Prioritization of Watersheds on the Southern Slopes of Mount Ida in Terms of Erosion Using Morphometric Analysis

Abstract

Erosion is an important issue for basin management due to its adverse impacts on soil and water resources. Increasing erosion along the southern slopes of Mount Ida leads to the transport of considerable amounts of sediment into the Edremit Gulf, particularly following intense rainfall events. The aim of this study was to evaluate the erosion susceptibility of the watersheds located on the southern slopes of Mount Ida based on their morphometric characteristics and to prioritize them in terms of erosion. For this purpose, Geographic Information System (GIS) tools and 10 m resolution digital elevation model were used. A total of 14 linear, areal, and relief morphometric parameters commonly used in erosion studies were analyzed for each watershed. Each morphometric parameter was ranked from 1 to 10 according to its relative importance in relation to erosion. The arithmetic mean of the ranking values was calculated to obtain a compound value for each watershed. Finally, watershed-based erosion prioritization was performed for the 10 watersheds evaluated within the scope of the study based on the obtained compound values. The results of the analysis reveal that the Kızılkeçili watershed was the highest-priority watershed in terms of erosion. It was followed by the Fındık watershed and Kuruçay watershed, and subsequently by the Kurudere, Şahindere, Gürlekdere, Köydere, Zeytinli, Kokarsu, and Mıhlı watersheds. These results can contribute to the prioritization of conservation and rehabilitation activities and to the planning of appropriate conservation measures within basin management.

Keywords

• Erosion
• basin management
• watershed prioritization
• morphometric analysis
• Mount Ida

Kaz Dağları’nın Güney Yamaçlarındaki Havzaların Morfometrik Analizlerle Erozyon Açısından Önceliklendirilmesi

Abstract

Erozyon, toprak ve su kaynaklarını olumsuz etkilediği için havza yönetimi açısından önemsenen bir konudur. Kaz Dağları’nın güney yamaçları boyunca artan erozyon, özellikle şiddetli yağışlardan sonra Edremit Körfezine dikkat çekici boyutlarda sediment taşınmasına yol açmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Kaz Dağları’nın güney yamaçlarında yer alan havzaları morfometrik özelliklerinden yararlanarak erozyon duyarlılığına göre değerlendirmeyi ve bu doğrultuda erozyon açısından önceliklendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bunun için Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi (CBS) araçları ve 10 m çözünürlüklü sayısal yükseklik modeli kullanılmıştır. Literatürde erozyon araştırmalarında sıklıkla kullanılan, erozyonla ilgili 14 adet çizgisel, alansal ve rölyef morfometrik parametre her bir havza bazında analiz edilmiştir. Havzaların erozyon önceliğini değerlendirmek için her bir morfometrik analiz sonucu erozyon açısından önemine göre 1’den 10’a sıralanmış ve bu sıra değerlerinin ortalamasının alınmasıyla her bir havza için genel erozyon duyarlılığını temsil eden bir bileşik değer hesaplanmıştır. Son olarak araştırma kapsamında değerlendirilen 10 akarsu havzası için elde edilen bileşik değerlere göre havza bazında erozyon önceliklendirmesi yapılmıştır. Erozyon açısından en öncelikli havza Kızılkeçili Havzası olarak tespit edilmiştir. Onu ikinci sırada eşit öncelik değerine sahip Fındık ve Kuruçay Havzası takip ederken; arkasından sırayla Kurudere, Şahindere, Gürlekdere, Köydere, Zeytinli, Kokarsu ve Mıhlı Havzası gelmektedir. Bu sonuçlar, havza yönetiminde koruma ve rehabilitasyon çalışmalarının önceliklendirilmesine ve alınması gereken tedbirlerin planlanmasına katkı sağlaması açısından önemlidir.

