberspace: Prosperity, Security, and Openness in a Networked World”, Executive Office of the President of the United States, May 2011, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/international_strategy_for_cyberspace.pdf, (Erişim: 10 Eylül 2023).
  • “Peacekeeping Operations Fact Sheet”, The United Nations Peacekeeping, https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/peacekeeping_fact_sheet_may_2023.pdf, (Erişim: 17 Ağustos 2023).
  • “Principles of Peacekeeping”, The United Nations Peacekeeping, https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/principles-of-peacekeeping, (Erişim: 05 Eylül 2023).
  • “Report of the Secretary-General on the Withdrawal of the United Nations Emergency Force”, The Question of Palestine, A/6730, https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-182090/, (Erişim: 06 Eylül 2023).
  • “Report on the Independent High-Level Panel on Peace Operations”, A/70/95–S/2015/446, 17 June 2015, https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_2015_446.pdf, (Erişim: 10 Eylül 2023).
  • “Summary Study of the Experience Derived from the Establishment and Operation of the Force: Report of the Secretary-General”, General Assembly, 13th Session, A/3943, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N59/024/84/PDF/N5902484.pdf?OpenElement, (Erişim: 02 Eylül 2023).
  • “The Blue Helmets-A Review of United Nations Peace-keeping”, 3rd Ed., New York, Department of Public Information, 1996, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/228891, (Erişim: 10 Ağustos 2023).
  • “The United Nations Charter”, The United Nations, https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/full-text, (Erişim: 27 Ağustos 2023).
  • “United Nations Peacekeeping Operations Principles and Guidelines”, United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations, 2008, https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/capstone_eng_0.pdf, (Erişim: 08 Eylül 2023).
  • AKATYEV, N., James, J. I., “Cyber peacekeeping”, Digital Forensics and Cyber Crime: 7th International Conference, ICDF2C 2015, Seoul, South Korea, October 6-8, 2015.
  • AKATYEV, N., James, J., “United Nations Digital Blue Helmets as a Starting Point for Cyber Peacekeeping”, ECCWS 2017 16th European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, 2017.
  • AVXHI, F., “Birleşmiş Milletlerin Barışı Koruma Misyonlarına, Örgütlenmelerine ve Operasyonları Üzerine Eleştirel Analiz”, Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Kocaeli, 2021.
  • BARNETT, M. “Partners in Peace? The UN, Regional Organizations, and Peace-Keeping”, Review of International Studies , Vol. 21, No. 4, 1995.
  • BAYRAKTAR, G., “Siber Savaş ve Ulusal Güvenlik Stratejisi”, İstanbul, Yeniyüzyıl, 2015.
  • BEHRMANN, L. S., “Peace-Keeping Operations of the United Nations”, in The United Nations-Law and Practice, Ed. by Franz Cede, Lilly Sucharipa Behrmann, The Hague, Kluwer Law International, 1999.
  • BOUTROS-GHALI, B., “An Agenda for Peace-Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peace-keeping”, Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to the statement adopted by the Summit Meeting of the Security Council on 31 January 1992, The United Nations, New York, 1992, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/145749, (Erişim: 13 Ağustos 2023).
  • CAMERON, L., “The Legal Basis for Peacekeeping/Peace Operations”, in The Privatization of Peacekeeping Exploring Limits and Responsibility under International Law, Ed. by. Lindsey Cameron, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2017.
  • DEMİRTÜRK DEMİRDÖĞEN, Ü., “Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma Operasyonları ve Güç Kullanma Olgusu (1946-1996)”, Akdeniz Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı 11, 2006.
  • DINSTEIN, Y. “Computer Network Attacks and Self-Defense”, International Law Studies, Vol. 76, 2002.
  • GROOM, A. J. R., “Peacekeeping: Perspectives and Progress”, International Affairs, Vol. 47, No. 2, 1971.
  • HATHAWAY, O. A., Crootof, R., Levitz, P., Nix, H., Nowlan, A., Perdue, W., Spiegel, J., “The Law of Cyber Attack”, California Law Review, Vol. 100, 2012.
  • HOFER, A., “The Suez Crisis— 1956”, in The Use of Force in International Law-A Case Based Approach, Ed. by Tom Ruys, Olivier Corten, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2018.
  • JAMES, A., “The Principle of Co-operation: United Nations Peacekeeping”, in The United Nations and the Principles of International Law, Ed. by Vaughan Lowe, Colin Warbrick, London, Routledge, 1994.
  • KARAOSMANOĞLU, A. L., “İç Çatışmaların Çözümü ve Uluslararası Örgütler”, İstanbul, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, 1981.
