TRACE ELEMENT LEVELS IN SALIVA IN SUBJECTS WITH COMPOSITE FILLING

Abstract

Objective: Trace elements are agents that regulate various biological pathways. Copper and zinc are essential components of the antioxidant enzyme system. The aim of this study was to determine iron, copper, and zinc levels in saliva after application of composite resin restoration. Materials and Methods: Twenty cases of class I caries cavity (M:F ratio 8:12; age 18-25 years) were selected for the present study. Following cavity preparation, the restorative material (Filtek Z 250) was applied to the cavities in line with the manufacturer’s instructions. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected from before, and one hour, one day, seven days, and 30 days after restoration. Trace element saliva contents (zinc, copper, and iron) were analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) (AAnalyst 800, Perkin Elmer, USA) with the electrothermal graphite oven technique. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to evaluate trace element levels over time (=0.05). Results: Copper, zinc, and iron levels in saliva decreased from 0.189±0.138 µg/ml to 0.123±0.031 µg/ml, from 0.067±0.012 µg/ml to 0.060±0.013 µg/ml, and from 0.162±0.049 µg/ml to 0.126±0.032 µg/ml, respectively, at the end of 30 days. However, these changes were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusions: Composite resin used in the present study did not affect trace element levels in saliva. Keywords: composite resin, copper, iron, saliva, zinc KOMPOZIT DOLGU YAPILAN BIREYLERDE TÜKÜRÜK ESER ELEMENT SEVIYESI Öz Amaç: Eser elementler, çeşitli biyolojik yolları düzenleyen maddelerdir. Bakır ve çinko antioksidan enzim sisteminin temel bileşenleridir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, kompozit rezin restorasyonu uygulandıktan sonra tükürükteki demir, bakır ve çinko seviyelerini belirlemektir. Materyal ve metot: Çalışmaya sınıf I çürük kavitesine sahip 20 adet birey dahil edildi. (E:K oranı 8:12; yaş 18-25 yıl). Kavite pereperasyonundan sonra restoratif materyal (Filtek Z 250) üretici firma talimatlarına göre uygulandı. Uyarılmamış tükürük örnekleri restorasyondan önce, restorasyondan 1 saat, 1 gün, 7 gün ve 30 gün sonra toplandı. Tükürükteki eser element miktarı elektrotermal grafit fırın tekniği ile atomik absorbsiyon spektrofotometresi (AAS) (AAnalyst 800, Perkin Elmer, USA) kullanılarak ölçüldü. Zamanla eser element miktarındaki değişim, tekrarlı ölçümler varyans analizi kullanılarak değerlendirildi (=0.05). Bulgular: Tükürükteki bakır, çinko ve demir seviyeleri 30 gün sonunda sırasıyla 0.189±0.138 µg/ml’den 0.123±0.031 µg/ml’e , 0.067±0.012 µg/ml’ den 0.060±0.013 µg/ml’ ye 0.162±0.049 µg/ml’den 0.126±0.032 µg/ml’ye düşüş göstermektedir. Ancak bu değişiklikler istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değildir (p>0.05). Sonuç: Bu çalışmada kullanılan kompozit rezin tükürük eser element seviyesini etkilememiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: bakır, çinko, demir, kompozit rezin, tükürük