Keywords

• Erozyon
• havza yönetimi
• havza önceliklendirmesi
• morfometrik analiz
• Kaz Dağları

References

1. Abbas, N., & Subramanian, V. (1984). Erosion and sediment transport in the Ganges river basin (India). Journal of Hydrology, 69(1-4), 173-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(84)90162-8
2. Abdeta, G. C., Tesemma, A. B., Tura, A. L., & Atlabachew, G. H. (2020). Morphometric analysis for prioritizing sub-watersheds and management planning and practices in Gidabo Basin, Southern Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Applied Water Science, 10(7), 158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-01239-7
3. Altaf, S., Meraj, G., & Romshoo, S. A. (2014). Morphometry and land cover based multi-criteria analysis for assessing the soil erosion susceptibility of the western Himalayan watershed. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 186(12), 8391-8412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-4012-2
4. Ameri, A. A., Pourghasemi, H. R., & Cerda, A. (2018). Erodibility prioritization of sub-watersheds using morphometric parameters analysis and its mapping: A comparison among TOPSIS, VIKOR, SAW, and CF multi-criteria decision making models. Science of the Total Environment, 613-614, 1385-1400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.210
5. Arabameri, A., Tiefenbacher, J. P., Blaschke, T., Pradhan, B., & Tien Bui, D. (2020). Morphometric analysis for soil erosion susceptibility mapping using novel GIS-based ensemble model. Remote Sensing, 12(5), 874. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12050874
6. Asode, A. N., Sreenivasa, A., & Lakkundi, T. K. (2016). Quantitative morphometric analysis in the hard rock Hirehalla sub-basin, Bellary and Davanagere Districts, Karnataka, India using RS and GIS. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 9(5), 381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-016-2414-x
7. Basavareddy, Ayyanagowdar, M. S., Desai, S., Satishkumar, U., Reddy, G. V. S., L., R. N., Kumar, M., & Kumar, P. (2025). Multi-Criteria approach for watershed prioritization using morphometry, hypsometric, and erosion analysis in the Mandovi River Basin of the Western Coast of India. Water Conservation Science and Engineering, 10(2), 47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41101-025-00373-0
8. Bashir, B., & Alsalman, A. (2024). Morphometric and soil erosion characterization based on geospatial analysis and drainage basin prioritization of the Rabigh area along the Eastern Red Sea Coastal Plain, Saudi Arabia. Sustainability, 16(20), Makale 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16209008

9. Benzougagh, B., Meshram, S. G., Dridri, A., Boudad, L., Baamar, B., Sadkaoui, D., & Khedher, K. M. (2022). Identification of critical watershed at risk of soil erosion using morphometric and geographic information system analysis. Applied Water Science, 12(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01532-z Bharath, A., Kumar, K. K., Maddamsetty, R., Manjunatha, M., Tangadagi, R. B., & Preethi, S. (2021). Drainage morphometry based sub-watershed prioritization of Kalinadi basin using geospatial technology. Environmental Challenges, 5, 100277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100277
10. Borrelli, P., Märker, M., Panagos, P., & Schütt, B. (2014). Modeling soil erosion and river sediment yield for an intermountain drainage basin of the Central Apennines, Italy. CATENA, 114, 45-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2013.10.007
11. Chandniha, S. K., & Kansal, M. L. (2017). Prioritization of sub-watersheds based on morphometric analysis using geospatial technique in Piperiya watershed, India. Applied Water Science, 7(1), 329-338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-014-0248-9
12. Chorley, R. J. (Ed.). (2019). Introduction to Physical Hydrology. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429273339
13. Costa, J. E. (1987). Hydraulics and basin morphometry of the largest flash floods in the conterminous United States. Journal of Hydrology, 93(3), 313-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(87)90102-8
14. Coşkun, M., & Öztürk, A. (2022). Havza önceliklendirmesi bakımından Ermenek Çayı Havzası ve Gökçay Havzasının karşılaştırmalı morfometrik analizi. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 23(1), Makale 1. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.1024569
15. Cürebal, İ. (2006). Strahler yöntemiyle komşu akarsu havzalarının karşılaştırmalı analizi: Mıhlı ve Şahin Dereleri. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(2), 71-84.
