ALMANYA’NIN İLK MİLLÎ GÜVENLİK STRATEJİ BELGESİ

Yıl 2024, , 229 - 240, 28.03.2024

Mehmet Alkanalka

https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.1422197

Öz

Almanya’nın ilk millî güvenlik strateji belgesi, 2023 yılında aralarında Sosyal Demokratların ve askerî konulara mesafeli duran Yeşillerin de olduğu üçlü koalisyon döneminde hazırlanarak yayımlanmıştır. Bu belge, Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı’nın da etkisinde hazırlanmıştır ve Almanya açısından önemli bir güvenlik politikası değişimidir. Geçmişte beyaz kitap üzerinden güvenlik politikasını açıklayan Almanya’nın, ilk kez bir millî güvenlik strateji belgesi ile bunu kamuoyu ile paylaşması bile bu değişimin önemli göstergelerinden birisini teşkil etmektedir. Almanya’yı beyaz kitabı bırakarak millî güvenlik strateji belgesi hazırlamaya yönelten başat etken her ne kadar Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı olmakla birlikte askerî güvenlik konularına mesafeli duran partilerin koalisyonu döneminde bu dönüşümün gerçekleşmiş olmasının incelenmeye değer bir konu olduğu değerlendirilmiştir. Bu makalenin amacı, Almanya’nın ilk millî güvenlik strateji belgesini hem Almanya’nın önceki strateji belgeleri olan beyaz kitapları ile hem de ABD’nin millî güvenlik strateji belgeleri üzerinden karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz ederek uluslararası ilişkiler alan yazınına katkı sağlamaktır. Bu makalede Almanya'nın millî güvenlik politikalarında bir dönüm noktası niteliğindeki ilk millî güvenlik stratejisi belgesi; neo-realizm, neo-klasik realizm teorileri ile Avrupa’daki eleştirel güvenlik teorilerinin ışığı altında, Almanya’nın 2016 Beyaz Kitabı ve 2016-2023 yılları arasında yayımlanan ABD’nin 2017 ve 2023 millî güvenlik strateji belgelerindeki tehditler ile karşılaştırmalı olarak nitel analiz metodu ile analiz edilmiştir. Bu belge, uluslararası ilişkilerde devletlerin güvenlik kaygılarının partiler üstü olduğunun somut örneklerinden birisi olarak ele alınabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Almanya, ABD, Güvenlik Çalışmaları, Millî Güvenlik Stratejisi, Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı

GERMANY'S FIRST NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY DOCUMENT

Öz

Germany's first national security strategy document was prepared and published in 2023 during the triple coalition period, including Social Democrats and Greens who stayed away from military issues. This document was prepared under the influence of the Russia-Ukraine War and is an important security policy change for Germany. Even the fact that Germany, which explained its security policy through a white paper in the past, shared this with the public fort he first time through a national security strategy document, constitutes one of the important indicators of this change. Although the main factor that led Germany to abandon the white paper and prepare a national security strategy document was the Russia-Ukraine War, the fact that this transformation took place during the coalition period of parties that kept their distance from military security issues was considered to be a subject worth examining. The aim of this article is to analyze Germany's first national security strategy document comparatively with both Germany's previous strategy documents, the white papers, the US national security strategy documents to make a contribution to the international relations literature. In this article, the first national security strategy document, which is a turning point in Germany's national security policies; under the light of neo-realism, neo-classical realism theories and critical security theories in Europe, it was analyzed by qualitative analysis method in comparison with Germany's 2016 White Paper and the threats in the USA's 2017 and 2023 national security strategy documents between 2016-2023. This document can be considered as one of the concrete examples of the fact that the security concerns of states in international relations are non-partisan.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Germany, USA, Security Studies, National Security Strategy, Russia-Ukraine War

