Araştırma Makalesi
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The Effect of Ethical Leadership on Employees’ Work Ethics. The Role of Interpersonal Justice

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 13, 271 - 285, 31.12.2024

Öz

This study examines the relationship between emotional labor demands and burnout among 317 female managers in Ankara's travel agencies. The study also investigates the moderating role of self-efficacy on this relationship. Results indicate a positive relationship between emotional labor demands and burnout. Moreover, self-efficacy is found to moderate this relationship, suggesting that higher levels of self-efficacy can buffer the negative impact of emotional labor demands on burnout. These findings highlight the importance of managing emotional labor demands and enhancing self-efficacy to mitigate burnout among female managers in the tourism sector.

Kaynakça

  • Acker, J. (1990). Gendered organizations. Sage Publications.
  • Alowaihan, A. K. (2004). Gender and business performance of Kuwait small firms: a comparative approach. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 14(3/4), 69-82.
  • Aterido, R., & Hallward-Driemeier, M. (2011). Whose business is it anyway? Closing the gender gap in entrepreneurship in Sub-Saharan Africa. Small Business Economics, 37(4), 443-464.
  • Bakker, A., Albrecht, S., & Leiter, M. (2011). Key questions regarding work engagement. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20, 4-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2010.485352
  • Bakker, A.B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). Job demands and resources: A dual perspective on job stress. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(3), 302-315.
  • Bakker, A.B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). The role of resilience in job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 450-463.
  • Bakker, A.B., Demerouti, E., & Sanz-Vergel, A.I. (2014). Burnout and work engagement: The JD–R approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1, 389–411. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091235
  • Bakker, A.B., Demerouti, E., De Boer, E., & Schaufeli, W.B. (2003). Job demands and job resources as predictors of absence duration and frequency. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 62, 341-356. doi: 10.1016/S0001-8791(02)00030-1
  • Bakker, A.B., Demerouti, E., de Jonge, J., Janssen, P.P.M., & Schaufeli, W.B. (2001). Burnout and engagement at work as a function of demands and control. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 27(4), 279–286. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.615
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215.
  • Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Bendixen, L., & Scheel, T. (2023). The long-term effects of job demands on psychological detachment and health: The moderating role of leader behaviour. Work & Stress, 38(2), 182–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2023.2244743
  • Bhujanga Rao, P., & Bhaskar Reddy, V. (2023). The role of women in leadership positions and their effects on corporate culture. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 12(7), 701-706. 10.21275/SR23508200247.
  • Carvalho, I., Costa, C., Lykke, N., & Torres, A. (2018). Agency, structures and women managers’ views of their careers in tourism. Women’s Studies International Forum, 71, 1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.wsif.2018.08.010
  • Cohen, S. (1988). Psychosocial models of stress. Annual Review of Psychology, 39, 219-246.
  • Contreras, F., Espinosa, J., & Esguerra, G. (2020). Could personal resources influence work engagement and burnout? A study in a group of nursing staff. SAGE Open, 10(2), 2158244019900563. doi: 10.1177/2158244019900563
  • de Jonge, J., Le Blanc, P.M., Peeters, M.C., & Noordam, H. (2008). Emotional job demands and the role of matching job resources: A cross-sectional survey study among health care workers. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45, 1460-1469. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2007.11.002
  • Demerouti, E., Bakker, A.B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W.B. (2001). Job demands, resources, and burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499-512.
  • Diestel, S., & Schautenbach, K.H. (2009). Mediator and moderator effects of demands on self-control in the relationship between work load and indicators of job strain. Work & Stress, 23(1), 60-79. doi: 10.1080/02678370902846686
  • Doi, Y. (2005). An epidemiologic review on occupational sleep research among Japanese workers. Industrial health, 43(1), 3-10. doi: 10.2486/indhealth.43.3
  • Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS (6th ed.). Sage Publications. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D.F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
  • Gillet, N., Huyghebaert-Zouaghi, T., Réveillère, C., Colombat, P., & Fouquereau, E. (2020). The effects of job demands on nurses' burnout and presenteeism through sleep quality and relaxation. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29(3-4), 583–592. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15116
  • Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., & Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.
  • Halbesleben, J.R.B., & Buckley, M.R. (2004). Burnout in organizational life. Journal of Management, 30, 859-879. doi: 10.1016/j.jm.2004.06.004