16. Cürebal, İ., & Ekinci, D. (2006). Kızılkeçili Deresi havzasında CBS tabanlı RUSLE (3d) yöntemiyle erozyon analizi. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 47, 115-130.
17. Cürebal, İ., & Erginal, A. E. (2007). Mıhlı Çayı Havzası’nın jeomorfolojik özelliklerinin jeomorfik indislerle analizi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(19), 126-135.
18. Dar, R. A., Chandra, R., & Romshoo, S. A. (2013). Morphotectonic and lithostratigraphic analysis of intermontane Karewa Basin of Kashmir Himalayas, India. Journal of Mountain Science, 10(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-013-2494-y
19. Das, D. (2014). Identification of erosion prone areas by morphometric analysis using GIS. Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India): Series A, 95(1), 61-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40030-014-0069-8
20. Demirbilek, S., & Turoğlu, H. (2025). Arsuz Çayı Havzası’nın sel duyarlılık analizi. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 30(53), 96-111. https://doi.org/10.17295/ataunidcd.1629115
21. Denekewu, G. A., Meshesha, D. T., & Tsegaye, E. A. (2025). Morphometric analysis and weighted sum priority based prioritization of micro-watershed, kiltie watershed, Upper Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia. Scientific Reports, 16(1), 2870. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-32595-6
22. Dofee, A. A., Chand, P., & Kumar, R. (2024). Prioritization of soil erosion-prone sub-watersheds using geomorphometric and statistical-based weighted sum priority approach in the middle Omo-Gibe River basin, Southern Ethiopia. International Journal of Digital Earth, 17(1), 2350198. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2024.2350198
23. Downs, P. W., Gregory, K. J., & Brookes, A. (1991). How integrated is river basin management? Environmental Management, 15(3), 299-309. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02393876
24. Durak, M. (2024). Erosion analysis of Kuruçay Stream basin (Edremit—Balikesir, Türkiye). Journal of the Bulgarian Geographical Society, 51, 23-44. https://doi.org/10.3897/jbgs.e128013
25. Duressa, A. A., Feyissa, T. A., Tukura, N. G., Gudeta, B. G., Fekadu Gechelu, G., & Bibi, T. S. (2024). Identification of soil erosion-prone areas for effective mitigation measures using a combined approach of morphometric analysis and geographical information system. Results in Engineering, 21, 101712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101712
26. Dursun, İ. (2025). An integrated analytical approach to sub-watershed prioritization and erosion risk assessment in the salda lake basin, Türkiye. Environmental Earth Sciences, 84(15), 428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-025-12434-7
27. Dursun, İ., & Babalik, A. A. (2023). Burdur Gölü Havzasındaki morfometrik parametrelerin ve erozyon durumunun değerlendirilmesi. Turkish Journal of Forestry | Türkiye Ormancılık Dergisi, 24(1), 25-38. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.1205157
28. Dzwairo, R., Singh, S. K., & Patel, A. (2024). Soil erosion susceptibility assessment through morphometric analysis and morphotectonic implications in Rietspruit sub-basin, South Africa. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 27(7), 16503-16524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-04650-1
29. Efe, R., Ekinci, D., & Curebal, I. (2008a). Erosion analysis of Sahin Creek watershed (NW of Turkey) using GIS based on Rusle (3d) method. Journal of Applied Sciences, 8(1), 49-58. https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2008.49.58
30. Efe, R., Ekinci, D., & Cürebal, İ. (2008b). Erosion analysis of Fındıklı Creek Catchment (NW of Turkey) using GIS based on RUSLE (3d) method. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 17(5), 568-576.
