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KÜLTÜREL FARKLILIKLARIN DOĞRUDAN YABANCI YATIRIMCILARIN GİRİŞ STRATEJİLERİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ

Year 2006, Volume: 20 Issue: 1, 211 - 232, 27.11.2010

Tülay İlhan

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, doğrudan yabancı yatırımların (DYY) giriş
stratejilerini betimleme ve açıklama amaçlarına kültürel kuram izlenerek
ulaşılmaya çalışılacaktır. Giriş stratejisi (mülkiyet yapısı) sadece ekonomik,
finansal ve pazar koşulları gibi temel faktörler ile değil, onları da çevreleyen
toplumsal kültür ve kültürler arası farklılıklar bağlamında ele alınacaktır.
Ancak, toplumsal kültürün etkisi, DYY’ ların sahiplik yapılarını etkileyen tek
değişken değildir. Yabancı sermayeli işletmelerin mülkiyet yapısı, DYY’ ın
örgütsel değişkenleri ve faaliyette bulunduğu endüstriyel ortam gibi birçok
faktöre bağlı bir fonksiyon olarak değerlendirilebilmektedir. Bu amaçla, kültürel
mesafe ile örgütsel ve endüstriyel kontrol değişkenlerinin, DYY’ ların mülkiyet
oranları üzerindeki etkilerini incelemeye yönelik bir dizi varsayım
geliştirilmekte ve bu varsayımlar YASED’ den elde edilen ikincil veriler
ışığında logit analizi ile test edilmektedir. Aynı zamanda bu çalışma
kapsamında, yabancı çokuluslu yatırımcıların, çoğunluk dünya veya gelişmiş
ülke kökenli olmalarının, Türkiye’ deki yatırımlarında tercih ettikleri giriş
stratejilerine nasıl yansıdığı sorusuna da yanıt aranmaya çalışılmaktadır.

Keywords

Giriş stratejisi (mülkiyet yapısı) kültürel mesafe doğrudan yabancı yatırım gelişmiş ülke çoğunluk dünya Türkiye