  • KARLSRUD, J., “Are UN Peacekeeping Missions Moving Toward “Chapter Seven and a Half” Operations?”, The Global Observatory, 12 February 2018, https://theglobalobservatory.org/2018/02/peacekeeping-chapter-seven-half/#_ftn1, (Erişim: 30 Ağustos 2023).
  • KESKİN, F., “Uluslararası Hukukta Kuvvet Kullanma: Savaş, Karışma ve Birleşmiş Milletler”, Ankara, Mülkiyeliler Birliği Vakfı Yayınları, 1998.
  • KLEFFNER, J. K., Dinniss, H. A. H., “Keeping the Cyber Peace: International Legal Aspects of Cyber Activitie s in Peace Operations”, International Law Studies, Vol. 89, 2013.
  • LEE, R. S., “United Nations Peacekeeping: Development and Prospects” Cornell International Law Journal, Vol. 28, Issue 3, 1995.
  • LETTS, D., “Peacekeepers in Post-Conflict Situations- Upholding the Rule of Law”, in The Challenge of Conflict: International Law Responds, Ed. by, Usitinia Dolgopol, Judith Gardam, Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2006.
  • NABEEL, F., “Cyber Peacekeeping: Critical Evaluation of Digital Blue Helmets Program”, NUST Journal of International Peace & Stability, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2020.
  • ODMAN, M. T., “Barışı destekleme Operasyonları”, Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2004.
  • ÖNCÜ, M., “Birleşmiş Milletler Barışı Koruma Operasyonlarının Hukukî Temelleri”, Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika, Cilt 2, No. 6, 2006.
  • ROBINSON, M., Jonesa, K., Janickeb, H., Maglaras, L., “An Introduction to Cyber Peacekeeping”, Journal of Network and Computer Applications, Vol. 114, 2018.
  • ROBINSON, M., Jones, K., Janicke, H., Maglaras, L., “Developing Cyber Buffer Zones”, in Encyclopedia of Criminal Activities and the Deep Web, IGI Global, 2020.
  • SOANES, C., Hawker, S., “Compact Oxford English Dictionary”, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006.
  • SHAW, M. N., “Uluslararası Hukuk”, Çev. Yücel Acer, İbrahim Kaya, Turgut Demirtepe, G. Engin Şimşek, 8. Basım, Ankara, TÜBA, 2018.
  • The Department of Defence, “Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms”, January 2020, https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/pubs/dictionary.pdf?ver=2020-06-18-073638-727, (Erişim: 10 Eylül 2023).
  • The United Nations General Assembly Resolutions of 1st Emergency Special Suez, A/RES/997(ES-I), A/RES/998(ES-I), A/RES/1000(ES-I), 1956, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/037/44/PDF/NR003744.pdf?OpenElement, (Erişim: 15 Ağustos 2023).
  • The United Nations, UNTERM Terminology Database, “The Term of Cyberspace”, https://unterm.un.org/unterm/display/record/unhq/na?OriginalId=99b98bdbcbab096185256e620052efd3, (Erişim: 10 Eylül 2023).
  • The US National Security Strategy Archive, “National Security Strategy Report 2010”, 27 May 2010, The White House, Washington, https://nssarchive.us/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/2010.pdf, (Erişim: 10 Eylül 2023).
  • TSAGOURIAS, N., Biggio, G., “Cyber-Peacekeeping and International Law”, in Research Handbook on International Law and Cyberspace, Ed. by Nicholas Tsagourias, Russell Buchan, 2nd Ed., Elgar, 2021, https://deliverypdf.ssrn.com/delivery.php? ID=552114115001088029014104127020088027046082018033091033077099127073112093107112088005034102023059043112038105094001111083092080053021092039027007087011004120098090004069013011124022087099085068098005081073025012021022083127113096095108087020067084121068&EXT=pdf&INDEX=TRUE, (Erişim: 10 Eylül 2023).
  • TSAGOURIAS, N., Biggio, G., “Cyber Peacekeeping Operations and the Regulation of the Use of Lethal Force”, International Law Studies, Vol. 99, 2022.
  • URQUHART, B. E., “United Nations Peace-Keeping in the Middle East”, The World Today, Vol. 36, No. 3, 1980.
  • WEDGWOOD, R., “The Evolution of United Nations Peacekeeping”, Cornell International Law Journal, Vol. 28, 1995.
  • WHITTAKER, J., “The Cyberspace Handbook”, New York, Routledge, 2004.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Policy and Administration (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Kenan Dülger 0000-0003-2324-5476

Publication Date October 18, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 10 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Dülger, K. (2023). ULUSLARARASI HUKUKTA BARIŞI KORUMA FAALİYETLERİ VE SİBER BARIŞI KORUMA KAVRAMI. Avrasya Sosyal Ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(4), 907-931.