31. Erol, A., & Karadeniz, C. (2018). Morfometrik parametrelerin havza hidrolojisi bakımından değerlendirilmesi. Turkish Journal of Forestry | Türkiye Ormancılık Dergisi, 19(4), 447-454. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.476776
32. Erten, A., & Gürbüz, A. (2018). Dalaman Çayı Drenaj Havzası’nın morfometrik indisler kullanarak hidrolojik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. VII. Uzaktan Algılama ve CBS Sempozyumu. https://doi.org/10.15659/uzalcbs2018.6190 Esen, F. (2022). Ayancık Çayı Havzası’nda (Sinop) meydana gelen taşkın olaylarının havza morfometrisi açısından değerlendirilmesi. lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education, 47, 233-257. https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1126933
33. ESRI. (2024). An overview of the Hydrology toolset. ESRI. https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/3.4/tool-reference/spatial-analyst/an-overview-of-the-hydrology-tools.htm
34. Faniran, A. (1968). The index of drainage intensity: A provisional new drainage factor. Australian Journal of Science, 31, 328-330.
35. Firik, H. (2016). Edremit Körfezi’nde denizin rengi değişti. Anadolu Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/pg/foto-galeri/edremit-korfezinde-denizin-rengi-degisti-/0
36. Fitzpatrick, F. A. (2003). Watershed geomorphological characteristics. İçinde Handbook of applied hydrology (ss. 44-1). https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003haap.book..441F
37. Gachene, C. K. K., Nyawade, S. O., & Karanja, N. N. (2020). Soil and Water Conservation: An Overview. Içinde W. Leal Filho, A. M. Azul, L. Brandli, P. G. Özuyar, & T. Wall (Ed.), Zero Hunger (ss. 810-823). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95675-6_91
38. Gadisa, N., & Midega, T. (2021). Soil and water conservation measures in Ethiopia: Importance and adoption challenges. World Journal of Agriculture and Soil Science, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.33552/WJASS.2021.06.000636
39. Gajbhiye, S., Mishra, S. K., & Pandey, A. (2014a). Hypsometric analysis of Shakkar River Catchment through geographical information system. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 84(2), 192-196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-014-0123-1
40. Gajbhiye, S., Mishra, S. K., & Pandey, A. (2014b). Prioritizing erosion-prone area through morphometric analysis: An RS and GIS perspective. Applied Water Science, 4(1), 51-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-013-0129-7
41. Gayen, S., Bhunia, G. S., & Shit, P. K. (2013). Morphometric analysis of Kangshabati-Darkeswar interfluves area in West Bengal, India using ASTER DEM and GIS techniques. Journal of Geology & Geosciences, 02(04). https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6755.1000133
42. Golosov, V. N., Gennadiev, A. N., Olson, K. R., Markelov, M. V., Zhidkin, A. P., Chendev, Yu. G., & Kovach, R. G. (2011). Spatial and temporal features of soil erosion in the forest-steppe zone of the East-European Plain. Eurasian Soil Science, 44(7), 794-801. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229311070064
43. Guth, P. L. (2011). Drainage basin morphometry: A global snapshot from the shuttle radar topography mission. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 15(7), 2091-2099. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2091-2011
44. Güney, Y. (2017). Selendi Çayı Havzası (Manisa) erozyon duyarlılık analizi ve iklim değişikliğinin erozyon duyarlılığına etkilerinin modellenmesi (Tez No: 495765). [Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi]. YÖK Tez Merkezi.
