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Turistlerin Terör Riski Algısı ve Riskle Başa Çıkma Davranışları

Year 2020, Volume: 31 Issue: 2, 125 - 137, 06.08.2020
https://doi.org/10.17123/atad.777512

Abstract

Bireylerin güvenliğini tehdit eden terör saldırıları, politik, ekonomik, psikolojik ve sosyolojik açıdan olumsuz sonuçlar doğurmaktadır. Turistler, teröre yönelik risk algıları doğrultusunda riskten kaçınma veya risklere rağmen seyahat etme eğilimi gösterebilmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, turistlerin teröre yönelik risk algılarını tespit ederek riskle başa çıkma davranışlarını ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemi benimsenmiş; veriler, derinlemesine görüşme ve senaryo teknikleri aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Araştırmanın içeriğini, derinliğini ve niteliğini zenginleştirmek ve farklı bakış açılarını ortaya koymak için maksimum çeşitlilik örneklemesi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler niteliksel içerik analizi ile çözümlenmiştir. Bulgular, kuramsal çerçeve doğrultusunda katılımcıların ifadeleriyle birlikte yorumlanmıştır.

References

  • Anderson, N. H. (1981). Foundations of Information Integration Theory. New York: Academic Press.
  • Ateşoğlu, İ. ve Türker, A. (2013). Türkiye’de Tatil Yapan Turistlerin Algıladıkları Risk Türleri, Seyahat ve Otel İşletmeciliği Dergisi, 10 (3): 24-44.
  • Beck, U. (2006). Living in the World Risk Society, Economy and Society, 35 (3): 329-345.
  • Brun, W., Wolff, K. ve Larsen, S. (2011). Tourist Worries after Terrorist Attacks: Report from a Field Experiment, Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 11 (3): 387-394.
  • Buda, D. M. (2016). Tourism in Conflict Areas: Complex Entanglements in Jordan, Journal of Travel Research, 55 (7): 835-846.
  • Çetinsöz, B., C. ve Ege, Z. (2012). Turistlerin Demografik Özelliklerine Göre Risk Azaltma Stratejileri: Alanya Örneği, Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 23 (2): 159-172.
  • Çetinsöz, B., C. ve Ege, Z. (2013). Impacts of Perceived Risks on Tourists’ Revisit Intentions, Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 24 (2): 173-187.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2016). Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri: Beş Yaklaşıma Göre Nitel Araştırma Deseni. (Çev. Editörleri) M. Bütün ve S. B. Demir. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • FCO (2017). Foreign Travel Advice, https://www.gov.uk/foreign- travel-advice, Erişim tarihi: 17 Ocak 2017.
  • Fuchs, G. ve Reichel, A. (2006). Tourist Destination Risk Perception: The Case of Israel, Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, 14 (2): 83-108.
  • Fuchs, G. ve Reichel, A. (2011). An Exploratory Inquiry into Destination Risk Perceptions and Risk Reduction Strategies of First Time vs. Repeat Visitors to a Highly Volatile Destination, Tourism Management, 32: 266-276.
  • Fuchs, G., Uriely, N., Reichel, A. ve Maoz, D. (2012). Vacationing in a Terror-stricken Destination: Tourists’ Risk Perceptions and Rationalizations, Journal of Travel Research, 52 (2): 182-191.
  • Guba, E., G. (1981). Criteria for Assessing the Trustworthiness of Naturalistic Inquiries, Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 29 (2): 75-91.
  • Kahneman, D. ve Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk, Econometrica, 47 (2): 263-291.
  • Karamustafa, K., Fuchs, G. ve Reichel, A. (2013). Risk Perceptions of a Mixed-Image Destination: The Case of Turkey’s First-Time Versus Repeat Leisure Visitors, Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 22 (3): 243-268.
  • Kırlar-Can, B. (2018). Terör Riskine Yönelik Seyahat Uyarıları: Türkiye’ye En Fazla Turist Gönderen Ülkelerin Yaklaşımları, Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2 (2): 21-33.
  • Kozak, M., Crotts, J. C. ve Law, R. (2007). The Impact of the Perception of Risk on International Travellers, International Journal of Tourism Research, 9: 233-242.
  • KTB (2018). Sınır İstatistikleri Yıllık Bülteni 2017, http://yigm.kulturturizm.gov.tr/TR-201114/yillik-bultenler.html, Erişim tarihi: 25 Nisan 2019.
  • Larsen, S., Brun, W., Øgaard, T. ve Selstad, L. (2011). Effects of Sudden and Dramatic Events on Travel Desire and Risk Judgments, Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 11 (3): 268-285.
  • Lepp, A. ve Gibson, H. (2008). Sensation Seeking and Tourism: Tourist Role, Perception of Risk and Destination Choice, Tourism Management, 29: 740-750.