References

  • Adler, N. J. (1983), “Cross-Cultural Management: Issues to be Faced”, International Studies of Management & Organization, 13 (1-2), ss. 7-45.
  • Adler, N.J. (1991), International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior, PWS- KENT Publishing Company, Second Edition, Boston.
  • Arora, A. ve Fosfori, A. (2000), “Wholly Owned Subsidiary Versus Technology Licensing in The Worldwide Chemical Industry”, Journal of International Business Studies, 31 (4), ss. 555-572.
  • Barkema, H. G. ve Vermeulen (1997), “What Differences in the Cultural Backgrounds of Partners are Detrimental for International Joint Ventures?”, Journal of International Business Studies, 28(4), ss. 845-864.
  • Beamish, P. W. (1984), Joint Venture Performance in Develoing Countries, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, The University of Western Ontario.
  • Beamish, P. W. (1985), “The Characteristics of Joint Ventures in Developed and Developing Countries”, Columbia Journal of World Business, 20 (3), ss. 13-19.
  • Bell, J. (1996), Single or Joint Venturing, Avebury Ashgate Publishing, J. Bell, England.
  • Boyacıgiller, N. A. ve Adler, N. J. (1991), “The Parochial Dinosaur: Organizational Science in A Global Context”, Academy of Management Review, 16 (2), ss. 262-290.
  • Brouthers, K. D. ve Brouthers, L. E. (2001), “Explaining The National Cultural Distance Paradox”, Journal of International Business Studies, 32 (1), ss. 177-191.
  • Child, J. ve Faulkner, D. (1998), Strategies of Cooperation, Oxford University Pres, Oxford, 1998.
  • Cullen, J. B. ve Johnson, J. L. (1995), “Japanese and Local Partner Commitment to IJV’ s: Psychological Consequnces of Outcomes”, Journal of International Business Studies, 26 (1), ss. 91-116.
  • Demirbağ, M., Mirza, H. ve Weir, D. T. H. (1995), “The Dynamics of Manufacturing Joint Ventures in Turkey and the Role of Industrial Groups”, Management International Review, 35, ss. 35-51.
  • Earley, C. P. ve Singh, H. (1995), “International and Intercultural Management Research: What’ s Next?”, Academy of Management Journal, 38 (2), ss. 327-340.
  • Erdilek, A. (2003), “A Comparative Analysis of Inward and Outward FDI in Turkey”, Transnational Corporations, 12 (3), ss. 79-105.
  • Erramilli, M. K. (1996), “Nationality and Subsidiary Ownership Patterns in Multinational Corporations”, Journal of International Business Studies, 27 (2), ss. 225-248.
  • Erramilli, M. K., Agarwal, S. ve Kim, S. (1997), “Are Firm-Specific Advantages Location-Specific Too?”, Journal of International Business Studies, 28 (4), ss. 735-757.
  • Fina, E. ve Rugman, A. M. (1996), “A Test of Internalization Theoy and Internalizationalization Theory: The Upjohn Company”, Management International Review, 36(3), ss. 199-214.
  • Geringer, J. M. ve Hebert, L. (1991), “Measuring Performance of International Joint Ventures”, Journal of International Business Studies, 22, ss. 249- 263.
  • Gray, B. ve Yan, A. (1991), “A Negotiations Model of Joint Venture Formation, Structure and Performance: Implications for Global Management”, Advances in International Comparative Management 7, Greenwich, CU:JAI Press, 1991.
  • Gujarati, D. N. (2001), Temel Ekonometri (Çev. Ümit Şenesen ve Gülay Günlük Şenesen), Literatür Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
  • Hebert, L. ve Beamish, P. (2002), “Cooperative Strategies between Firms: International Joint Ventures”, The Blackwell Handbook of Cross-Cultural Management, (Edited by Martin J. Gannon ve Karen L. Newman), Blackwell Publishers, ABD, 2002, ss. 78-98.
  • Hennart, J. F. ve Larimo, J. (1998), “The Impact of Culture on the Strategy of Multinational Enterprises: Does National Origin Affect Ownership Decisions?”, Journal of International Business Studies, 29 (3), ss. 515- 538.
  • Hofstede, G. (1980), Culture’ s Consequences: International Differences in Work – Related Values, Sage Publications, California.
  • Hofstede, G. (1983), “The Cultural Relativity of Organizational Practices and Theories”, Journal of International Business Studies, 14 (2), ss. 75-89.
  • Hofstede, G. (1991), Cultures and Organizations, McGraw-Hill, London.
  • Horaguchi, H. ve Toyne, B. (1990), “Setting The record straight: Hymer, Internalization Theory and Transaction Cost Economics”, Journal of International Business Studies, 21 (3), ss. 487-495.
  • Inzerilli, G. ve Laurent, A. (1983), “Management Views of Organization Structure in France and The USA”, International Studies of Management & Organization, 13 (1-2), ss. 97-118.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2000), Kültürel Psikoloji Kültür Bağlamında İnsan ve Aile, Evrim Yayınevi, Sosyal Psikoloji Dizisi: 2, 2. Basım, İstanbul.
  • Kanungo, R. N. (1983), “Work Alienation: A Pancultural Perspectives”, International Studies of Management & Organization, 13 (1-2), ss. 119- 138.
  • Killings, J. P. (1983), Strategies for Joint Venture Success, Praeger, New York.