45. Hajam, R. A., Hamid, A., & Bhat, S. U. (2013). Application of norphometric analysis for geo-hydrological studies using geo-spatial technology –a case study of Vishav Drainage Basin. Hydrology Current Research, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000157
46. Harita Genel Müdürlüğü. (2000). 1/25000 ölçekli topografya haritaları [Veri kümesi]. https://www.harita.gov.tr/urun/125000-olcekli-raster-turkiye-topografik-harita/34
47. Harlin, J. M., & Wijeyawickrema, C. (1985). Irrigation and groundwater depletion in Caddo county, Oklahoma. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 21(1), 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1985.tb05346.x
48. Horton, R. E. (1932). Drainage‐basin characteristics. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 13(1), 350-361. https://doi.org/10.1029/TR013i001p00350
49. Horton, R. E. (1945). Erosional development of streams and their drainage basins; hydrophysical approach to quantitative morphology. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 56(3), 275. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1945)56%5B275:EDOSAT%5D2.0.CO;2
50. İhlas Haber Ajansı. (2018, Mart 27). Balıkesir’de denizin rengi değişti. https://www.memurlar.net/haber/727299/balikesir-de-denizin-rengi-degisti.html
51. Iqbal, M., Sajjad, H., & Bhat, F. A. (2013). Morphometric analysis of Shaliganga Sub Catchment, Kashmir Valley, India using geographical information system. International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, 4(1). https://www.idc-online.com/technical_references/pdfs/civil_engineering/Morphometric.pdf
52. İrtem, E., Kabdasli, S., & Azbar, N. (2005). Coastal zone problems and environmental strategies to be implemented at Edremit Bay, Turkey. Environmental Management, 36(1), 37-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-004-0062-5
53. İrtem, E., Kabdasli, S., Gedik, N., Aydıngakko, A., Mercan, D. E., & Koca, D. (2002). Numerical and experimental analysis of rapid delta formation, Turkish coast. Journal of Coastal Research, 36, 399-405. https://doi.org/10.2112/1551-5036-36.sp1.399
54. İrtem, E., & Karaman, E. (2004). Edremit Küçükkuyu arasındaki turizm faaliyetlerinin kıyı alanlarına etkisi ve önerilen yönetim programı. İTÜ Dergisi/D, 3(1), 3-14.
55. Johansson, H., Brolin, A. A., & Håkanson, L. (2007). New approaches to the modelling of Lake Basin morphometry. Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 12(3), 213-228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-006-9069-z
56. Kelson, K. I., & Wells, S. G. (1989). Geologic influences on fluvial hydrology and bedload transport in small mountainous watersheds, Northern New Mexico, U.S.A. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 14(8), 671-690. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290140803
57. Koç, T. (2007). Kaz Dağı kuzey kesiminin (Bayramiç-Çanakkale) jeomorfolojisi. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 5(2) 27-53. https://doi.org/10.1501/Cogbil_0000000076
58. Kumar Rai, P., Narayan Mishra, V., & Mohan, K. (2017). A study of morphometric evaluation of the Son basin, India using geospatial approach. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 7, 9-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2017.05.001
59. Kumar, V. (2017). Prioritization of sub-watersheds based on morphometric analysis of drainage basin- a case study of medkhali river basin in Lower Siwalik Basin, India. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach and Studies, 4(4), 95-111.
60. Kushwaha, N., Elbeltagi, A., Mehan, S., Malik, A., & Yousuf, A. (2022). Comparative study on morphometric analysis and RUSLE-based approaches for micro-watershed prioritization using remote sensing and GIS. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 15(7), 564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-09837-2
61. Kusre, B. C. (2013). Hypsometric analysis and watershed management of Diyung Watershed in North Eastern India. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 82(3), 262-270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-013-0148-x
62. Mani, A., Guha, S., Sharma, S., Ali, S. Z., Badola, R., & Hussain, S. A. (2024). Morphometric analysis and LULC change dynamics of Nayar watershed for the sustainable watershed management. Discover Geoscience, 2(1), 63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-024-00064-8
63. Marchi, L., & Dalla Fontana, G. (2005). GIS morphometric indicators for the analysis of sediment dynamics in mountain basins. Environmental Geology, 48(2), 218-228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-005-1292-4
64. Melton, M. (1957). An analysis of the relations among the elements of climate, surface properties and geomorphology (Technical report Sy. 11). Department of Geology, Columbia University.
