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Gölge Dolar Uluslararası Ticareti ve Küresel Ekonomileri Nasıl Etkiler? Türkiye ve Diğer Ülkelerin Perspektifinden Tartışılması

Year 2025, Issue: 26, 29 - 35, 01.04.2025
https://doi.org/10.58724/assam.1593036

Abstract

Bu çalışma, “Gölge Dolar” kavramının döviz kurları ve küresel ticaret üzerindeki etkilerini derinlemesine incelemektedir. Makalede, gölge doların özellikle Türkiye ve diğer ekonomiler üzerindeki etkileri karşılaştırılmaktadır. Türkiye’nin dış borç yükü ve ticaret açığı gibi yapısal zorluklar, gölge doların ekonomik etkilerini daha da derinleştirebilmektedir. Dahası, Çin gibi büyük ekonomilerde, doların güçlenmesi genellikle ihracatçı sektörler için faydalı olabilmektedir. Çin, doları lehine çevirebilirken, Avrupa Birliği ve diğer gelişmiş ekonomiler, döviz kuru değişikliklerine karşı daha dirençli olabilmektedir. Çalışma, bu küresel dinamiklerin ticaret dengesizlikleri, döviz piyasaları ve ekonomik ilişkiler üzerindeki etkilerini tartışarak, her ülkenin ekonomik yapısına göre farklı tepkiler verdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Türkiye gibi ülkeler için döviz kurlarındaki artışlar, ekonomik baskılar yaratırken, büyük ekonomiler bu tür dışsal etkilerden daha az zarar görmektedir. Son olarak çalışma, gölge doların dünya ticaretine ve ekonomik yapıya olan etkilerinin, ülkelerin para politikaları ve ticaret stratejileri doğrultusunda farklılık gösterdiği için küresel ticaretin geleceğini şekillendiren önemli bir faktör olduğunu vurgulamaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Etik Kurul Onayı Hakkında Bilgi: Etik kurulu onayına ihtiyaç duyulmamıştır. Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Beyanı: Bu çalışmanın tüm hazırlanma süreçlerinde etik kurallara uyulduğunu yazar beyan eder. Aksi bir durumun tespiti halinde ASSAM UHAD‘nın Dergisinin hiçbir sorumluluğu olmayıp, tüm sorumluluk çalışmanın yazarına aittir. Çıkar Çatışması Beyanı: Yazar ya da herhangi bir kurum/ kuruluş arasında çıkar çatışması yoktur. Katkı Oranı Beyanı: Hasan BARDAKÇI çalışmanın tüm bölümlerinde ve aşamalarında katkı sağlamıştır.

References

  • Akalin, G., & Prater, E. (2015). The Global Crisis of the Late 2000s and Currency Substitution: A Study of Three Eastern European Economies Russia, Turkey and Ukraine. Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice, 4, 22 - 5. https://doi.org/10.1515/jcbtp-2015-0006.
  • Boadway, R. (1975). Benefit-Cost Shadow Pricing in Open Economies: An Alternative Approach. Journal of Political Economy, 83, 419 - 430. https://doi.org/10.1086/260331.
  • Caliskan, A., & Karimova, A. (2017). Global Liquidity, Current Account Deficit, and Exchange Rate Balance Sheet Effects in Turkey. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 53, 1619 - 1640. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2016.1216837
  • Chao, C., & Yu, E. (1999). Shadow prices and trade restrictions in a monetary economy. Journal of Macroeconomics, 21, 755-764. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0164-0704(99)80005-6.
  • Coquid'e, C., Lages, J., & Shepelyansky, D. (2022). Dollar-Yuan Battle in the World Trade Network. Entropy, 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020373.
  • Dafermos, Y., Gabor, D., & Michell, J. (2022). FX swaps, shadow banks and the global dollar footprint. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 55, 949 - 968. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X221128302.
  • Gnangnon, S. (2022). Do Aid for Trade Flows Help Reduce the Shadow Economy in Recipient Countries?. Economies. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10120310.
  • Köksal, C., Işık, M., & Katircioğlu, S. (2020). The role of shadow economies in ecological footprint quality: empirical evidence from Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 13457-13466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07956-5.
  • Ma, S., Schmidt-Eisenlohr, T., & Zhang, S. (2020). The Causal Effect of the Dollar on Trade. FEN: Other International Corporate Finance (Topic). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3741800.
  • Marmora, P. (2021). Currency substitution in the shadow economy: International panel evidence using local Bitcoin trade volume. Economics Letters, 205, 109926. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECONLET.2021.109926.
  • Özaydin, O. (2019). Turkey Foreign Trade Interaction with Cross Exchange Rates: Beneath the Currency Wars. Journal of International Trade, Logistics and Law, 5, 59-69.
  • Santanu, I., & Wardani, K. (2023). How the American dollar exchange effect on foreign direct investment and trade balance?. International journal of business, economics & management. https://doi.org/10.21744/ijbem.v6n1.2129.
  • Standaert, S. (1985). The foreign exchange constraint, suppression of the trade deficit and the shadow price of foreign exchange in a fix-price economy. Journal of Development Economics, 18, 37-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(85)90005-7.
  • Tokmakçıoğlu, K., Ozcelebi, O., & Ozdemir, A. (2019). The role of asymmetry in the interplay between internal and external factors: Empirical evidence from the US, Brazil, Canada and Mexico. Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta u Rijeci: časopis za ekonomsku teoriju i praksu/Proceedings of Rijeka Faculty of Economics: Journal of Economics and Business. https://doi.org/10.18045/ZBEFRI.2019.1.55.
  • Yıldırım, H., Akdağ, S., & Alola, A. (2022). Is there a price bubble in the exchange rates of the developing countries? The case of BRICS and Turkey. Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science. https://doi.org/10.1108/jefas-04-2021-0025.