  • Kobrin, S. J. (1991), “An Empirical Analysis of the Determinants of Global Integration”, Strategic Management Journal, 12 (1), ss. 17-31.
  • Kogut, B. ve Singh, H. (1988), “The Effect of National Culture on the Choice of Entry Mode”, Journal of International Business Studies, 19 (3), ss. 411- 432.
  • Lane, H. ve Beamish, P. W. (1990), “Cross-Cultural Cooperative Behavior in Joint Ventures” in LDC’ s”, Management International Review, 30, ss. 87-102
  • Larimo, J. (2003), “International Joint Venture Strategies and Performance in Asian Countries”, http://blake.montclair.edu/~cibconf/conference/DATA/Theme2/UK1.pdf, January, 18s.
  • Laurent, A. (1983), “The Cultural Diversity of Western Conceptions of Management”, International Studies of Management & Organization, XIII (1-2), ss. 75-96.
  • Laurent, A. (1986), “The Cross-Cultual Puzzle of International Human Resource Management”, Human Resource Management, 25 (1), ss. 91- 102.
  • Newman, K. L. ve Nollen, S. D. (1996), “Culture and Congruence: The Fit Between Management Practices and National Culture”, Journal of International Business Studies, 27 (4), ss. 753-779.
  • Oudenhoven, J. P. V. (2001), “Do Organizatins Reflect National Cultures? A 110 – Nation Study”, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25, ss. 89-107.
  • Padmanabbahan, P. ve Cho, K. R. (1999 ), “Decision Specific Experience in Foreign Ownership and Establishment Strategies: Evidence From Japanese Firms”, Journal of International Business Studies, 30 (1), ss. 25- 41
  • Park, S. H. ve Ungson, G. R. (1997), “The Effect of National Culture, Organizational Complementarity, and Economic Motivation on Joint Venture Dissolution”, Academy of Management Journal, 40 (2), ss. 279- 307.
  • Porter, M. E. (1986), “Changing Patterns of International Competition”, alifornia Management Review, 28 (2) (1986), ss. 9-40.
  • Reynolds, J. I. (1979), Indian-American Joint Ventures: Business Policy Relationships, University Pres of Amerika, Washington.
  • Rhyne, L. C., Teagerden, M. B. Ve Panhuyzen, W. V. (2002), “Technology- Based Competitive Strategies: The Relationship of Cultural Dimensions to New Product Innovation”, Journal of High Technology Management Research, 13, ss. 249-277.
  • Ronen, S. ve Shenkar, O. (1985), “Clustering Countries on Attitudinal Dimensions: A Review and Synthesis”, Academy of Management Review, 10 (3), ss. 435-454.
  • Rosenzweigh, P. M. (1994), “When Can Management Science Management Science Research Be Generalized Internationally”, Management Science, 40 (1), ss. 28-39.
  • Rosenzweigh, P. M. ve Singh, J. V. (1991), “Organizational Environments and The Multinational Enterprise”, Academy of Management Review, 16 (2), ss. 340-361.
  • Schaan, J. L. ve Beamish, P. W. (1988), “Joint Venture General Managers in LDCs”, Co-operative Strategies in International Business, F. J. Contractor ve P. Lorange (der.), Massachusetts: Lexington Boks, Lexington, ss. 279-299.
  • Schein, E. H. (1992), Organizational Culture and Leadership, Second Edition, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
  • Schuler, R. S. ve Rogovsky, N. (1998), “Understanding Compensation Practice Variations Across Firms: The Impact of National Culture”, Journal of International Business Studies, 29 (1), ss. 159-177.
  • Shenkar, O. (2001), “Cultural Distance Revisited: Towards a More Rigorous Conceptualization and Measurement of Cultural Differences”, Journal of International Business Studies, 32 (3), ss. 519-535.
  • Sun, H. (1999), “Entry Modes of Multinational Corporations into China’ s Market: A Socioeconomic Analysis”, International Journal of Social Economics, 26 (5), ss. 642-659.
  • Tatoğlu, E. ve Glaister, K. W. (1997), “International Joint Ventures: A Survey of Theoretical Perspectives and Motives”, METU Studies in Development, 24 (3), ss. 383-411.
  • Tatoğlu, E. ve Glaister, K. W. (1998), “An Analysis of Motives for Western FDI in Turkey”, International Business Review, 7, ss. 203-230.
  • Trompenaars, F. (1993), Riding the Waves of Culture Understanding Diversity in Global Business, Irwin Professional Publishing, London.
  • Wheeler, C., Jones, M. ve Young, S. (1996), “Market Entry Modes and Channels of Distribution in the UK Machine Tool Industry”, European Journal of Marketing, 30 (4), ss. 40-58.
  • Yan, Y. (2003), “A Comparative Study of Human Resource Management Practices in International Joint Ventures: The Impact of National Orijin”, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14 (4), ss. 487- 510.
  • ------, “FDI Attractiveness of Turkey: A Comparative Analysis By TUSIAD and YASED”, http://www.tusiad.us/Content/uploaded/TURKEY- Foreıgn-Dırect-Investment-Attractıveness.Pdf February 2004, 15s.
  • ------,“FDI Attractiveness of Turkey: A Comparative Analysis By TUSIAD and YASED”, Http://Www.Tusiad.Us/Content/Uploaded/Turkey- Foreıgn-Dırect-Investment-Attractıveness.Pdf February 2004, 15s.
  • -------, www.yased.org.tr
  • -------, www.unctad.org