  • Lo, A. S., Cheung, C. ve Law, R. (2011a). Hong Kong Residents’ Adoption of Risk Reduction Strategies in Leisure Travel, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 28 (3): 240-260.
  • Lo, A. S., Law, R. ve Cheung, C. (2011b). Segmenting Leisure Travelers by Risk Reduction Strategies, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 28 (8): 828-839.
  • Maxwell, J. A. (2013). Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach. California: Sage Publications.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2018). Nitel Araştırma ve Değerlendirme Yöntemleri, (Çev. Editörleri) M. Bütün ve S. B. Demir. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Piekarz, M., Jenkins, I. ve Mills, P. (2015). Risk and Safety Management in the Leisure, Events, Tourism and Sports Industries. Londra: CABI.
  • Pizam, A. ve Mansfeld, Y. (2006). Toward a Theory of Tourism Security. İçinde, Y. Mansfeld ve A. Pizam (Editörler), Tourism, Security and Safety: From Theory to Practice (ss.1-27). Burlington: Elsevier.
  • Reisinger, Y. ve Mavondo, F. (2005). Travel Anxiety and Intentions to Travel Internationally: Implications of Travel Risk Perception, Journal of Travel Research, 43: 212-225.
  • Ritchie, B. W., Chien, P. M. ve Sharifpour, M. (2017). Segmentation by Travel Related Risks: An Integrated Approach, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 34 (2): 274-289.
  • Rittichainuwat, B. N. ve Chakraborty, G. (2009). Perceived Travel Risks regarding Terrorism and Disease: The Case of Thailand, Tourism Management, 30: 410-418.
  • Schroeder, A. ve Pennington-Gray, L. (2014). Perceptions of Crime at the Olympic Games: What Role does Media, Travel Advisories, and Social Media Play?, Journal of Vacation Marketing, 20 (3): 225-237.
  • Sharpley, R., Sharpley, J. ve Adams, J. (1996). Travel Advice or Trade Embargo? The Impacts and Implications of Official Travel Advice, Tourism Management, 17 (1): 1-7.
  • Shenton, A. K. (2004). Strategies for Ensuring Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research Projects, Education for Information, 22: 63-75.
  • Sobol-Kwapinska, M. (2013). Hedonism, Fatalism and “Carpe Diem”: Profiles of Attitudes towards the Present Time, Time & Society, 22 (3): 371-390.
  • Sönmez, S. F. ve Graefe, A. R. (1998a). Influence of Terrorism Risk on Foreign Tourism Decisions, Annals of Tourism Research, 25 (1): 112-144.
  • Sönmez, S. F. ve Graefe, A. R. (1998b). Determining Future Travel Behavior from Past Travel Experience and Perceptions of Risk and Safety, Journal of Travel Research, 37: 171-177.
  • TSG [Travel.State.Gov] (2017). Alerts and Warnings, https://travel.state.gov/content/passports/en/alertswarnings.html, Erişim tarihi: 15 Ocak 2017.
  • Uriely, N., Maoz, D. ve Reichel, A. (2007). Rationalising Terror-Related Risks: The Case of Israeli Tourists in Sinai, International Journal of Tourism Research, 9: 1-8.
  • Walters, G., Wallin, A. ve Hartley, N. (2019). The Threat of Terrorism and Tourist Choice Behavior, Journal of Travel Research, 58 (3): 370-382.
  • Wolff, K. ve Larsen, S. (2014). Can Terrorism Make Us Feel Safer? Risk Perceptions and Worries Before and After the July 22nd Attacks, Annals of Tourism Research, 44: 200-209.
  • Wolff, K. ve Larsen, S. (2017). A Taxonomy of Terror - About the Effect of Different Kinds of Terror on Risk Perceptions, Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 17 (2): 111-128.

Tourists’ Perception of Terrorism Risk and Risk Handling Behavior

Year 2020, Volume: 31 Issue: 2, 125 - 137, 06.08.2020
https://doi.org/10.17123/atad.777512

Abstract

The attacks threatening the safety of individuals cause negative outcomes in terms of politics, economics, psychology, and sociology. Tourists may avoid risks or tend to travel despite risks regarding their perceptions of terrorism risk. The study aims to reveal the risk handling behaviors of tourists by determining their terrorism risk perceptions. Qualitative research methodology was adopted in the study. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and scenario techniques. Maximum-variation sampling was used to enrich the content, depth, and quality of data and to reveal different opinions and perspectives. Obtained data were analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Findings were interpreted with a basis on theoretical knowledge and the statements of participants.