How Does the Shadow Dollar Affect International Trade and Global Economies? Discussion from the Perspective of Turkey and other Countries

Year 2025, Issue: 26, 29 - 35, 01.04.2025
https://doi.org/10.58724/assam.1593036

Abstract

This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the effects of the “Shadow Dollar” on exchange rates and global trade. In particular, the paper compares the effects of the shadow dollar on Turkey and other economies. Structural challenges such as Turkey's external debt burden and trade deficit can exacerbate the economic effects of the shadow dollar. Moreover, in large economies such as China, a stronger dollar can often be beneficial for exporting sectors. While China may favor the dollar, the European Union and other advanced economies may be more resilient to exchange rate changes. The paper discusses the effects of these global dynamics on trade imbalances, foreign exchange markets and economic relations, and shows that each country responds differently depending on its economic structure. For countries like Turkey, exchange rate hikes create economic pressures, while large economies suffer less from such externalities. Finally, the study emphasizes that the effects of the shadow dollar on world trade and economic structure are an important factor shaping the future of global trade, as they differ according to countries' monetary policies and trade strategies

Ethical Statement

Information About Ethics Committee Approval: Ethics committee approval was not required. Research And Publication Ethics Statement: The author declare that the ethical rules are followed in all preparation processes of this study. In the event of a contrary situation, the ASSAM International Refereed Journal has no responsibility and all responsibility belongs to the author of the study. Conflict Of Interest Statement: There is no conflict of interest among the author and/or any institution. Contribution Rate Statement: Hasan BARDAKÇI, have contributed to all parts and

References

  • Akalin, G., & Prater, E. (2015). The Global Crisis of the Late 2000s and Currency Substitution: A Study of Three Eastern European Economies Russia, Turkey and Ukraine. Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice, 4, 22 - 5. https://doi.org/10.1515/jcbtp-2015-0006.
  • Boadway, R. (1975). Benefit-Cost Shadow Pricing in Open Economies: An Alternative Approach. Journal of Political Economy, 83, 419 - 430. https://doi.org/10.1086/260331.
  • Caliskan, A., & Karimova, A. (2017). Global Liquidity, Current Account Deficit, and Exchange Rate Balance Sheet Effects in Turkey. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 53, 1619 - 1640. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2016.1216837
  • Chao, C., & Yu, E. (1999). Shadow prices and trade restrictions in a monetary economy. Journal of Macroeconomics, 21, 755-764. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0164-0704(99)80005-6.
  • Coquid'e, C., Lages, J., & Shepelyansky, D. (2022). Dollar-Yuan Battle in the World Trade Network. Entropy, 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020373.
  • Dafermos, Y., Gabor, D., & Michell, J. (2022). FX swaps, shadow banks and the global dollar footprint. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 55, 949 - 968. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X221128302.
  • Gnangnon, S. (2022). Do Aid for Trade Flows Help Reduce the Shadow Economy in Recipient Countries?. Economies. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10120310.
  • Köksal, C., Işık, M., & Katircioğlu, S. (2020). The role of shadow economies in ecological footprint quality: empirical evidence from Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 13457-13466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07956-5.
  • Ma, S., Schmidt-Eisenlohr, T., & Zhang, S. (2020). The Causal Effect of the Dollar on Trade. FEN: Other International Corporate Finance (Topic). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3741800.
  • Marmora, P. (2021). Currency substitution in the shadow economy: International panel evidence using local Bitcoin trade volume. Economics Letters, 205, 109926. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECONLET.2021.109926.
  • Özaydin, O. (2019). Turkey Foreign Trade Interaction with Cross Exchange Rates: Beneath the Currency Wars. Journal of International Trade, Logistics and Law, 5, 59-69.
  • Santanu, I., & Wardani, K. (2023). How the American dollar exchange effect on foreign direct investment and trade balance?. International journal of business, economics & management. https://doi.org/10.21744/ijbem.v6n1.2129.
  • Standaert, S. (1985). The foreign exchange constraint, suppression of the trade deficit and the shadow price of foreign exchange in a fix-price economy. Journal of Development Economics, 18, 37-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(85)90005-7.
  • Tokmakçıoğlu, K., Ozcelebi, O., & Ozdemir, A. (2019). The role of asymmetry in the interplay between internal and external factors: Empirical evidence from the US, Brazil, Canada and Mexico. Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta u Rijeci: časopis za ekonomsku teoriju i praksu/Proceedings of Rijeka Faculty of Economics: Journal of Economics and Business. https://doi.org/10.18045/ZBEFRI.2019.1.55.
  • Yıldırım, H., Akdağ, S., & Alola, A. (2022). Is there a price bubble in the exchange rates of the developing countries? The case of BRICS and Turkey. Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science. https://doi.org/10.1108/jefas-04-2021-0025.
There are 15 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects European and Region Studies, Political Science (Other)
Journal Section Article
Authors

Hasan Bardakçı 0000-0002-6181-3115

Early Pub Date March 24, 2025
Publication Date April 1, 2025
Submission Date November 28, 2024
Acceptance Date February 18, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 26

Cite

APA Bardakçı, H. (2025). How Does the Shadow Dollar Affect International Trade and Global Economies? Discussion from the Perspective of Turkey and other Countries. ASSAM Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi(26), 29-35. https://doi.org/10.58724/assam.1593036

ASSAM-UHAD is an internationally indexed peer-reviewed journal published in April and November.