Keywords

• composite resin
• copper
• iron
• saliva, zinc

TRACE ELEMENT LEVELS IN SALIVA IN SUBJECTS WITH COMPOSITE FILLING

Abstract

Aim: Trace elements are agents that regulate various biological pathways. Copper and zinc are essential components of the antioxidant enzyme system. The aim of this study was to determine iron, copper, and zinc levels in saliva after application of composite resin restoration. Materials and Methods: Twenty cases of class I caries cavity (M:F ratio 8:12; age 18-25 years) were selected for the present study. Following cavity preparation, the restorative material (Filtek Z 250) was applied to the cavities in line with the manufacturer’s instructions. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected from before, and one hour, one day, seven days, and 30 days after restoration. Trace element saliva contents (zinc, copper, and iron) were analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) (AAnalyst 800, Perkin Elmer, USA) with the electrothermal graphite oven technique. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to evaluate trace element levels over time (=0.05). Results: Copper, zinc, and iron levels in saliva decreased from 0.189±0.138 µg/ml to 0.123±0.031 µg/ml, from 0.067±0.012 µg/ml to 0.060±0.013 µg/ml, and from 0.162±0.049 µg/ml to 0.126±0.032 µg/ml, respectively, at the end of 30 days. However, these changes were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusions: Composite resin used in the present study did not affect trace element levels in saliva. Keywords: composite resin, copper, iron, saliva, zinc KOMPOZIT DOLGU YAPILAN BIREYLERDE TÜKÜRÜK ESER ELEMENT SEVIYESI Özet Amaç: Eser elementler, çeşitli biyolojik yolları düzenleyen maddelerdir. Bakır ve çinko antioksidan enzim sisteminin temel bileşenleridir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, kompozit rezin restorasyonu uygulandıktan sonra tükürükteki demir, bakır ve çinko seviyelerini belirlemektir. Materyal ve metot: Çalışmaya sınıf I çürük kavitesine sahip 20 adet birey dahil edildi. (E:K oranı 8:12; yaş 18-25 yıl). Kavite pereperasyonundan sonra restoratif materyal (Filtek Z 250) üretici firma talimatlarına göre uygulandı. Uyarılmamış tükürük örnekleri restorasyondan önce, restorasyondan 1 saat, 1 gün, 7 gün ve 30 gün sonra toplandı. Tükürükteki eser element miktarı elektrotermal grafit fırın tekniği ile atomik absorbsiyon spektrofotometresi (AAS) (AAnalyst 800, Perkin Elmer, USA) kullanılarak ölçüldü. Zamanla eser element miktarındaki değişim, tekrarlı ölçümler varyans analizi kullanılarak değerlendirildi (=0.05). Bulgular: Tükürükteki bakır, çinko ve demir seviyeleri 30 gün sonunda sırasıyla 0.189±0.138 µg/ml’den 0.123±0.031 µg/ml’e , 0.067±0.012 µg/ml’ den 0.060±0.013 µg/ml’ ye 0.162±0.049 µg/ml’den 0.126±0.032 µg/ml’ye düşüş göstermektedir. Ancak bu değişiklikler istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değildir (p>0.05). Sonuç: Bu çalışmada kullanılan kompozit rezin tükürük eser element seviyesini etkilememiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: bakır, çinko, demir, kompozit rezin, tükürük

Keywords

• composite resin
• copper, iron
• saliva, zinc

References

1. 1. Munhoz T, Fredholm Y, Rivory P, et al. Effect of nanoclay addition on physical, chemical, optical and biological properties of experimental dental resin composites. Dent Mater 2017;33:271-9.
2. 2. Yesil ZD, Alapati S, Johnston W, Seghi RR. Evaluation of the wear resistance of new nanocomposite resin restorative materials. J Prosthet Dent 2008;99:435-43.
3. 3. Jiao Y, Ma S, Wang Y, et al. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate reduces cytotoxic effects caused by dental monomers: a hypothesis. Med Sci Monit 2015;21:3197-202.
4. 4. Lee DH, Lim BS, Lee YK, Ahn SJ, Yang HC. Involvement of oxidative stress in mutagenicity and apoptosis caused by dental resin monomers in cell cultures. Dent Mater 2006;22:1086-92.
5. 5. Shawkat ES, Shortall AC, Addison O, Palin WM. Oxygen inhibition and incremental layer bond strengths of resin composites. Dent Mater 2009;25:1338-46.
6. 6. Nassar H, Chu TM, Platt J. Optimizing light-cured composite through variations in camphorquinone and butylhydroxytoluene concentrations. Braz Oral Res 2016;30.
7. 7. Gul P, Akgul N, Alp HH, Kiziltunc A. Effects of composite restorations on oxidative stress in saliva: An in vivo study. J Dent Sci 2015;10:394-400.
8. 8. Burguera-Pascu M, Rodriguez-Archilla A, Burguera JL, et al. Flow injection on-line dilution for zinc determination in human saliva with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry detection. Anal Chim Acta 2007;600:214-220.