References

  • Anderson, N. H. (1981). Foundations of Information Integration Theory. New York: Academic Press.
  • Ateşoğlu, İ. ve Türker, A. (2013). Türkiye’de Tatil Yapan Turistlerin Algıladıkları Risk Türleri, Seyahat ve Otel İşletmeciliği Dergisi, 10 (3): 24-44.
  • Beck, U. (2006). Living in the World Risk Society, Economy and Society, 35 (3): 329-345.
  • Brun, W., Wolff, K. ve Larsen, S. (2011). Tourist Worries after Terrorist Attacks: Report from a Field Experiment, Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 11 (3): 387-394.
  • Buda, D. M. (2016). Tourism in Conflict Areas: Complex Entanglements in Jordan, Journal of Travel Research, 55 (7): 835-846.
  • Çetinsöz, B., C. ve Ege, Z. (2012). Turistlerin Demografik Özelliklerine Göre Risk Azaltma Stratejileri: Alanya Örneği, Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 23 (2): 159-172.
  • Çetinsöz, B., C. ve Ege, Z. (2013). Impacts of Perceived Risks on Tourists’ Revisit Intentions, Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 24 (2): 173-187.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2016). Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri: Beş Yaklaşıma Göre Nitel Araştırma Deseni. (Çev. Editörleri) M. Bütün ve S. B. Demir. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • FCO (2017). Foreign Travel Advice, https://www.gov.uk/foreign- travel-advice, Erişim tarihi: 17 Ocak 2017.
  • Fuchs, G. ve Reichel, A. (2006). Tourist Destination Risk Perception: The Case of Israel, Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, 14 (2): 83-108.
  • Fuchs, G. ve Reichel, A. (2011). An Exploratory Inquiry into Destination Risk Perceptions and Risk Reduction Strategies of First Time vs. Repeat Visitors to a Highly Volatile Destination, Tourism Management, 32: 266-276.
  • Fuchs, G., Uriely, N., Reichel, A. ve Maoz, D. (2012). Vacationing in a Terror-stricken Destination: Tourists’ Risk Perceptions and Rationalizations, Journal of Travel Research, 52 (2): 182-191.
  • Guba, E., G. (1981). Criteria for Assessing the Trustworthiness of Naturalistic Inquiries, Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 29 (2): 75-91.
  • Kahneman, D. ve Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk, Econometrica, 47 (2): 263-291.
  • Karamustafa, K., Fuchs, G. ve Reichel, A. (2013). Risk Perceptions of a Mixed-Image Destination: The Case of Turkey’s First-Time Versus Repeat Leisure Visitors, Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 22 (3): 243-268.
  • Kırlar-Can, B. (2018). Terör Riskine Yönelik Seyahat Uyarıları: Türkiye’ye En Fazla Turist Gönderen Ülkelerin Yaklaşımları, Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2 (2): 21-33.
  • Kozak, M., Crotts, J. C. ve Law, R. (2007). The Impact of the Perception of Risk on International Travellers, International Journal of Tourism Research, 9: 233-242.
  • KTB (2018). Sınır İstatistikleri Yıllık Bülteni 2017, http://yigm.kulturturizm.gov.tr/TR-201114/yillik-bultenler.html, Erişim tarihi: 25 Nisan 2019.
  • Larsen, S., Brun, W., Øgaard, T. ve Selstad, L. (2011). Effects of Sudden and Dramatic Events on Travel Desire and Risk Judgments, Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 11 (3): 268-285.
  • Lepp, A. ve Gibson, H. (2008). Sensation Seeking and Tourism: Tourist Role, Perception of Risk and Destination Choice, Tourism Management, 29: 740-750.
  • Lo, A. S., Cheung, C. ve Law, R. (2011a). Hong Kong Residents’ Adoption of Risk Reduction Strategies in Leisure Travel, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 28 (3): 240-260.
  • Lo, A. S., Law, R. ve Cheung, C. (2011b). Segmenting Leisure Travelers by Risk Reduction Strategies, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 28 (8): 828-839.
  • Maxwell, J. A. (2013). Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach. California: Sage Publications.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2018). Nitel Araştırma ve Değerlendirme Yöntemleri, (Çev. Editörleri) M. Bütün ve S. B. Demir. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Piekarz, M., Jenkins, I. ve Mills, P. (2015). Risk and Safety Management in the Leisure, Events, Tourism and Sports Industries. Londra: CABI.
  • Pizam, A. ve Mansfeld, Y. (2006). Toward a Theory of Tourism Security. İçinde, Y. Mansfeld ve A. Pizam (Editörler), Tourism, Security and Safety: From Theory to Practice (ss.1-27). Burlington: Elsevier.
  • Reisinger, Y. ve Mavondo, F. (2005). Travel Anxiety and Intentions to Travel Internationally: Implications of Travel Risk Perception, Journal of Travel Research, 43: 212-225.
  • Ritchie, B. W., Chien, P. M. ve Sharifpour, M. (2017). Segmentation by Travel Related Risks: An Integrated Approach, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 34 (2): 274-289.
  • Rittichainuwat, B. N. ve Chakraborty, G. (2009). Perceived Travel Risks regarding Terrorism and Disease: The Case of Thailand, Tourism Management, 30: 410-418.
  • Schroeder, A. ve Pennington-Gray, L. (2014). Perceptions of Crime at the Olympic Games: What Role does Media, Travel Advisories, and Social Media Play?, Journal of Vacation Marketing, 20 (3): 225-237.
  • Sharpley, R., Sharpley, J. ve Adams, J. (1996). Travel Advice or Trade Embargo? The Impacts and Implications of Official Travel Advice, Tourism Management, 17 (1): 1-7.
  • Shenton, A. K. (2004). Strategies for Ensuring Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research Projects, Education for Information, 22: 63-75.
  • Sobol-Kwapinska, M. (2013). Hedonism, Fatalism and “Carpe Diem”: Profiles of Attitudes towards the Present Time, Time & Society, 22 (3): 371-390.
  • Sönmez, S. F. ve Graefe, A. R. (1998a). Influence of Terrorism Risk on Foreign Tourism Decisions, Annals of Tourism Research, 25 (1): 112-144.
  • Sönmez, S. F. ve Graefe, A. R. (1998b). Determining Future Travel Behavior from Past Travel Experience and Perceptions of Risk and Safety, Journal of Travel Research, 37: 171-177.
  • TSG [Travel.State.Gov] (2017). Alerts and Warnings, https://travel.state.gov/content/passports/en/alertswarnings.html, Erişim tarihi: 15 Ocak 2017.
  • Uriely, N., Maoz, D. ve Reichel, A. (2007). Rationalising Terror-Related Risks: The Case of Israeli Tourists in Sinai, International Journal of Tourism Research, 9: 1-8.
  • Walters, G., Wallin, A. ve Hartley, N. (2019). The Threat of Terrorism and Tourist Choice Behavior, Journal of Travel Research, 58 (3): 370-382.
  • Wolff, K. ve Larsen, S. (2014). Can Terrorism Make Us Feel Safer? Risk Perceptions and Worries Before and After the July 22nd Attacks, Annals of Tourism Research, 44: 200-209.
  • Wolff, K. ve Larsen, S. (2017). A Taxonomy of Terror - About the Effect of Different Kinds of Terror on Risk Perceptions, Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 17 (2): 111-128.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Burçin Kırlar Can 0000-0003-0819-3014