  • Heuven, E., Bakker, A.B., Schaufeli, W. B., & Huisman, N. (2006). The role of self-efficacy in performing emotion work. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69, 222-235. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2006.03.002.
  • Hobfoll, S.E., Johnson, R.J., Ennis, N., & Jackson, A.P. (2003). Resource loss, resource gain, and emotional outcomes among inner-city women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(3), 632–643. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.632
  • Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. University of California Press.
  • Joy, L., Carter, N. M., & Wagner, H. M. (2007). The bottom line: corporate performance and women’s representation on boards. Catalyst, 9(3), 16.
  • Kanfer, F. H. (1990). Motivation theory and industrial and organizational psychology. In M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology 1 (Vol. 1, pp. 75-170). Consulting Psychologists Press. 2
  • Kanter, R.M. (1977). Men and women of the corporation. Basic Books.
  • Lambert, E.G., Hogan, N.L., Paoline, E.A., & Clarke, A. (2005). The impact of role stressors on job stress, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment among private prison staff. Security Journal, 18, 33-50. doi: 10.1057/palgrave.sj.8340210
  • Lang, J.W., Thomas, J. L., Bliese, P.D., & Adler, A.B. (2007). Job demands and job performance: The mediating effect of psychological and physical strain and the moderating effect of role clarity. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(2), 116-124. doi: 10.1037/1076-8998.12.2.116
  • Lim, K., & Tak, J. (2016). The effects of job demands on job stress. Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 29, 61-83.
  • Marcus, B., & Schuler, H. (2004). Antecedents of counterproductive behavior at work: A general perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89,647-660. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.4.647, PMid:15327351
  • Maslach, C., & Jackson, S.E. (1981). The measurement of burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99-116.
  • Maslach, C., Jackson, S.E., & Leiter, M. P. (1996a). Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual (3rd ed.). Mountain View, CA: CPP, Inc.
  • Maslach, C., Jackson, S.E., & Leiter, M.P. (1996b). The burnout syndrome: Emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and lack of personal accomplishment. Sage.
  • Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W.B., & Leiter, M.P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397-422. Mastenbroek, N.J.J.M., Jaarsma, A.D.C., Scherpbier, A.J.J.A., van Beukelen, P., & Demerouti, E. (2014). The role of personal resources in explaining well-being and performance: A study among young veterinary professionals. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23, 190-202.
  • Nunnally, J.C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  • Pines, A.M., Aronson, E., & Kafry, D. (1981). Burnout: From tedium to personal growth. The Free Press.
  • Rao, B.P., & Reddy, B.V. (2023). The role of women in leadership positions and their effects on corporate culture. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 12(7), 701-706. 10.21275/SR23508200247
  • Schaufeli, W.B., Bakker, A.B., & Van der Werf, M.P.C. (2009). Burnout and engagement: A dual-process model of stress and recovery. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 163-186.
  • Schaufeli, W.B., & Bakker, A.B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248
  • Schaufeli, W.B., & Taris, T.W. (2014). A critical review of the Job Demands-Resources Model: Implications for improving work and health. In G. F. Bauer & O. Hämmig (Eds.), Bridging Occupational, Organizational and Public Health: A Transdisciplinary Approach (pp. 43–68). Netherlands: Springer https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5640-3_4
  • Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism and coping. American Psychologist, 40(10), 1022-1028. Shirom, A. (2003). The nature, causes, and consequences of job burnout. International Journal of Stress Management, 10(2), 150-169.
  • Smith, N., Smith, V., & Verner, M. (2006). Do women in top management affect firm performance? A panel study of 2,500 Danish firms. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 55(7), 569-593.
  • Snow, D.L., Swan, S.C., Raghavan, C., Connell, C.M., & Klein, I. (2003). The relationship of work stressors, coping and social support to psychological symptoms among female secretarial employees. Work & Stress, 17,241-263. doi:10.1080/02678370310001625630
  • Snyder, C. R., Harris, C. R., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., & Irving, L. M. (1991). The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(4), 191-202.
  • Türk İstatistik Kurumu. (2023). Türkiye İstatistik Yıllığı 2022. TÜİK Yayınları.
  • Van Jaarsveld, D., Walker, D. & Skarlicki, D. (2010). The role of job demands and emotional exhaustion in the relationship between customer and employee incivility. Journal of Management. 36. 1486-1504. 10.1177/0149206310368998.
  • Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A.B., & Schaufeli, W.B. (2007b). The role of psychological safety climate in the job demands-resources model. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(4), 342-355.
  • Xanthopoulou, D., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. (2007a). The role of personal resources in the job demands-resources model. International Journal of Stress Management, 14(2), 121-139. doi:10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.121
  • Zwan, P. V. D., Verheul, I., & Thurik, R. (2012). The entrepreneurial ladder, gender, and regional development. Small Business Economics, 39(3), 627-643.

