دور المؤسسة العسكرية خلال الأزمات (2011-2022) مصر وسوريا كنموذج

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 12, 8 - 37, 30.04.2025

Mohamad Rashid

https://doi.org/10.56448/ataddergi.1652294

Abstract

يعود مفهوم المؤسسة العسكرية كما نعرفها اليوم إلى بدايات القرن السادس عشر، عندما تأسست الاتحادات الأوروبية، كالاتحاد الفرنسي في عهد لويس الحادي عشر عام 1483، والاتحاد الإنجليزي في عهد هنري السابع عام 1485، وسلطة الملوك الكاثوليك في إسبانيا عام 1469، وبداية تشكيل السلطات المحلية التي تطلبت مؤسسات لخدمة الملك والجيوش لحماية هذه الدول أو الإمبراطوريات. إن الشكل المعاصر للمؤسسة العسكرية، والمهام المتوخاة في ظل الدولة والدساتير الحديثة، وعلاقات هذه المؤسسات مع مؤسسات الدولة الأخرى تختلف تماماً عن سابقاتها وجعلت وجودها أكثر قوة وفاعلية ”حسب الدستور“. هذا ما رأيناه بعد الأحداث التي أدت إلى إسقاط الأنظمة الاستبدادية في المنطقة العربية منذ أواخر عام 2010، كما حدث في تونس ومصر وليبيا واليمن، واهتزت أسس أنظمة أخرى لكنها لم تتحطم حتى وقت كتابة هذا العمل، كما حدث في سوريا، وهذه الأحداث معروفة الآن. ثم في الربيع العربي. وكما هو الحال في معظم الدول التي تشهد احتجاجات شعبية واسعة النطاق تهدف إلى إسقاط الحكومة أو حتى النظام بأكمله، غالبًا ما يلجأ القادة السياسيون إلى طلب دعم الجيوش كوسيلة لقمع المتظاهرين، بعد أن تكون قوات الأمن قد تراجعت أمام مقاومة المتظاهرين. ويعتمد البقاء السياسي للحكام على الإجابة على السؤال التالي ”هل سيستجيب الجيش لأوامر مواجهة المتظاهرين وإطلاق النار أم لا"؟ وعلى وجه الخصوص، ووفقًا لأدبيات العلاقات المدنية العسكرية فإن دعم الجيش للثورة، أو على الأقل حياده، شرط ضروري لنجاح العمل الثوري في إسقاط القيادة السياسية في البلاد. ولذلك، تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تتبع استجابة الجيوش العربية للاحتجاجات الشعبية، مع التركيز بشكل خاص على دولتي مصر، وبالتالي توسيع النطاق الزمني لهذه الدراسة لتغطية الفترة من 25 يناير إلى 11 فبراير في حالة مصر.

Translated with DeepL.com (free version)

Keywords

ازمات , مؤسسه عسكريه , مصر , سوريا

2021-2022 Krizlerinde Ordunun Rolü: Mısır ve Suriye Örneği

Abstract

Bugün bildiğimiz askeri kurum kavramı, 1483'te XI. Louis döneminde Fransız Birliği, 1485'te VII. Henry liderliğindeki İngiliz Birliği, 1469'da İspanya'da Katolik Kralların otoritesi ve krala hizmet edecek kurumlar ve bu devletleri veya imparatorlukları koruyacak ordular gerektiren yerel otoritelerin oluşumunun başlangıcı gibi Avrupa federasyonlarının kurulduğu on altıncı yüzyılın başlarına kadar uzanır. Askeri kurumun çağdaş biçimi, devlet ve modern anayasalar döneminde öngörülen görevler ve bu kurumların diğer devlet kurumlarıyla ilişkileri, selefininkinden tamamen farklıdır ve varlıklarını "anayasaya göre" daha güçlü ve etkili hale getirmiştir. Bu, 2010'un sonlarından bu yana Arap bölgesinde otoriter rejimlerin devrilmesine yol açan olaylardan sonra gördüğümüz şeydir, tıpkı Tunus, Mısır, Libya ve Yemen'de olduğu gibi ve diğer rejimlerin temelleri sarsıldı, ancak bu çalışmayı yazma zamanına kadar yıkılmadı, tıpkı Suriye'de olduğu gibi ve bu olaylar artık biliniyor. Daha sonra Arap Baharı'nda. Hükümeti veya hatta tüm sistemi devirmeyi amaçlayan büyük ölçekli halk protestolarına tanık olan çoğu ülkede olduğu gibi, siyasi liderler genellikle göstericileri bastırmanın bir yolu olarak, güvenlik güçleri göstericilerin direnci karşısında geri çekildikten sonra orduların desteğini talep etmeye başvururlar. Yöneticilerin siyasi hayatta kalması şu sorunun cevabına bağlıdır: "Ordu göstericilerle yüzleşme ve ateş etme emirlerine cevap verecek mi, vermeyecek mi?" Özellikle, sivil-asker ilişkileri literatürüne göre, ordunun devrime desteği veya en azından tarafsızlığı, ülkedeki siyasi liderliği devirmede devrimci eylemin başarısı için gerekli bir koşuldur. Bu nedenle, bu çalışma, Arap ordularının popüler protestolara karşı tepkilerini, özellikle Mısır'ın iki ülkesine odaklanarak izlemeyi amaçlamaktadır, böylece bu çalışmanın zaman kapsamı, Mısır örneğinde 25 Ocak'tan 11 Şubat'a kadar olan dönemi kapsayacak şekilde genişlemektedir.

Keywords

ASKERİ KURUM , KRİZLER , ARAP BAHARI , MISIR , SURİYE

THE MILITARY'S ROLE DURING CRISES (2011-2022) EGYPT AND SYRIA AS A MODEL

Abstract

The concept of the military establishment that we know today goes back to the beginning of the sixteenth century when the European federations were established, such as the French Union during Louis XI in 1483, the British Union led by Henry VII in 1485, the authority of the Catholic Kings in Spain in 1469, and the beginning of the formation of local authorities that required institutions to serve the king and the armies to protect These states or empires.
The contemporary form of the military institution, the duties stipulated in the era of the state and modern constitutions, and the relations of these institutions with the rest of the state institutions are completely different from those of his predecessor, and made their presence more powerful and influential "according to the constitution."
This is what we have seen after the events in the Arab region since late 2010 that led to the overthrow of authoritarian regimes, as happened in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen, and the pillars of other regimes were shaken, but did not fall until the time of writing this study, as happened in Syria, and these events are now known. Later in the Arab Spring.
As is the case in most countries that witness large-scale popular protests whose goal is to bring down the government or even the entire system, political leaders usually resort - as a means of suppressing demonstrators - to request the support of the armies, after the security forces retreat in the face of the resilience of the demonstrators. The political survival of the rulers depends on answering this question, “Will the army respond to orders to confront the demonstrators and shoot or not?” Especially since, according to the literature on civil-military relations, the army’s support for the revolution, or at least its neutrality, is a necessary condition for the success of the revolutionary act in overthrowing the political leadership in the country.
Therefore, this study attempts to track the reactions of the Arab armies towards popular protests with a focus on the two countries of Egypt, so that the time scope of this study extends to include the period from January 25 to February 11 in the Egyptian case.

Keywords

EGYPT , SYRIA , ARAB SPRING , CRISES , MILITARY INSTITUTION

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