65. Mesa, L. M. (2006). Morphometric analysis of a subtropical Andean basin (Tucumán, Argentina). Environmental Geology, 50(8), 1235-1242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-006-0297-y
66. Milliyet. (2018, Ocak 18). Edremit Körfezi’nde Denizin Rengi Değişti. Milliyet. https://www.milliyet.com.tr/yerel-haberler/ankara/edremit-korfezinde-denizin-rengi-degisti-12540570
67. Moglen, G. E., Eltahir, E. A. B., & Bras, R. L. (1998). On the sensitivity of drainage density to climate change. Water Resources Research, 34(4), 855-862. https://doi.org/10.1029/97WR02709
68. Mohammed, J. A., Gashaw, T., & Yimam, Z. A. (2025). Identification of erosion-prone watersheds for prioritizing soil and water conservation in a changing climate using morphometric analysis and GIS. Natural Hazards, 121, 4171–4189 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-024-06952-z
69. Mushi, C. A., Ndomba, P. M., Trigg, M. A., Tshimanga, R. M., & Mtalo, F. (2019). Assessment of basin-scale soil erosion within the Congo River Basin: A review. CATENA, 178, 64-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2019.02.030
70. Nag, S. (1998). Morphometric analysis using remote sensing techniques in the chaka sub-basin, purulia district, West Bengal. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 26(1-2), 69-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03007341
71. Nooka Ratnam, K., Srivastava, Y. K., Venkateswara Rao, V., Amminedu, E., & Murthy, K. S. R. (2005). Check dam positioning by prioritization of micro-watersheds using SYI model and morphometric analysis—Remote sensing and GIS perspective. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 33(1), 25-38. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02989988
72. Nwokeabia, N., Odoh, B. I., Ezealaji, I. P., & Odinye, A. C. (2025). Morphometric analysis of drainage basins using ArcGIS: A case study of the Anambra River Basin for understanding erosion patterns and hydrological characteristics. Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS), 13(1), 173-182. https://doi.org/10.47253/jtrss.v13i1.1368
73. Obi, R. G. E., Maji, A. K., & Gajbhiye, K. S. (2002). GIS for morphometric analysis of drainage basins. GIS India, 4, 9-14.
74. Ödeker, B., & Türkoğlu, N. (2020). Sabuncular Deresi Havzası’nın (Rize/Çayeli) morfometrik özelliklerinin coğrafi bilgi sistemleri (CBS) ile belirlenmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 60(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.33171/dtcfjournal.2020.60.1.2
75. Özdemir, H. (2011). Havza morfometrisi ve taşkınlar. İçinde Fiziki Coğrafya Araştırmaları: Sistematik ve Bölgesel (ss. 507-526). Türk Coğrafya Kurumu Yayınları.
76. Özşahin, E. (2011). Zeytinli çayı havzasının (Balıkesir) erozyon analizi. Nature Sciences, 6(1), 42-56.
77. Pal, S., & Pan, N. D. (2026). Prioritization of sub-watersheds based on hydro-morphometric assessment in relation to soil erosion: A case study in Haora Drainage Basin, Tripura. Geosystems and Geoenvironment, 5(2), 100471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geogeo.2025.100471
78. Pareta, K., & Pareta, U. (2011). Quantitative morphometric analysis of a watershed of Yamuna Basin, India using ASTER (DEM) data and GIS. International journal of Geomatics and Geosciences, 2(1), 248-269.
79. Patton, P. C. (1988). Drainage basin morphometry and floods. İçinde V. R. Baker, R. C. Kochel, & P. C. Patton (Ed.), Flood Geomorphology (ss. 51-65). John Wiley & Sons.