Year 2006, Volume: 20 Issue: 1, 211 - 232, 27.11.2010

Tülay İlhan

Abstract

References

  • Adler, N. J. (1983), “Cross-Cultural Management: Issues to be Faced”, International Studies of Management & Organization, 13 (1-2), ss. 7-45.
  • Adler, N.J. (1991), International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior, PWS- KENT Publishing Company, Second Edition, Boston.
  • Arora, A. ve Fosfori, A. (2000), “Wholly Owned Subsidiary Versus Technology Licensing in The Worldwide Chemical Industry”, Journal of International Business Studies, 31 (4), ss. 555-572.
  • Barkema, H. G. ve Vermeulen (1997), “What Differences in the Cultural Backgrounds of Partners are Detrimental for International Joint Ventures?”, Journal of International Business Studies, 28(4), ss. 845-864.
  • Beamish, P. W. (1984), Joint Venture Performance in Develoing Countries, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, The University of Western Ontario.
  • Beamish, P. W. (1985), “The Characteristics of Joint Ventures in Developed and Developing Countries”, Columbia Journal of World Business, 20 (3), ss. 13-19.
  • Bell, J. (1996), Single or Joint Venturing, Avebury Ashgate Publishing, J. Bell, England.
  • Boyacıgiller, N. A. ve Adler, N. J. (1991), “The Parochial Dinosaur: Organizational Science in A Global Context”, Academy of Management Review, 16 (2), ss. 262-290.
  • Brouthers, K. D. ve Brouthers, L. E. (2001), “Explaining The National Cultural Distance Paradox”, Journal of International Business Studies, 32 (1), ss. 177-191.
  • Child, J. ve Faulkner, D. (1998), Strategies of Cooperation, Oxford University Pres, Oxford, 1998.
  • Cullen, J. B. ve Johnson, J. L. (1995), “Japanese and Local Partner Commitment to IJV’ s: Psychological Consequnces of Outcomes”, Journal of International Business Studies, 26 (1), ss. 91-116.
  • Demirbağ, M., Mirza, H. ve Weir, D. T. H. (1995), “The Dynamics of Manufacturing Joint Ventures in Turkey and the Role of Industrial Groups”, Management International Review, 35, ss. 35-51.
  • Earley, C. P. ve Singh, H. (1995), “International and Intercultural Management Research: What’ s Next?”, Academy of Management Journal, 38 (2), ss. 327-340.
  • Erdilek, A. (2003), “A Comparative Analysis of Inward and Outward FDI in Turkey”, Transnational Corporations, 12 (3), ss. 79-105.
  • Erramilli, M. K. (1996), “Nationality and Subsidiary Ownership Patterns in Multinational Corporations”, Journal of International Business Studies, 27 (2), ss. 225-248.
  • Erramilli, M. K., Agarwal, S. ve Kim, S. (1997), “Are Firm-Specific Advantages Location-Specific Too?”, Journal of International Business Studies, 28 (4), ss. 735-757.
  • Fina, E. ve Rugman, A. M. (1996), “A Test of Internalization Theoy and Internalizationalization Theory: The Upjohn Company”, Management International Review, 36(3), ss. 199-214.
  • Geringer, J. M. ve Hebert, L. (1991), “Measuring Performance of International Joint Ventures”, Journal of International Business Studies, 22, ss. 249- 263.
  • Gray, B. ve Yan, A. (1991), “A Negotiations Model of Joint Venture Formation, Structure and Performance: Implications for Global Management”, Advances in International Comparative Management 7, Greenwich, CU:JAI Press, 1991.
  • Gujarati, D. N. (2001), Temel Ekonometri (Çev. Ümit Şenesen ve Gülay Günlük Şenesen), Literatür Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