Kaynakça

• Aksu, M. & Turhan, F. (2012). Yeni Tehditler, Güvenliğin Genişleme Boyutları ve İnsani Güvenlik. Uluslararası Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(2), 69-80.
• Bigo, D. (2002). Security and Immigration: Toward A Critique of The Governmentality of Unease. Alternatives, 27(1), 63–92.
• Birdişli, F. (2014). Eleştirel Güvenlik Çalışmaları Kapsamında Frankfurt Okulu ve Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Güvenlik Sorunlarına Eleştirel Bir Yaklaşım: Galler Ekolü. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 10(20), 229-256.
• Booth, K. (1991). Security and Emancipation. Review of International Studies, 17(4), 313-326.
• Booth, K. (2004). Realities of Security: Editor's İntroduction. International Relations, 18(1), 5-8.
• Browning, C. S. & Matt, M. D. (2011). The Future of Critical Security Studies: Ethics and The Politics of Security. European Journal of International Relations, 19(2), 235–255.
• Bubandt, N. (2005). Vernacular Security: The Politics of Feeling Safe in Global, National and Local Worlds. Security Dialogue, 36(3), 275-296.
• Buzan, B. & Hansen, L. (2011). The Evolution of International Security Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Buzan, B. & Waever, O. (2009). Macrosecuritisation and Security Constellations: Reconsidering Scale in Securitisation Theory. Review of International Studies, 35(2), 253-276.
• Buzan, B. (1997). Rethinking Security After The Cold War. Cooperation and Conflict, 32(1), 5–28.
• Coalition Agreement 2021-2025. (2023). Dare More Progress Alliance for Freedom, Justice and Sustainability.https://italia.fes.de/fileadmin/user_upload/German_Coalition_Treaty_2021-2025.pdf adresinden 29.10.2023 tarihinde erişildi.
• Colby, E. A. & Mitchell, A. W.(2020). The Age of Great-Power Competition: How the Trump Administration Refashioned American Strategy. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2019-12-10/age-great-power competition adresinden 29.10.2023 tarihinde erişildi.
• Federal Foreign Office. (2023). National Security Strategy Adopted by The German Federal Cabinet. https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/aussenpolitik/themen/-/2601730 adresinden 29.10.2023 tarihinde erişildi.
• Galtung, J. (1964). An Editorial. Journal of Peace Research, 1(1), 1–4. Germany Federal Ministry of Defence. (2006). White Paper 2006 on German Security Policy and the Future of the Bundeswehr. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/156941/Germany%202006%20white%20paper.pdf, adresinden 29.10.2023 tarihinde erişildi.
• Germany Federal Ministry of Defence. (2016). White Paper 2016 on German Security Policy and the Future of the Bundeswehr. https://issat.dcaf.ch/download/111704/2027268/2016%20White%20Paper.pdf adresinden 29.10.2023 tarihinde erişildi.
• Gibadlo, L. & Gotkowska, J. (2023). Germany’s First National Security Strategy: The Minimal Consensus. https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2023-06-26/germanys-first-national-security-strategy-minimal-consensus adresinden 29.10.2023 tarihinde erişildi.
• Hermann, M. G. & Hagan J. D. (1998). International Decision Making: Leadership Matters. Foreign Policy, 110, 124–137.
• Jones, R. W. (1999). Promise: Toward A Critical Theory of Security in Security, Strategy and Critical Theory. Boulder, Co: Lynne Rienner.
• Kitchen, N. (2010). Systemic Pressures and Domestic Ideas: a Neoclassical Realist Model of Grand Strategy Formation. Review of International Studies, 36(1), 117–143.
• Krause, K. & Williams, M. C. (1996). Broadening the Agenda of Security Studies: Politics and Methods. Mershon International Studies Review, 40(2), 229-254.
• Montgomery, E. V. (2006). Breaking Out of the Security Dilemma: Realism, Reassurance, and The Problem of Uncertainty. International Security, 31(2), 151-185.
• Newman, E. (2010). Critical Human Security Studies. Review of International Studies, 36(1), 77–94.
• Rose, G. (1998). Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy. World Politics, 51(1), 144-172.
• Russell, C. K. & Gregory D. M. (2003). Evaluation of Qualitative Research Studies. Evidence Based Nursing, 6(2), 36-40.
• Rychnovská, D. (2014). Securitization and the Power of Threat Framing. Perspectives, 22(2), 9-31.
• The Defense Post. (2022). Germany Says Will Reach Nato Spending Target by 2025. https://www.thedefensepost.com/2022/12/06/germany-reach-nato-spending-2025/ adresinden 29.10.2023 tarihinde erişildi.
• The Economist. (2018). Why Germany’s Army Is in A Bad State. https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2018/08/09/why-germanys-army-is-in-a-bad-state adresinden 29.10.2023 tarihinde erişildi.
• The Economist. (2023). Germany’s New National Security Strategy Is Strong On Goals, Less So on Means. https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/06/15/germanys-new-national-security-strategy-is-strong-on-goals-less-so-on-means?utm_medium=cpc.adword.pd&utm_source=google&ppccampaignID=18151738051&ppcadID=&utm_campaign=a.22brand_pmax&utm_content=conversion.direct-response.anonymous&gclid=Cj0KCQjwmICoBhDxARIsABXkXlJ9QbpQB645k2ltUmXrQaXiVpy7q7FORvjNrtjDJcorJuZSfAGadgsaAg03EALw_wcB&gclsrc=aw.ds adresinden 29.10.2023 tarihinde erişildi.
• The Federal Government. (2023). Integrated Security For Germany: National Security Strategy. https://www.bmvg.de/en/national-security-policy adresinden 29.10.2023 tarihinde erişildi.
• The New York Times (1992). The 1992 Campaign; Excerpts From Speech By Clinton on U.S. Role. https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/02/us/the-1992-campaign-excerpts-from-speech-by-clinton-on-us-role.html adresinden 29.10.2023 tarihinde erişildi.
• The White House. (2017). National Security Strategy of the United States of America. https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18- 2017-0905.pdf adresinden 29.10.2023 tarihinde erişildi.
• The White House. (2022). National Security Strategy 2022. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf adresinden 29.10.2023 tarihinde erişildi.
• Tsai, Y. (2009). The Emergence of Human Security: A Constructivist View. International Journal of Peace Studies, 14(2), 19–33.
• UN Commission on Human Security. (2003). Human Security Now. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/503749/files/Humansecuritynow.pdf adresinden 29.10.2023 tarihinde erişildi.
• Walker, N. & Eleanor, G. (2022). Germany: 2021 Election and A New Coalition Government, House of Common Library. https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-9324/CBP-9324.pdf adresinden 29.10.2023 tarihinde erişildi.
• Walt, S. M. (1987). The Origins of Alliances. New York: Cornell University Press.
• Walt, S. M. (1991). The Renaissance of Security Studies. International Studies Quarterly, 35(2), 211-239.
• Watson, S. (2011). The “Human” As Referent Object? Humanitarianism As Securitization. Security Dialogue, 42(1), 3–20.
• Williams, M. C. (2011). Securitization and The Liberalism of Fear. Security Dialogue, 42(4/5), 453-463.