80. Paul, I. I., & Bayode, E. N. (2012). Watershed characteristics and their implication for hydrologic response in the Upper Sokoto Basin, Nigeria. Journal of Geography and Geology, 4(2), p147. https://doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v4n2p147
81. Pérez-Peña, J. V., Azañón, J. M., & Azor, A. (2009). CalHypso: An ArcGIS extension to calculate hypsometric curves and their statistical moments. Applications to drainage basin analysis in SE Spain. Computers & Geosciences, 35(6), 1214-1223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2008.06.006
82. Petiangma, D. M., Kometa, S. S., & Fonteh, N. M. (2026). Analysis of priority watersheds for erosion management in the Noun Division using morphometric and land use indicators. Discover Geoscience, 4(1), 187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-026-00551-0
83. Pike, R. J., & Wilson, S. E. (1971). Elevation-relief ratio, hypsometric integral, and geomorphic area-altitude analysis. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 82(4), 1079. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82%5B1079:ERHIAG%5D2.0.CO;2
84. Planchon, O., & Darboux, F. (2002). A fast, simple and versatile algorithm to fill the depressions of digital elevation models. CATENA, 46(2-3), 159-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(01)00164-3
85. Raj, S., & Rawat, K. S. (2024). A Morphometric and multivariate analysis approach to prioritization of sub-watershed: A case study on Muzaffarpur District of Bihar, India. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Formatio Circumiectus, 23(1), 37-54. https://doi.org/10.15576/ASP.FC/183163
86. Rakesh, C. J., Govindaraju, Lokanath, S., & Kumar, A. K. (2023). Prioritization of soil erosion prone sub-watersheds through morphometric analysis using geospatial and weighted sum approach: A case study of Boranakanive reservoir catchment in Tumkur district, Karnataka, India. Environmental Earth Sciences, 82(12), 306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-10996-y
87. Revathi, N., & Sajeena, S. (2024). Morphometric Analysis of Olanthichira Watershed using Geographic Information System in Malappuram District, Kerala, India. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 14(12), 91-103. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i124609
88. Ritter, D. F., Kochel, R. C., & Miller, J. R. (1995). Process Geomorphology. Wm. C. Brown.
89. Schumm, S. A. (1956). Evolution of drainage systems and slopes in badlands at Perth Amboy, New Jersey. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 67(5), 597. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1956)67%5B597:EODSAS%5D2.0.CO;2
90. Shekar, P. R., & Mathew, A. (2024). Morphometric analysis of watersheds: A comprehensive review of data sources, quality, and geospatial techniques. Watershed Ecology and the Environment, 6, 13-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsee.2023.12.001
91. Shekar, P. R., & Mathew, A. (2025). Sub-watershed prioritization for soil erosion: A combined morphometric analysis, PCA, and MCDM approach. Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 72(1), 168. https://doi.org/10.1186/s44147-025-00730-9
92. Shekar, P. R., Mathew, A., Abdo, H. G., Almohamad, H., Abdullah Al Dughairi, A., & Al-Mutiry, M. (2023). Prioritizing sub-watersheds for soil erosion using geospatial techniques based on morphometric and hypsometric analysis: A case study of the Indian Wyra River basin. Applied Water Science, 13(7), 160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-023-01963-w
93. Singh, O., Sarangi, A., & Sharma, M. C. (2008). Hypsometric integral estimation methods and its relevance on erosion status of North-Western Lesser Himalayan Watersheds. Water Resources Management, 22(11), 1545-1560. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-008-9242-z
94. Singh, S., & Singh, M. C. (1997). Morphometric analysis of Kanhar River Basin. National Geographical Journal of India, 43, 31-43.
95. Smith, K. G. (1950). Standards for grading texture of erosional topography. American Journal of Science, 248(9), 655-668. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.248.9.655
96. Sreedevi, P. D., Subrahmanyam, K., & Ahmed, S. (2005). The significance of morphometric analysis for obtaining groundwater potential zones in a structurally controlled terrain. Environmental Geology, 47(3), 412-420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-004-1166-1
97. Strahler, A. N. (1957). Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 38(6), 913-920. https://doi.org/10.1029/TR038i006p00913
98. Strahler, A. N. (1964). Quantitative geomorphology of drainage basins and channel networks. İçinde V. T. Chow (Ed.), Handbook of Applied Hydrology (ss. 439-476). McGraw-Hill.