Etik Liderliğin Çalışanların İş Etiği Üzerindeki Etkisi. Kişilerarası Adaletin Rolü

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 13, 271 - 285, 31.12.2024

Öz

Bu çalışma, Ankara'daki seyahat acentelerinde çalışan 317 kadın yöneticinin duygusal emek talepleri ile tükenmişlik arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektedir. Ayrıca, çalışma, öz-yeterliğin bu ilişki üzerindeki düzenleyici rolünü araştırmaktadır. Sonuçlar, duygusal emek talepleri ile tükenmişlik arasında pozitif bir ilişki olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, öz-yeterliğin bu ilişkiyi düzenlediği, daha yüksek öz-yeterlilik düzeylerinin duygusal emek taleplerinin tükenmişlik üzerindeki olumsuz etkisini azaltabileceği bulunmuştur. Bu bulgular, turizm sektöründeki kadın yöneticiler arasında tükenmişliği azaltmak için duygusal emek taleplerini yönetmenin ve öz-yeterliği artırmanın önemini vurgulamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Acker, J. (1990). Gendered organizations. Sage Publications.
  • Alowaihan, A. K. (2004). Gender and business performance of Kuwait small firms: a comparative approach. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 14(3/4), 69-82.
  • Aterido, R., & Hallward-Driemeier, M. (2011). Whose business is it anyway? Closing the gender gap in entrepreneurship in Sub-Saharan Africa. Small Business Economics, 37(4), 443-464.
  • Bakker, A., Albrecht, S., & Leiter, M. (2011). Key questions regarding work engagement. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20, 4-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2010.485352
  • Bakker, A.B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). Job demands and resources: A dual perspective on job stress. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(3), 302-315.
  • Bakker, A.B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). The role of resilience in job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 450-463.
  • Bakker, A.B., Demerouti, E., & Sanz-Vergel, A.I. (2014). Burnout and work engagement: The JD–R approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1, 389–411. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091235
  • Bakker, A.B., Demerouti, E., De Boer, E., & Schaufeli, W.B. (2003). Job demands and job resources as predictors of absence duration and frequency. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 62, 341-356. doi: 10.1016/S0001-8791(02)00030-1
  • Bakker, A.B., Demerouti, E., de Jonge, J., Janssen, P.P.M., & Schaufeli, W.B. (2001). Burnout and engagement at work as a function of demands and control. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 27(4), 279–286. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.615
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215.
  • Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Bendixen, L., & Scheel, T. (2023). The long-term effects of job demands on psychological detachment and health: The moderating role of leader behaviour. Work & Stress, 38(2), 182–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2023.2244743
  • Bhujanga Rao, P., & Bhaskar Reddy, V. (2023). The role of women in leadership positions and their effects on corporate culture. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 12(7), 701-706. 10.21275/SR23508200247.
  • Carvalho, I., Costa, C., Lykke, N., & Torres, A. (2018). Agency, structures and women managers’ views of their careers in tourism. Women’s Studies International Forum, 71, 1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.wsif.2018.08.010
  • Cohen, S. (1988). Psychosocial models of stress. Annual Review of Psychology, 39, 219-246.
  • Contreras, F., Espinosa, J., & Esguerra, G. (2020). Could personal resources influence work engagement and burnout? A study in a group of nursing staff. SAGE Open, 10(2), 2158244019900563. doi: 10.1177/2158244019900563
  • de Jonge, J., Le Blanc, P.M., Peeters, M.C., & Noordam, H. (2008). Emotional job demands and the role of matching job resources: A cross-sectional survey study among health care workers. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45, 1460-1469. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2007.11.002
  • Demerouti, E., Bakker, A.B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W.B. (2001). Job demands, resources, and burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499-512.
  • Diestel, S., & Schautenbach, K.H. (2009). Mediator and moderator effects of demands on self-control in the relationship between work load and indicators of job strain. Work & Stress, 23(1), 60-79. doi: 10.1080/02678370902846686
  • Doi, Y. (2005). An epidemiologic review on occupational sleep research among Japanese workers. Industrial health, 43(1), 3-10. doi: 10.2486/indhealth.43.3
  • Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS (6th ed.). Sage Publications. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D.F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
  • Gillet, N., Huyghebaert-Zouaghi, T., Réveillère, C., Colombat, P., & Fouquereau, E. (2020). The effects of job demands on nurses' burnout and presenteeism through sleep quality and relaxation. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29(3-4), 583–592. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15116
  • Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., & Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.
  • Halbesleben, J.R.B., & Buckley, M.R. (2004). Burnout in organizational life. Journal of Management, 30, 859-879. doi: 10.1016/j.jm.2004.06.004
  • Heuven, E., Bakker, A.B., Schaufeli, W. B., & Huisman, N. (2006). The role of self-efficacy in performing emotion work. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69, 222-235. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2006.03.002.