  • Hebert, L. ve Beamish, P. (2002), “Cooperative Strategies between Firms: International Joint Ventures”, The Blackwell Handbook of Cross-Cultural Management, (Edited by Martin J. Gannon ve Karen L. Newman), Blackwell Publishers, ABD, 2002, ss. 78-98.
  • Hennart, J. F. ve Larimo, J. (1998), “The Impact of Culture on the Strategy of Multinational Enterprises: Does National Origin Affect Ownership Decisions?”, Journal of International Business Studies, 29 (3), ss. 515- 538.
  • Hofstede, G. (1980), Culture’ s Consequences: International Differences in Work – Related Values, Sage Publications, California.
  • Hofstede, G. (1983), “The Cultural Relativity of Organizational Practices and Theories”, Journal of International Business Studies, 14 (2), ss. 75-89.
  • Hofstede, G. (1991), Cultures and Organizations, McGraw-Hill, London.
  • Horaguchi, H. ve Toyne, B. (1990), “Setting The record straight: Hymer, Internalization Theory and Transaction Cost Economics”, Journal of International Business Studies, 21 (3), ss. 487-495.
  • Inzerilli, G. ve Laurent, A. (1983), “Management Views of Organization Structure in France and The USA”, International Studies of Management & Organization, 13 (1-2), ss. 97-118.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2000), Kültürel Psikoloji Kültür Bağlamında İnsan ve Aile, Evrim Yayınevi, Sosyal Psikoloji Dizisi: 2, 2. Basım, İstanbul.
  • Kanungo, R. N. (1983), “Work Alienation: A Pancultural Perspectives”, International Studies of Management & Organization, 13 (1-2), ss. 119- 138.
  • Killings, J. P. (1983), Strategies for Joint Venture Success, Praeger, New York.
  • Kobrin, S. J. (1991), “An Empirical Analysis of the Determinants of Global Integration”, Strategic Management Journal, 12 (1), ss. 17-31.
  • Kogut, B. ve Singh, H. (1988), “The Effect of National Culture on the Choice of Entry Mode”, Journal of International Business Studies, 19 (3), ss. 411- 432.
  • Lane, H. ve Beamish, P. W. (1990), “Cross-Cultural Cooperative Behavior in Joint Ventures” in LDC’ s”, Management International Review, 30, ss. 87-102
  • Larimo, J. (2003), “International Joint Venture Strategies and Performance in Asian Countries”, http://blake.montclair.edu/~cibconf/conference/DATA/Theme2/UK1.pdf, January, 18s.
  • Laurent, A. (1983), “The Cultural Diversity of Western Conceptions of Management”, International Studies of Management & Organization, XIII (1-2), ss. 75-96.
  • Laurent, A. (1986), “The Cross-Cultual Puzzle of International Human Resource Management”, Human Resource Management, 25 (1), ss. 91- 102.
  • Newman, K. L. ve Nollen, S. D. (1996), “Culture and Congruence: The Fit Between Management Practices and National Culture”, Journal of International Business Studies, 27 (4), ss. 753-779.
  • Oudenhoven, J. P. V. (2001), “Do Organizatins Reflect National Cultures? A 110 – Nation Study”, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25, ss. 89-107.
  • Padmanabbahan, P. ve Cho, K. R. (1999 ), “Decision Specific Experience in Foreign Ownership and Establishment Strategies: Evidence From Japanese Firms”, Journal of International Business Studies, 30 (1), ss. 25- 41
  • Park, S. H. ve Ungson, G. R. (1997), “The Effect of National Culture, Organizational Complementarity, and Economic Motivation on Joint Venture Dissolution”, Academy of Management Journal, 40 (2), ss. 279- 307.
  • Porter, M. E. (1986), “Changing Patterns of International Competition”, alifornia Management Review, 28 (2) (1986), ss. 9-40.
  • Reynolds, J. I. (1979), Indian-American Joint Ventures: Business Policy Relationships, University Pres of Amerika, Washington.