9. 9. Shetty SR, Babu SG, Rao PK, et al. Interdependence of antioxidants and micronutrients in oral cancer and potentially malignant oral disorders: a serum and saliva study. J Dent (Tehran) 2014; 11:6 96-702.
10. 10. Kode MA, Karjodkar FR. Estimation of the Serum and the Salivary Trace Elements in OSMF Patients. J Clin Diagn Res 2013;7:1215-8.
11. 11. Lane DW, Peach DF. Some observations on the trace element concentrations in human dental enamel. Biol Trace Elem Res 1997;60:1-11.
12. 12. Miguel JC, Bowen WH, Pearson SK. Effects of frequency of exposure to iron-sucrose on the incidence of dental caries in desalivated rats. Caries Res 1997;31:238-43.
13. 13. Takahama U, Hirota S. Enhancement of iron(II)-dependent reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide by thiocyanate and accumulation of iron(II)/thiocyanate/nitric oxide complex under conditions simulating the mixture of saliva and gastric juice. Chem Res Toxicol 2012;25:207-15.
14. 14. Archegas LRP, Rached RN, Ignacio SA, et al. Identification and Quantification of monomers released from dental composites using HPLC. Braz Arch of Bio and Tech 2009;52:855-62.
15. 15. Hussein AS, Ghasheer HF, Ramli NM, Schroth RJ, Abu-Hassan MI. Salivary trace elements in relation to dental caries in a group of multi-ethnic schoolchildren in Shah Alam, Malaysia. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2013;14:113-8.
16. 16. Chitra S, Shyamala Devi CS. Effects of radiation and alpha-tocopherol on saliva flow rate, amylase activity, total protein and electrolyte levels in oral cavity cancer. Indian J Dent Res 2008;19:213-8.
17. 17. Javaid MA, Ahmed AS, Durand R, Tran SD. Saliva as a diagnostic tool for oral and systemic diseases. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2016;6:66-75.
18. 18. Krifka S, Seidenader C, Hiller KA, Schmalz G, Schweikl H. Oxidative stress and cytotoxicity generated by dental composites in human pulp cells. Clin Oral Investig 2012;16:215-24.
19. 19. Celik N, Binnetoglu D, Ozakar Ilday N, Hacimuftuoglu A, Seven N. The cytotoxic and oxidative effects of restorative materials in cultured human gingival fibroblasts. Drug Chem Toxicol 2019:1-6.
20. 20. Gul P, Akgul N. Kompozit Materyallerin Biyouyumluluğu Hakkında Literatür Derlemesi. . Atatürk Üni Diş Hek Fak Derg 2013;23:78-86.
21. 21. Akgul N, Gul P, Alp HH, Kiziltunc A. Effects of composite restorations on nitric oxide and uric acid levels in saliva. Contemp Clin Dent 2015;6:381-5.
22. 22. Sekhri P, Sandhu M, Sachdev V, Chopra R. Estimation of Trace Elements in Mixed Saliva of Caries Free and Caries Active Children. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018;42:135-9.
23. 23. Shetty SR, Babu S, Kumari S, et al. Status of trace elements in saliva of oral precancer and oral cancer patients. J Cancer Res Ther 2015;11:146-9.
24. 24. Gul P, Akgul N, Alp HH, Kiziltunç A. Effects of composite restorations on oxidative stress in saliva: An in vivo study. J Dent Sci 2015;10:394-400.
25. 25. Ramezani GH, Moghadam MM, Saghiri MA, et al. Effect of dental restorative materials on total antioxidant capacity and calcium concentration of unstimulated saliva. J Clin Exp Dent 2017;9:e71-7.
26. 26. Guler C, Toy E, Ozturk F, et al. Evaluation of salivary total oxidant-antioxidant status and DNA damage of children undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy. Angle Orthod 2015;85:239-44.
27. 27. Yildiz M, Akyuz M, Yildiz A, Bakan E. The effect of ormocer filling material implanted into rabbit connective tissue on erythrocytes oxidative stress. European J Inflam 2004;2:85-90.
28. 28. Hegde MN, Hegde ND, Ashok A, Shetty S. Biochemical indicators of dental caries in saliva: an in vivo study. Caries Res 2014;48:170-3.
29. 29. Huang Y, Zhu M, Li Z, et al. Mass spectrometry-based metabolomic profiling identifies alterations in salivary redox status and fatty acid metabolism in response to inflammation and oxidative stress in periodontal disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 70: 223-32.
30. 30. Rezazadeh F, Salehi S, Rezaee M. Salivary Level of trace element in oral lichen planus, a premalignant condition. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:2009-13.
31. 31. Watanabe K, Tanaka T, Shigemi T, et al. Al and Fe levels in mixed saliva of children related to elution behavior from teeth and restorations. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2011;25:143-8.
32. 32. Duggal MS, Chawla HS, Curzon ME. A study of the relationship between trace elements in saliva and dental caries in children. Arch Oral Biol 1991;36:881-4.
33. 33. Reitznerova E, Amarasiriwardena D, Kopcakova M, Barnes RM. Determination of some trace elements in human tooth enamel. Fresenius J Anal Chem 2000;367:748-54.