  • Hobfoll, S.E., Johnson, R.J., Ennis, N., & Jackson, A.P. (2003). Resource loss, resource gain, and emotional outcomes among inner-city women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(3), 632–643. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.632
  • Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. University of California Press.
  • Joy, L., Carter, N. M., & Wagner, H. M. (2007). The bottom line: corporate performance and women’s representation on boards. Catalyst, 9(3), 16.
  • Kanfer, F. H. (1990). Motivation theory and industrial and organizational psychology. In M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology 1 (Vol. 1, pp. 75-170). Consulting Psychologists Press. 2
  • Kanter, R.M. (1977). Men and women of the corporation. Basic Books.
  • Lambert, E.G., Hogan, N.L., Paoline, E.A., & Clarke, A. (2005). The impact of role stressors on job stress, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment among private prison staff. Security Journal, 18, 33-50. doi: 10.1057/palgrave.sj.8340210
  • Lang, J.W., Thomas, J. L., Bliese, P.D., & Adler, A.B. (2007). Job demands and job performance: The mediating effect of psychological and physical strain and the moderating effect of role clarity. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(2), 116-124. doi: 10.1037/1076-8998.12.2.116
  • Lim, K., & Tak, J. (2016). The effects of job demands on job stress. Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 29, 61-83.
  • Marcus, B., & Schuler, H. (2004). Antecedents of counterproductive behavior at work: A general perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89,647-660. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.4.647, PMid:15327351
  • Maslach, C., & Jackson, S.E. (1981). The measurement of burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99-116.
  • Maslach, C., Jackson, S.E., & Leiter, M. P. (1996a). Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual (3rd ed.). Mountain View, CA: CPP, Inc.
  • Maslach, C., Jackson, S.E., & Leiter, M.P. (1996b). The burnout syndrome: Emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and lack of personal accomplishment. Sage.
  • Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W.B., & Leiter, M.P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397-422. Mastenbroek, N.J.J.M., Jaarsma, A.D.C., Scherpbier, A.J.J.A., van Beukelen, P., & Demerouti, E. (2014). The role of personal resources in explaining well-being and performance: A study among young veterinary professionals. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23, 190-202.
  • Nunnally, J.C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  • Pines, A.M., Aronson, E., & Kafry, D. (1981). Burnout: From tedium to personal growth. The Free Press.
  • Rao, B.P., & Reddy, B.V. (2023). The role of women in leadership positions and their effects on corporate culture. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 12(7), 701-706. 10.21275/SR23508200247
  • Schaufeli, W.B., Bakker, A.B., & Van der Werf, M.P.C. (2009). Burnout and engagement: A dual-process model of stress and recovery. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 163-186.
  • Schaufeli, W.B., & Bakker, A.B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248
  • Schaufeli, W.B., & Taris, T.W. (2014). A critical review of the Job Demands-Resources Model: Implications for improving work and health. In G. F. Bauer & O. Hämmig (Eds.), Bridging Occupational, Organizational and Public Health: A Transdisciplinary Approach (pp. 43–68). Netherlands: Springer https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5640-3_4
  • Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism and coping. American Psychologist, 40(10), 1022-1028. Shirom, A. (2003). The nature, causes, and consequences of job burnout. International Journal of Stress Management, 10(2), 150-169.
  • Smith, N., Smith, V., & Verner, M. (2006). Do women in top management affect firm performance? A panel study of 2,500 Danish firms. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 55(7), 569-593.
  • Snow, D.L., Swan, S.C., Raghavan, C., Connell, C.M., & Klein, I. (2003). The relationship of work stressors, coping and social support to psychological symptoms among female secretarial employees. Work & Stress, 17,241-263. doi:10.1080/02678370310001625630
  • Snyder, C. R., Harris, C. R., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., & Irving, L. M. (1991). The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(4), 191-202.
  • Türk İstatistik Kurumu. (2023). Türkiye İstatistik Yıllığı 2022. TÜİK Yayınları.
  • Van Jaarsveld, D., Walker, D. & Skarlicki, D. (2010). The role of job demands and emotional exhaustion in the relationship between customer and employee incivility. Journal of Management. 36. 1486-1504. 10.1177/0149206310368998.
  • Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A.B., & Schaufeli, W.B. (2007b). The role of psychological safety climate in the job demands-resources model. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(4), 342-355.
  • Xanthopoulou, D., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. (2007a). The role of personal resources in the job demands-resources model. International Journal of Stress Management, 14(2), 121-139. doi:10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.121
  • Zwan, P. V. D., Verheul, I., & Thurik, R. (2012). The entrepreneurial ladder, gender, and regional development. Small Business Economics, 39(3), 627-643.
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İşletme
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Yasemin Gülbahar 0000-0002-0214-3983

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Aralık 2024
Kabul Tarihi 30 Aralık 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 13

Kaynak Göster

APA Gülbahar, Y. (2024). The Effect of Ethical Leadership on Employees’ Work Ethics. The Role of Interpersonal Justice. International Journal of Arts and Social Studies, 7(13), 271-285.

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