“DOĞU SORUNU”NDAN “YENİ BÜYÜK OYUN”A

Year 2019, Volume: 17 Issue: 31, 1 - 32, 15.05.2019

Yusuf Serdar Demirtaş

Abstract

Esas itibarıyla XIV. yüzyılda Türklerin Gelibolu’ya ayak basmasıyla başlayan “Doğu Sorunu”, Osmanlı Devleti’nin XVI. yüzyılda Kıbrıs’ı fethiyle birlikte doğu yarı küre diplomasi tarihi yazımında siyasi bir kuram olarak yerini almıştır. “Doğu Sorunu” kavramı, Küçük Kaynarca Antlaşması’ndan başlayarak iki önemli hususta kazanımlar elde eden Rusya’nın, bu güç sayesinde yalnız Osmanlı Devleti’yle değil Fransa ve İngiltere’yle özellikle Osmanlı Devleti toprakları üzerinden bir çatışmaya girmesi sonucu, zaman içinde günümüze kadar daha da genişleyerek yeni bir boyuta kavuşmuştur. Doğu Sorunu, Osmanlı Devleti’nin parçalanması gibi basit bir sorun olmaktan çok, büyük devletlerin parçalanmayı yönetme konusundaki politikalarını belirlemiştir. “Yeni Doğu Sorunu” olarak gündeme gelen bu kavram, İngiltere ile Rusya arasında yaşanan rekabet ile birlikte “Büyük Oyun”a dönüşmüş ve Orta Asya “Büyük Oyun”un sahnesi olarak tanımlanmıştır. İngiltere için Hindistan’a giden yolların ve bölgedeki sömürgelerin korunması hayati önem taşıyan bir politika olarak gündemde kalmıştır. Azerbaycan petrolleri de yine bu kapsamda değerlendirilmiş ve Osmanlı Devleti’nde Jön Türklerin Rusya topraklarında yaşayan Türkleri harekete geçirmeleri, Rusları olduğu kadar İngilizleri de tedirgin etmiştir. Azerbaycan’ın Osmanlı Devleti’nden yardım talep etmesi ve Kafkas İslam Ordusunun kurulması da bu çerçevede değerlendirilerek her iki ülke tarafından tehdit olarak algılanmıştır. XIX. yüzyılda Orta Asya’da gerçekleştirilmek istenen “Büyük Oyun” kuramı da zamanla etki alanını genişleterek XX. yüzyılın sonu itibarıyla “Yeni Büyük Oyun” kuramına evrilmiştir.

Keywords

Doğu Sorunu, Büyük Oyun, Yeni Büyük Oyun, Kafkasya, Orta Asya, Osmanlı Devleti, Kafkas İslam Ordusu

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