Işıl Özgen 0000-0003-4142-1138

Publication Date August 6, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 31 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kırlar Can, B., & Özgen, I. (2020). Turistlerin Terör Riski Algısı ve Riskle Başa Çıkma Davranışları. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 31(2), 125-137. https://doi.org/10.17123/atad.777512
AMA Kırlar Can B, Özgen I. Turistlerin Terör Riski Algısı ve Riskle Başa Çıkma Davranışları. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi. August 2020;31(2):125-137. doi:10.17123/atad.777512
Chicago Kırlar Can, Burçin, and Işıl Özgen. “Turistlerin Terör Riski Algısı Ve Riskle Başa Çıkma Davranışları”. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi 31, no. 2 (August 2020): 125-37. https://doi.org/10.17123/atad.777512.
EndNote Kırlar Can B, Özgen I (August 1, 2020) Turistlerin Terör Riski Algısı ve Riskle Başa Çıkma Davranışları. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi 31 2 125–137.
IEEE B. Kırlar Can and I. Özgen, “Turistlerin Terör Riski Algısı ve Riskle Başa Çıkma Davranışları”, Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 125–137, 2020, doi: 10.17123/atad.777512.
ISNAD Kırlar Can, Burçin - Özgen, Işıl. “Turistlerin Terör Riski Algısı Ve Riskle Başa Çıkma Davranışları”. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi 31/2 (August 2020), 125-137. https://doi.org/10.17123/atad.777512.
JAMA Kırlar Can B, Özgen I. Turistlerin Terör Riski Algısı ve Riskle Başa Çıkma Davranışları. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2020;31:125–137.
MLA Kırlar Can, Burçin and Işıl Özgen. “Turistlerin Terör Riski Algısı Ve Riskle Başa Çıkma Davranışları”. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 31, no. 2, 2020, pp. 125-37, doi:10.17123/atad.777512.
Vancouver Kırlar Can B, Özgen I. Turistlerin Terör Riski Algısı ve Riskle Başa Çıkma Davranışları. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2020;31(2):125-37.