99. Sujatha, E. R., Selvakumar, R., Rajasimman, U. A. B., & Victor, R. G. (2015). Morphometric analysis of sub-watershed in parts of Western Ghats, South India using ASTER DEM. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 6(4), 326-341. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2013.845114
100. Suji, V. R., Sheeja, R. V., & Karuppasamy, S. (2015). Prioritization using morphometric analysis and land use/land cover parameters for Vazhichal Watershed using remote sensing and GIS techniques. International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology, 2(1), 61-68.
101. Taib, H., Hadji, R., & Hamed, Y. (2025). Erosion patterns, drainage dynamics, and their environmental implications: A case study of the hammamet basin using advanced geospatial and morphometric analysis. Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Applied Sciences, 11(2), 235-250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43994-023-00096-9
102. Tam, M. K., Ferrer Marti, I., Loo, S. C. J., Kamkar, M., Subramaniam, B., Moores, A., Licence, P., & Serrano, J. F. (2023). Combating threats to water, air and soil, our precious natural resources. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 11(43), 15503-15505. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c06395
103. Tarboton, D. G., Bras, R. L., & Rodriguez‐Iturbe, I. (1991). On the extraction of channel networks from digital elevation data. Hydrological Processes, 5(1), 81-100. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360050107
104. Tola, S. Y., & Shetty, A. (2022). Flood susceptibility modeling based on morphometric parameters in Upper Awash River basin, Ethiopia using geospatial techniques. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 8(2), 49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-022-00642-z
105. Turoğlu, H. (1997). İyidere havzasının hidrografik özelliklerine sayısal yaklaşım. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 32, 355-364. https://doi.org/10.17211/tcd.28833
106. Umair, A., & Syed, A. A. (2014). Analysis of drainage morphometry and watershed prioritization of Romushi-Sasar Catchment, Kashmir Valley, India using remote sensing and GIS technology. International Journal of Advanced Research, 2(12).
107. Utlu, M., & Özdemir, H. (2018). The role of basin morphometric features in flood output: A case study of the Biga River Basin. Journal of Geography, 36, 49-62. https://doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG408101
108. Uzun, M., & Tatlıdil, K. (2025). Dalaman Çayı Havzası’nın morfometrik analiz yöntemleri kullanılarak alt havza kapsamında taşkın duyarlılık önceliklendirmesi. Türkiye Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Dergisi, 7(2), 68-84. https://doi.org/10.56130/tucbis.1807763
109. Von Blanckenburg, F. (2005). The control mechanisms of erosion and weathering at basin scale from cosmogenic nuclides in river sediment. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 237(3-4), 462-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.030
110. Waikar, M. L., & Nilawar, A. P. (2014). Morphometric analysis of a drainage basin using geographical information system: A case study. International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Research, 2, 179-184.
111. Yammani, S. R., & Nagabathula, S. (2024). Assessing the level of river basin evolution, erosion susceptibility and its correlation with morphometric characteristics using Geoinformatics techniques. Discover Geoscience, 2(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-024-00029-x
112. Yeni Şafak. (2018). Balıkesir haberleri: Deniz iki renge büründü | Balıkesir Haberleri. Yeni Şafak. https://www.yenisafak.com/gundem/deniz-iki-renk-oldu-3110122
113. Yousaf, W., Mohayud-Din-Hashmi, S. G., Akram, U., Saeed, U., Ahmad, S. R., Umar, M., & Mubashir, A. (2018). Erosion potential assessment of watersheds through GIS-based hypsometric analysis: A case study of Kurram Tangi Dam. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 11(22), 711. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-4059-4