  • Rhyne, L. C., Teagerden, M. B. Ve Panhuyzen, W. V. (2002), “Technology- Based Competitive Strategies: The Relationship of Cultural Dimensions to New Product Innovation”, Journal of High Technology Management Research, 13, ss. 249-277.
  • Ronen, S. ve Shenkar, O. (1985), “Clustering Countries on Attitudinal Dimensions: A Review and Synthesis”, Academy of Management Review, 10 (3), ss. 435-454.
  • Rosenzweigh, P. M. (1994), “When Can Management Science Management Science Research Be Generalized Internationally”, Management Science, 40 (1), ss. 28-39.
  • Rosenzweigh, P. M. ve Singh, J. V. (1991), “Organizational Environments and The Multinational Enterprise”, Academy of Management Review, 16 (2), ss. 340-361.
  • Schaan, J. L. ve Beamish, P. W. (1988), “Joint Venture General Managers in LDCs”, Co-operative Strategies in International Business, F. J. Contractor ve P. Lorange (der.), Massachusetts: Lexington Boks, Lexington, ss. 279-299.
  • Schein, E. H. (1992), Organizational Culture and Leadership, Second Edition, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
  • Schuler, R. S. ve Rogovsky, N. (1998), “Understanding Compensation Practice Variations Across Firms: The Impact of National Culture”, Journal of International Business Studies, 29 (1), ss. 159-177.
  • Shenkar, O. (2001), “Cultural Distance Revisited: Towards a More Rigorous Conceptualization and Measurement of Cultural Differences”, Journal of International Business Studies, 32 (3), ss. 519-535.
  • Sun, H. (1999), “Entry Modes of Multinational Corporations into China’ s Market: A Socioeconomic Analysis”, International Journal of Social Economics, 26 (5), ss. 642-659.
  • Tatoğlu, E. ve Glaister, K. W. (1997), “International Joint Ventures: A Survey of Theoretical Perspectives and Motives”, METU Studies in Development, 24 (3), ss. 383-411.
  • Tatoğlu, E. ve Glaister, K. W. (1998), “An Analysis of Motives for Western FDI in Turkey”, International Business Review, 7, ss. 203-230.
  • Trompenaars, F. (1993), Riding the Waves of Culture Understanding Diversity in Global Business, Irwin Professional Publishing, London.
  • Wheeler, C., Jones, M. ve Young, S. (1996), “Market Entry Modes and Channels of Distribution in the UK Machine Tool Industry”, European Journal of Marketing, 30 (4), ss. 40-58.
  • Yan, Y. (2003), “A Comparative Study of Human Resource Management Practices in International Joint Ventures: The Impact of National Orijin”, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14 (4), ss. 487- 510.
  • ------, “FDI Attractiveness of Turkey: A Comparative Analysis By TUSIAD and YASED”, http://www.tusiad.us/Content/uploaded/TURKEY- Foreıgn-Dırect-Investment-Attractıveness.Pdf February 2004, 15s.
  • ------,“FDI Attractiveness of Turkey: A Comparative Analysis By TUSIAD and YASED”, Http://Www.Tusiad.Us/Content/Uploaded/Turkey- Foreıgn-Dırect-Investment-Attractıveness.Pdf February 2004, 15s.
  • -------, www.yased.org.tr
  • -------, www.unctad.org
There are 60 citations in total.

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Primary Language tr;en
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Tülay İlhan This is me

Publication Date November 27, 2010
Published in Issue Year 2006 Volume: 20 Issue: 1

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APA İlhan, T. (2010). KÜLTÜREL FARKLILIKLARIN DOĞRUDAN YABANCI YATIRIMCILARIN GİRİŞ STRATEJİLERİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 20(1), 211-232.
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